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A Biography of Andrew Viterbi, 2008.
The paper is a biography of Andrew J. Viterbi
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
The author of the paper describes Andrew J. Viterbi as a great engineer of the past and present century and states that his success in communication systems helped the United States become a world leader in technological competition. In particular, the writes cites the famous Viterbi algorithm and achievements in CDMA cell phone development. The paper chronicles Viterbi's life from when he left Italy with his parents in the summer of 1939, the family's struggle to settle in the US and Viterbi's development into one of the country's leading engineers. The paper is accompanied by a number of photographs.
Outline:
A Genius of the Past and Present: Andrew J. Viterbi
Linkabit and Qualcomm. His creations.
Works Cited
From the Paper
"At a very young age Viterbi was already dreaming of becoming an engineer. When his family moved to Boston, he used to spend his time day dreaming about attending the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). MIT is one of the highest ranked universities not only in the US, but worldwide. Viterbi would visualize himself as a student at MIT, but he knew his family could not afford it at that time and he would have to work hard in order to have a chance to get there, Viterbi had to get a scholarship (Morton). With hard work and a strong will Viterbi got it. He was ranked fourth among 225 students in his class and was accepted by MIT. He still had to work part time in order to fulfill his needs. He worked at Raytheon in the semiconductor area. At that time it was called the "transistor department." As he studied, he was already working as an engineer on communication equipment, designing electrical circuits and writing some diagnostic programs for radio links and early television. In the evenings he had classes."
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Factors that Influence the Fatigue Crack Growth Rate, 2008.
An overview of mechanical failure due to fatigue crack.
929 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper seeks to explore the crack growth fracture mechanics with a focus on the factors that influence the fatigue crack growth rate and how the Paris-Erdogan equation can be used to predict fatigue crack growth as well as in the calculation of crack growth rate. The paper also presents research on modes of mechanical failure.
Outline:
Introduction
Crack Growth Fracture Mechanics
Mechanical Failure Mode
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to Hancock, G. J. (2003, p.125), fracture mechanics is used to predict the effect of cracks on the durability and integrity of structures and components. It helps in detecting cracks in structure before a crack grows to significant length as a result of sustained stress cycles. During fatigue, crack growth rate can be calculated by the Paris-Erdogan equation given by da/dn = C (Δk)n where a represents the crack length, n represents the number of fatigue cycles, Δk represents the applied stress intensity factor range while c and m are considered to be constants of a material. Δk increases with time as a load is applied due to the growth of the crack. For a crack of length a, the rate of crack growth given by da/dn per cycle varies with Δk. Where c and m are constant with m between 2 and 4. The upper limit of a crack growth rate curve represents the fracture toughness of the material while the lower limit is the threshold. There is characterization of sub-critical crack growth using linear plastic fracture mechanics parameters and acoustic emission data to predict crack propagation rates. This determines the number of cycles required for an existing crack to attain a substantial size. (Reuter, W. G, Robert, S. P. 2002, p.458)Acoustic emissions are elastic stress waves generated by a rapid release of energy from a localized source within a stressed material. Fatigue crack growth rate is influenced by many factors some of which include: notch radius where research indicates presence of higher fatigue crack growth rate in a blunt notch. This is because of accumulation of fatigue damage at the tip of the notch initiating the crack a head of the notch. Material strength, initial crack tip condition, mean stress, overload as well as non-proportional load determine the crack growth rate. Research has also shown that ferroelectric ceramics experience cracking and mechanical degradation when subjected to large alternating electric fields. (Anderson, T.L., 2005, p.455)"
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Nuclear Energy, 2006.
An argument in favor of using nuclear energy.
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the disadvantages associated with nuclear energy are not as great as some of the disadvantages of other forms of energy. Specifialy, the paper argues that nuclear power provides much economic growth and does not degrade the environment unless, of course, an accident of some sort, such as Three Mile Island in 1979, were to occur. The paper further argues that nuclear power is obviously a very sustainable source for the generation of electricity.
From the Paper
"In the early 1970s, the cost of a two-unit nuclear plant was about $1 billion, due to the great amount of materials needed for construction. For example, at one plant in the mid-1970's, 270,000 cubic yards of concrete, 17,000 tons of reinforcement bars, 11,000 tons of steel, 250,000 linear feet of large boring pipe, 240,000 feet of small boring pipe and 6,700,000 feet of cable was needed for construction. Presently, the cost has skyrocketed, due to inflation and the increased price of materials."
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Titanic: Commotion in the Ocean, 1999.
An analysis of the technical reasons to explain why the Titanic sank.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the theories that explain why the RMS Titanic sank on her maiden voyage. It focuses on the design flaws of the ship, the inferior steel that was used in its building, the speed that the ship was traveling when it hit the iceberg and the overconfidence and negligence of both builders and crew. It combines all of these issues to explain how the disaster could have occurred.
From the Paper
"The Titanic disaster was one of the most catastrophic events in the history of travel on the seas. Some ministers preached that the disaster was actually a godsend in disguise, compelling people to abandon their self-absorption, and punishing them for their reliance on technological progress. (Lord 113) Not only did the tragedy mark the end of a universal sense of security, but it was also a turning point in the implementation of additional safety measures. The International Ice Patrol and Coast Guards now closely monitor meandering icebergs to keep them clear of the steamer lanes, and every liner must have sufficient lifeboats for all boarding passengers. (Lord 104) Never again will mankind invest its trust in a few thousand tons of steel and rivets. Like the author Michael Harrington states in his novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, "If there is technological advance without social advance, there is, almost automatically, an increase in human misery, in impoverishment." The saga of the Titanic is a classic example of technological failure causing profound death and destruction."
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Interstate Highways, 2008.
An analysis of the commercialization surrounding America's interstate highways.
3,284 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper is a discussion on how America's interstate highways have affected its commercial growth over the years. Included in this study are the following topics: post roads and early travel routes, growth and sprawl benefits and effects, right-of-way and eminent domain, the role of the railroad in human and freight travel, the role of the automobile, and a short study on Route 66 in its heyday.
Outline:
Early European Models
Early American Travel Routes
The Railroad
The Automobile
Route 66
Infrastructure Issues
The Interstate's Role in Growth and Sprawl
From the Paper
"The highway, or Interstate as it is formally called, has facilitated a drastic growth in American lifestyle, planning, and design, in urban, rural, and suburban regions. Some contend that the invention, production, and utilization of the automobile created the need for a broad network of interstates, while others say that this relationship was formulated the other way around. However, most will agree that the highway is a more efficient means of travel and of transporting goods. Additionally, it creates opportunity for growth along its corridors--from suburbs to shopping malls to rural rest stops, many businesses have boomed due to their proximity to the highway."
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Genetically Modified Crops, 2007.
This paper discusses the risks vs. the benefits of genetically modified foods.
1,371 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the world-wide debate about genetically modified (GM) crops and explains the advantages and disadvantages of these products. The paper looks at the regulation of genetically modified foods in the United States and Europe and how GM food growth is drawing a political backlash. The paper discusses the powerful opposition of Greenpeace to genetic engineering. The paper concludes that as long as environmental organizations generate fear and doubt among politicians, retailers and the public, it will be almost impossible for the technology to break through, despite its benefits.
Outline:
Introduction
The Science of Genetic Engineering
Genetically Modified Foods and Hunger
Genetically Modified Foods and Biodiversity
Research for the Common Good
Growth of Genetic Engineering
Greenpeace
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The world wide debate about genetically modified crops has been a heated one, pitting biological progress against environmental conservation. The genetically modified foods issue involves complex factors including politics, international trade, and social and cultural norms. Advocates of GM foods say that the increased yields and decreased price of using genetically modified seeds can help to alleviate world hunger. However, progress is being hampered by over cautious environmentalists and consumers, mostly in Europe and Japan. These wealthy areas of the world can afford to take precautions that the starving people of the world cannot, but the preference of consumers in wealthy countries of whole, natural, organic foods is influencing impoverished countries."
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Linus Carl Pauling, 2008.
This paper looks at the many accomplishments of the chemist Linus Carl Pauling.
1,061 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that Pauling has been labeled the premier chemist of the twentieth-century for his work and awards. The paper describes Pauling's birth and childhood, college life, family life, and his many accomplishments. This includes his works on crystal structures, the nature of chemical bonds, the use of Vitamin C to maintain and restore health, as well as his efforts to bring about world peace.
Outline:
Thesis Statement
I. Linus Carl Pauling
II. Accomplishments
From the Paper
"You can find Linus Carl Pauling in many areas of research. This man basically wore a coat of many colors. Pauling was a chemist, physicist, humanitarian, nutrition expert, author, educator, and family man. Having accomplishments that are a mile long--Pauling has been labeled the premier chemist of the twentieth-century for his work and awards. (Wiki, 2007)
"Linus Carl Pauling, was born on February 28, 1901, in the town of Portland, Oregon. (Hutchinson, 1999) His parents were Herman and Isabelle Pauling, and he had two younger sisters. Pauling's, father died in 1910, leaving his mother and the children to make it on their own. Pauling continued on through high school, but did not graduate; because the high school required everyone to take a civics class and Pauling, felt he could learn civics on his own."
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Concrete Gravity Dams, 2007.
An overview of the design and function of concrete gravity dams.
1,954 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how concrete gravity dams are effective in most part due to their extreme size and weight, which counters all external forces, and how, used for many things, dams such as these can generate enormous amounts of hydropower and create massive reservoirs when necessary. Although dams do pose a certain amount of risk on the environment and those living around them, the positive aspects of dams seem to outweigh this risk.This paper explores the design behind concrete gravity dams, including but not limited to hydropower uses, effective external and internal forces, dam site selection, and many other related topics.
From the Paper
"Throughout the history of dams, many failures have been attributed to weaknesses in the concrete used in the construction of the dam. Because the concrete is the main component in most large dams, it is important that it meets certain standards. Concrete is susceptible to deterioration, especially if it is constantly freezing and thawing (Jansen 109). It is important, when designing a concrete gravity dam, to recognize that the concrete will become saturated over time. When the Saint Francis Dam collapsed in 1928 less than two years after it had been built, it was found that the engineers had not implemented into the design the idea that the concrete would become saturated and therefore become less effective. For this reason, among others, the resultant vector of the forces acting on the dam was misplaced (outside of the middle third of the foot) and the dam eventually collapsed (Jansen 181). In later investigations, the concrete was also found to have a void ratio of 14%, which would increase the degree of saturation (Jansen 179). "
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WCDMA Simulator with Smart Antennas, 2005.
This paper is a thesis in which a signal level simulator in uplink is implemented according to the physical layer specification of the IMT-2000 WCDMA system.
16,200 words (approx. 64.8 pages), 58 sources, MLA, AU$ 364.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the goal for the next generation of mobile communications system is to seamlessly integrate a wide variety of communication services such as high speed data, video and multimedia traffic as well as voice signals. The author reports that, for the analysis for this thesis, an analytical WCDMA system through the use of linear algebra techniques is utilized along with a simulation tool in Matlab, which was developed for this work. The paper demonstrates performance improvement due to processing gain, PN sequence, RAKE receiver, smart antenna and multiuser detection, which are compared with respective theories. The paper includes many tables, charts, illustrations, equations and all the source codes.
Table of Contents:
Introduction to WCDMA
Introduction
Applicable Techniques to Enhance System Performance
Spreading
Multipath Diversity
Multiuser Detection
Smart Antenna
Outline of This Thesis
Abbreviations
List of Symbols
Analytical WCDMA System Model
Introduction
CDMA System Model for the Uplink
Mobile Radio Channel Model
Discrete Time Base Band Uplink Model
Synchronous CDMA
Asynchronous CDMA
Single Path Model
Multipath Model
Multiple Antenna Model
Conclusion
Spreading in WCDMA
Introduction
Properties of PN Sequence
Spreading and Scrambling in the Uplink of WCDMA
Walsh-Hadamard Codes and Spreading
Gold Codes and Scrambing
Conclusion
RAKE Receiver and Multiuser Detection
Introduction
System Model
The RAKE Receiver
Multiuser Detection
Input Signal Modeling
Optimal Detection
Suboptimal Detection
Decorrelating Detector
Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE)
Adaptive MMSE Algorithm-RLS Algorithm with Adaptive Memory
Conclusion
Smart Antenna in WCDMA
Types of Smart Antenna
Signal Modeling
Beamforming Schemes
Conventional Beamforming
Optimum Beamforming
Adaptive Beamforming
Conclusion
Simulation
System Setup
Channel
System Performance
Performance without RAKE Receiver and with RAKE Receiver
Performance of 1-D RAKE Receiver with EGC or Selection Combining
Performance of 1-D RAKE Receiver with Decorrelating Detector and MMSE
Performance with PN Sequence and Random Sequence
Performance with Processing Gain
Performance with Adaptive MUD- RLS Algorithm with Adaptive Memory
Performance with Smart Antenna
Conclusion
Conclusion
Summary of Research
Future Work
From the Paper
"The despreaded sequence is forwarded to the multiuser detector unit. In this unit, performance enhancing signal processing such as beam forming, RAKE combining including channel estimation, antenna diversity combining, multiuser detection and error control decoding can be included. If perfect channel information is available, beam forming, RAKE and antenna diversity combining merely represent linear transformations to obtain a minimal set of sufficient statistics. From the fundamental digital communication theory, this is in fact equivalent to filtering matched to the received waveform in order to maximise the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)."
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BASF's Aggressive Growth Strategy, 2007.
This paper examines the growth strategy of German chemical company, BASF.
887 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper explores BASF's aggressive growth strategy and reviews how their focus on non-cyclical operational aspects has helped boost company growth. The paper shows the truth in their popular slogan "We don't make a lot of the products you buy. We make a lot of the products you buy better".
Outline:
Unbridled Aggression
Cyclical Implications
Too Aggressive?
From the Paper
"Since Sean Milmo's seven-year old Chemical Market Reporter article on BASF (which originally stood for Badische Anilin-und Soda-Fabrik), the record sales he discussed in "BASF outlines growth strategy in major markets" have been broken time and again. BASF remains strong in cyclical and commodity products and continues to increase earnings in non-cyclical operations as well. In fact, the third quarter of 2006 marked the thirteenth quarter in a row in which the company has posted sales growth. The chemical company has effectively resisted the urge to rest on its collective laurels, and has recently (2006) acquired Engelhard, Degussa Construction Chemicals and Johnson Polymer. Initially, Englehard's board of directors rejected BASF's bid ($37/share) stating they believed it to be "inadequate and opportunistic." Not to be denied, BASF increased their bid by $1/share, which Engelhard eventually accepted. This approach personifies the chemical giant's approach to growth: they are aggressive!"
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The Attached Greenhouse, 2004.
A look at how attached green houses work, their benefits and how to maximize their potential.
2,246 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper explores different attached greenhouses, their benefits and their components, including detailed descriptions of flooring, roofing, glazing, insulation and venting. It discusses how they conserve energy and how they are virtually self-sustaining year round.
From the Paper
"The 'glazing' of the greenhouse is also very important- this is the material that allows the sunlight to come in and stay there, making the greenhouse warm and allowing plants to grow, even in the coldest of weathers. The two choices for glazing usually come down to glass and plastic. Glass is a good choice for your greenhouse because it is scratch and weatherproof, stable at high temperatures, has typically clear views (when clean) and has good solar transmittance. However, it is very difficult to install and is expensive. Plastics like polycarbonates, polyvinyl fluorides and fiberglass-reinforced polyesters are cheaper and easier to install, strong and resistant to breakage, have shown better plant growth results, and have a high solar transmittance. "
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Introduction to Quasicrystals, 2007.
An introduction to quasicrystals, looking at their discovery, symmetry, properties and applications.
3,259 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses crystallography, which is the scientific study of crystals. The paper specifically introduces quasicrystals and discusses their discovery in 1982. The paper goes on to analyze the properties, symmetry and application of quasicrystals, looking closely at how they differ from classical crystals. The paper includes many diagrams to illustrate its points.
Table of Contents:
Classical Crystals and Quasicrystals: An Overview
Quasicrystals in Focus
Symmetry of Quasicrystals and the Concept of Higher Dimensional Space
Types of Quasicrystals
Structure Models, Structure Solution Techniques, and Software Modeling
Properties of Quasicrystals
Applications of Quasicrystals and Research Areas in Quasicrystallography
From the Paper
Crystallography, the scientific study of crystals, can be traced as far back as the 17th century, when scientists such as Johannes Kepler and "Robert Hooke published works presenting ideas on the microscopic structure of crystals. Numerous studies in this field resulted in the systematized discipline of crystals as it is known today. Following these developments, "crystallography" evolved from "the scientific study of crystals" to "the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids." This evolution to cover all possible atomic arrangement was inevitable especially with the discovery of solids that cannot be confined within the conventional definition of a crystal."
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Da Vinci as Engineer, 2006.
This paper discusses Leonardo Da Vinci as an engineer and looks at his technique, style and designs.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly explores Da Vinci's technique and style and emphasizes how his work reflects someone who understands and appreciates fundamental laws of physics and mathematics even if he could not express them in the form of mathematical models. To conclude, this paper reviews the techniques, style and some of the key designs in the work of Leonardo da Vinci the engineer. The paper properly notes how Leonardo's preferred technique as an engineer was to engage in modeling and in constant test and evaluation.
From the Paper
"Leonardo Da Vinci's great works as an engineer and his ability to illuminate new pathways of knowledge are well-known even by people largely unfamiliar with his work. However, fewer people are aware of his peculiar technique as an engineer and his idiosyncratic style - even if they are familiar with his various designs."
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Dramatic Dialogue Between Edison and Einstein, 2006.
A three part review of a dramatic dialogue between Edison and Einstein.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This natural science paper is comprised of three parts. The first part of the paper sets up the basic premise of a dramatic dialogue between Edison and Einstein. The second part is a dramatic dialogue between Edison and Einstein. The final part of the paper is an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"Thomas Edison (1847-1931) was one of the most prolific and important inventors in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th Century. As a scientist Edison was more interested in designing products that would be useful for the average person. This means that Edison is a believer in technology and does not put a lot of stock in theory. As an inventor Edison is also a business man. "
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Robert Moses, 2006.
A discussion regarding the man, Robert Moses, and his successful career in urban planning.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 12 sources, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Robert Moses, the man understood to be a titan in the field of urban planning. This paper describes Moses, saying that his preeminence in his field is such that serious scholars can mention his name in the same sentence as not only Paris's Baron Haussmann, but also Louis XIV, Peter the Great, and Soviet dictator Stalin. Moses is said to have shaped the city of New York.
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Process Overhaul: Maintaining a Marine Aquarium, 2006.
This paper presents a proposal for a process overhaul of a nano-reef aquarium.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
In order to demonstrate the need for process overhaul within closed systems, this paper discusses controlled process overhaul within the context of maintaining a nano-reef aquarium. Process overhauls can be systematic or intermittent, depending upon need, but the intended result of any process overhaul is improving the performance of the system or a subset that is dependent on the system.
From the Paper
"Process assessment and overhaul are instrumental in maintaining systems (Schonberger & Knod, 2001). Indeed, the more specific the system, the greater the need for controlled forms of overhaul. Controlled overhaul differs dramatically from uncontrolled overhaul in that it selectively determines specific aspects of the process that are not functioning appropriately and works to change their functionality through overhaul. Process overhauls can be systematic or intermittent, depending upon need, but the intended result of any process overhaul is improving the performance of the system or a subset that is dependent on the system."
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