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Three Studies Addressing Psychology and Language, 2008.
This paper assesses three different articles on language, cognition and psychology and discusses just what the human mind really is.
3,656 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces three contrasting papers belonging to related fields of psychology. The writer looks at 'Representing Word Meaning and Order Information in a Composite Holographic Lexicon' by Michael N. Jones and Douglas J.K. Mewhort, 'Modeling the Successes and Failures of Interventions for Disabled Readers' by Harm, M.W., McCandliss, B.D. and Seidenberg, M.S. and 'An Integrated Theory of Mind' by Anderson, J.R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M.D., Douglass, S., Labiere, C and Qin Y. The writer notes that all the articles are interesting indications of how research in psychology varies strongly, according to the preparation and particular foci of researchers, how the human mind and its faculties are conceptualized, or what is considered salient. Examined, in turn, the three papers provide a glimpse of research or theoretical psychology that may not always sit well with a reader of different orientation. One sees a social scientific discipline that should continue examining and comparing its differences, avoiding too narrow approaches or realms of related study.
Outline:
Introduction
Michael N. Jones and Douglas J.K. Mewhort. (2007). Representing word meaning and order information in a composite holographic lexicon. Psychological Review, 114, 1-37.
Harm, M.W., McCandliss, B.D. and Seidenberg, M.S. (2003). Modeling the successes and failures of interventions for disabled readers. Scientific Studies in Reading, 7, 155-182.
Anderson, J.R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M.D., Douglass, S., Labiere, C and Qin Y. (2004). An Integrated Theory of Mind. Psychological Review, 111, 1036-1060.
Discussion
References
From the Paper
"Perhaps most student readers will have to take Jones & Mewhort's work at face value, unable to draw upon their level of expertise, or what the researchers' findings really mean, in terms of earlier research or what may stand to be learned of language, memory, or other brain function, or language development. It does seems that the human mind capable of language is forever at work, whether speaking or not, for example, towards eventual word order that shows the mind's ability to give its own cues or phrases or associated concepts from diverse places."
"The mind's speech patterns can be plotted for analysis, as Jones & Mewhort tell us is true, most often in relation to similar nouns or verbs or words coming to be predictable in phrases or their uses. When this article is reread, again there is the feeling of needing more information, or perhaps being helped by information on the applications of the research. For example, if memory that aids language is stored in a distributive way, then where in the brain, or according to which processes does this take place?"
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Computer-Assisted Instruction, 2008.
This paper discusses how computer-assisted instruction can aid in the teaching of language arts, focusing on the writer's personal experience with Skills Bank software.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines computer-assisted instruction in the classroom, placing special attention upon the Skills Bank software this writer employs in her own work as a teaching aide working with high school students. The paper outlines the myriad benefits of the Skills Bank software and looks at how it serves to boost student self-confidence, enhance computer literacy, strengthen language arts skills, and does so without sacrificing high scholastic standards. Finally, the writer maintains that the software is excellent because it is also receptive to the needs of ESL students.
From the Paper
"Drawing upon my own knowledge of the software, I can state that the Skills Bank program allows for pre-test and post-test evaluations of students, provides numerous instructional and assignment options for both teachers (in the first instance) and students (in the second instance) and has the ability to produce comprehensive reports for teachers, students, and for school administrators. Not to be overlooked, the program interface is easy to use and students can usually utilize its various components without requiring the assistance of an instructor. In a related vein, the easy navigability of the program allows students to explore for themselves - something I have found to be a wonderful way of increasing their self-esteem. As an addendum, students learn to use the latest technology (and arguably the most important technology in our modern world) in a safe and supportive environment whenever they use Skills Bank software. "
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A Free Education, 2008.
An argument that higher education should be free.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper refutes the claim that paying for college makes students more responsible; the paper contends that it actually does the opposite by making students into unproductive adults facing huge student loans. The paper further maintains that paying for education gives everyone equal opportunity to find employment they will enjoy and that will support their families.
From the Paper
""Tom Dillon, 19, a pre-pharmacy major at the University of Connecticut, is carrying $52,000 in student loans. And he's just getting started" (Block). Dillion believes that by the time he gets his doctorate degree in four years that he will owe over $150,000. In a global world, people must have an education to have employment that will allow them to live comfortably. Many people argue that the students should not attend college free because obtaining financial aid is available and students learn values by paying for their education; but is this true? Not only is this not true, the struggle people have in paying student loans makes life difficult for them. Higher education should be free for students as long as the students make passing grades."
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Reggio Emilia Education and the Teacher, 2008.
A study of the Reggio Emilia early childhood education system.
3,175 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the infant-toddler centers and preschools established in Reggio Emilia, Italy, which have drawn much interest for their view of the teacher as fellow learner. In the Reggio Emilia system, parents are also encouraged to join in school activities in a democratic and dynamic environment. The paper points out that this system has raised helpful questions as to how the child is regarded, the teacher's role and pedagogy before the age of 6. The paper also points out that Reggio Emilia ideas are now fairly popular in North America, where early childhood education has been a major concern due to the postmodern condition of altered family life, daycare as a mass need, and the failing American educational system. Since the 1980s, varying investment in facilities for early childhood education has helped a flowering of scholarship and some experimentation. The paper concludes that the generation of Reggio Emilia's remarkable early childhood education system occurred under conditions that North American educators might see as ideal for promoting a strong community with supportive and participating parents who value education.
Outline:
Introduction
Reggio Emilia Education
The Unexpected
Adapting for Other Children?
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"A paper by John Nimmo supplies an Australian reflection on the Reggio Emilia model. (1998) All its points considered, Reggio Emilia education may be most useful in its questions asked of teachers which Nimmo commends in terms of why teachers should ask themselves how they view the child, expectations of children and beliefs about child development. (1998:295-296) Teachers, parents and others engaged with children should ponder where a child's identity originates and the child's goals, needs and wishes, as may differ from those of the adult or be shaped by parent's ideas; there may be hope for a new generation or beliefs to do with better child preparation. (Nimmo:1998:296) In other words, Reggio Emilia education's contribution may lie in its fundamental questions to do with the child in relationship to adults. Other questions involve what a surrounding society is like now and as a product of a public past. (Nimmo:1998:297-298) One finds obvious new questions, too, on whether children are the same as they once were, or really develop as any theories now in use say that they do. One is put in a postmodern void of uncertainty, non-knowledge and relativism. It seems important to examine what one admires in Reggio Emilia practices and models and ask when one first experienced or saw them, in the course of one's own education."
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Training for Peace Keeping, 2008.
A look at some of the training required to undertake peace and humanitarian operations.
3,695 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 149.95
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Abstract
Terrorism has become embedded in almost everyone's vocabulary, it is one of those terms, that not everyone knows what it means, but it seems to be surrounded with negative connotations. However, it is not surprising that terrorism is sometimes abetted with state sponsorship and is supported by many governments whether intrinsically or extrinsically. As such international peace-keeping efforts have to change focus and address these internal dynamics. This paper explores some of the necessary mandates that are needed by personnel dealing with these issues.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Basic Communication, Conflict Resolution, & Negotiation
Communication: The Essential Element of a Successful Training Program in a Peace-Keeping Environment
Conflict Resolution & Negotiation in a Peace Keeping Environment
Techniques of Motivation in a Diverse Peace-Keeping Environment
Individual Decision-Making and Group Behavior
Leadership Training For Supervisors in these Organizations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Conflict resolution and peace keeping has been an issue of controversy for many years. However, with the proper training mechanism and structure, then peace and humanitarian operations can be the champions of a successful organizational initiative. It is therefore imperative that there be a comprehensive discourse embedded in the training structure for these operations that can analyze elements of the foreign conflict resolution and negotiation strategies. The connection between an effective training program or structure with the overall success of conflict resolution and negotiations will depend primarily on how well the program identifies the necessary political, economic, and cultural realms that have been affected by the dimensions of the operations. Overall, it is clear that conflict resolution and negotiation policy training is reactive and preventative, since it would be devised to counter, and to prohibit actions that were seen as harmful to the peace initiatives."
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Single Parenthood and Child Development, 2008.
An analysis of the impact of being the son or daughter of a single parent upon the development - cognitive, emotional and physical - of a young person.
4,005 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 158.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews how thecognitive, emotional and physical development of a child is impacted because of being raised by a single parent. In particular, the paper argues that single parenthood in and of itself is not necessarily a bad thing, but rather that many single parents are ill-equipped educationally, temperamentally, cognitively and psychologically for the stresses of single parenthood and their struggles create complications for their children. Moreover, the paper offers some policy suggestions for improving single parent homes, for political elites and scholars.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
School Performance And Being The Children Of Single Parents
Physical Well-Being And Being The Child Of A Single-Parent
Psychological Aspects Of Being A Child Of A Single Parent
Conclusion: Recommendations For Helping Children In Single Parent Households Reach Their Full Potential (Along With Policy Implications And Future Research Directions)
From the Paper
"On that note, it is important that educators and health officials begin by doing what they can to involve single parents in the school endeavors and extra-curricular activities of their children. For instance, a 1986 study by Weber took note of the fact that parents of mentally handicapped children who fail to attend individualized educational plans (IEPs) are usually non-white, come from lower economic backgrounds and are single parents; they also tended to be people who placed more responsibility for their children's educational programs in the hands of professionals (Weber, 1986). If there is one thing that needs to be done, it is to educate single parents about the importance of their becoming active participants in decisions that will ultimately effect the kind of care and attention their loved ones receive; without their involvement, it is entirely possible that the one voice that can argue most impassionedly on behalf of their children will be the one voice that no one hears."
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The Theory of Human Caring, 2007.
An analysis of the theory of human caring developed by Jean Watson.
1,069 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Jean Watson theory of human caring, used in the nursing curriculum. The paper explains that, according to Watson, the theory of human caring is a focus for the future of nursing practice and provides the standards that should guide nurses in every aspect of their role in the health care field. The paper looks at how, as time has evolved, the issues with which nurses have been confronted have caused a shift in the approach to nursing that is based on quality care. The paper then points out that, although Watson is specific as to the realm of caring that can be applied to nursing and the delivery of service to the patient, it is evident that Watson intended for the caring perspective to be apparent in every facet of nursing and used to understand all issues that affected the individual's health and well being. In conclusion, the paper shows that the theory of human caring should be a vital instrument for all nursing professionals and students, serving nursing through a foundation for care that returns the profession to a focus specifically on the patient and quality care.
Outline:
Define Theory of Human Caring.
Analyze the Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring.
Use of Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring Use in Guiding All Nursing Programs.
Applicability of Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring to Undergraduate Level Nursing Practice.
Applicability of Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring to Graduate Level Nursing Practice.
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To care for the complete human means to care for each element of the individual's life that is either positively or negatively impacting him or her. Treating the illness without considering the psychological issues that may be evident will slow recovery time and may hinder the effectiveness of the treatment. Recommending treatments that are not feasible in the life of an impoverished individual or that the person cannot be transported to, will prevent the complete recovery of the person. And advocating surgery for a patient that elects only to utilize Chinese Traditional Medicine for the health care needs, prevents the patient from receiving care that is applicable to the individual's life."
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Pedagogy Matters - Stephanie Dalton, 2008.
An overview of Stephanie Dalton's standards for effective teaching.
964 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the book "In Pedagogy Matters: Standards for Effective Teaching Practice" by Stephanie Dalton in which she outlines five standards for pedagogy.
Outline:
The Impact of the ISSLC Standards
Componants of Pedagogy
Components of Pedagogy - Instruction, Motivation and Student Success
From the Paper
"Better learning is based on better teaching. Teachers have a huge impact on student achievement and as such are central to educational reform. Unfortunately this emphasis has not always been evident. (Dalton, 1998, p. 4) Dalton quotes Nel Noddings, "...reform continues to focus on what students need to learn but ignores teachers' struggle with how to help them learn it." (Dalton, 1998, p.4) (These were prophetic words almost half a decade before "No Child Left Behind!) Teachers need to know how to help students learn, as our old assumptions about how this occurs no longer work.
"Many minority and low-income groups have had few language, literacy, or cultural resources in their families or communities that prepared them for success in U.S. schools" (Dalton p. 4). If, she writes, we believe that "all" students can and should learn, then teachers need greater skill than we assumed they did in the past. (Dalton, 1998, p. 5) Teachers today can't simply lecture or pour knowledge into their students; they must be able to effectively introduce a content topic, encourage questions, involve students in content activities, and continually assess their progress. (Dalton 1998, p. 8)"
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Acquisition of a Second Language, 2008.
An analysis of how we learn a second language and how the process of teaching a second language has changed in the past and may still change in the future.
3,245 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some of the issues and processes addressed in studies of second language acquisition. It looks at the changes that teaching a second language has undergone over time and what can be expected in the future. The paper describes the basic issues of how we learn a second language and how we might facilitate the process in the future.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Eckman, Highland, Lee, Mileham, and Weber (1995) point out that teaching of a second language has had different supports over the last few decades. It at first relied heavily on linguistic theory and on theories of learning, and in the 1960s and 1970s, teachers were trained in contrastive analysis and were often expected to write a contrastive analysis of a portion of the grammars of two languages, based on then-prevalent theories of language teaching. When the theoretical basis was shown to be inadequate, teaching based heavily on this model stopped. There was no concerted effort to evaluate the model. Teachers were then taught that repetition, drills, and memorization of dialogues were unnecessary."
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Seneca Language Preservation, 2008.
An analysis of the steps being taken in order to preserve the Seneca language.
2,288 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the process of recording the vocabulary and syntax of languages that may be disappearing from the lack of a population that speaks the language. It discusses the reasons why the preservation of languages is important. The paper focuses on the preservation of the language of the Seneca nation and what is being done in order to preserve the language.
From the Paper
"As noted, currently the Seneca language is on the verge of extinction. In September 1998, a school was established in which the primary focus was preserving the Seneca language and culture. The school is called the Faithkeeper's School. The founder of the school notes; "Our strong focus is to preserve and maintain the traditional Seneca language. . . Now, it is time to teach our children the language and the culture so this knowledge will carry on forever." The children in Faithkeeper's School are taught in the Seneca language and learn about their own history and culture at the same time."
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Genre Applications in Education, 2008.
This paper argues for the balance of normative and adaptive applications of genre for teacher/scholar educational standards.
1,116 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer analyzes the basis for genre standardizations that would include both a normative approach and adaptive approach in educational research and application. The writer notes that by realizing the importance of normative genres in language studies, students can better understand how to categorize various issues in writing. However, the writer maintains that these normative standards cannot be so heavily relied upon that they deny new genres of significant importance. In essence, the writer argues that a balanced approach to normative and adaptive genre applications must be adhered to in an effective writing criterion for modern educational perspectives.
From the Paper
"Critics of normative genre approaches in writing provide important arguments that explain why genre studies norms must be provide a form of standardization that must be adhered to. The premise of normative standards is only providing an outline for the growingly diverse set of genre studies that have arisen in the new globalized community. Many more cultural norms and values are being expressed, which reestablish the normative ways in which people think and write. However, the premise of normative genre values is essential for various cultures to establish their cultural identity, which provides the foundation in which to understand other cultures and genre-based evaluations. This perspective is helping teachers to understand the complexities of genre studies. Devitt defines this critical stance in educational standards that is important to realizing why genre categorizations can be dangerous to effective critical thinking, yet they are needed to establish a basis for localized identity issues for the educational scholar.."
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K-12 School Sports Activities, 2008.
This paper discusses the problem of normativity and exclusion in K-12 school sports activities.
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper reports that, at a parent-teacher meeting, several issues relating to sports activities involving exclusion based on race, gender and disabilities were argued. The author points out that the perceptions of one side were that the school operates on a hierarchy of priorities, discriminating in favor of white males. The paper states that the assertion of the other group was that none of the issues apply since the only institutional goal is to prevent obesity. The author stresses that the relevant ethical principles for this situation were justice, benevolence and respect for persons. The paper highlights that the new standards such as physical activity and sports will become a self-management program in which every child should realize that the program is to be incorporated into their life plan.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Introduction
The Issues
Ethics and Ethical Principles
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to Foucault, ethics is best defined as "a critical self-reflective practice". Based on this, the goals are to establish the ethical principles that will allow physical activity and sport to take place with the least amount of control. If the main objective is to fight obesity, then the activity should be paramount, flexible, and requires few formal rules or structure. Once the rationale for sport is clarified, then the emphasis on competition and all the disciplinary and regulatory practices that center on the idea of winning will be eliminated."
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Childhood Obesity and School Lunches: A Letter, 2008.
A letter to a legislator regarding school lunch programs as a contributing factor to childhood obesity.
728 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a letter in regard to the issue of childhood obesity and, in particular, how lunch programs in children's schools are contributing to this problem. The letter recommends increasing the number of physical education classes in schools and switching school milk supplies to organic milk to avoid the genetically engineered growth hormones in cows and beef cattle.
From the Paper
"In recent decades, increases in levels of obesity in children have reached the scale of a major public heath problem in Western countries. In Canada, for example, rates of overweight/obese children have more than doubled in the past twenty years, with estimates suggesting as many as 30% of Canadian children are obese (Veugelers and Fitzgerald 607). The numbers from the United States over the same time period are very similar (Whitmore). It is widely acknowledged in the scholarly literature on children and nutrition that the two primary mechanisms contributing to recent increase in obesity levels among children are poor nutrition and a lack of adequate exercise (Veugelers and Fitzgerald 607)."
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Voice Output Communications, 2008.
An examination of four articles on the subject of voice output communications assisting severely disabled children.
905 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at four articles that address the strategies presently employed in the ongoing effort to help voice output communications assist those who are severely disabled or handicapped in some way. The paper briefly discusses the pertinent aspects and findings of each study. The author writes how he would apply these technologies to the educational environment within which he operates.
Outline:
Introduction
Article Summary
Adaptation to the Educational Environment of Which This Writer is a Part
From the Paper
"While the study is elegant in its simplicity, there are certain problems that should be pointed out. For one thing, the authors (Dyches et al, 2002) trained those individuals who would be working with Natasha on how to communicate with her; thus, it is fair to ask whether or not the devices actually work in a communicative sense or simply "look good" because the other participants in the study have received prior training. Additionally, the methodology is compromised because there are only six community members involved in the study and only one disabled person; hence, any findings cannot be generalized to all disabled people in all community environments."
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Career Education: A Lesson Plan, 2008.
A career education plan for ninth graders.
1,251 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses the cognitive and psychosocial characteristics of ninth graders. The writer then discusses how a class could help students identify career paths that are appropriate for their aptitudes and interests. The writer presents his career education plan, explaining that it includes four units of study for ninth graders: "Demands of the Workplace", "Being Accountable and Taking Initiative", "Setting Goals and Assessing My Own Strengths and Progress", and "Self-Management and Self-Assessment". The paper then details the lesson in the first unit.
Outline:
Background Theory
My Ninth Grade Career Education Plan
Lesson Plan from Unit One
From the Paper
"Jean Piaget the noted to child development expert postulated that there were four operational stages of intellectual development. These students are just entering the fourth or "formal" operational stage meaning that they can begin to think abstractly and move beyond simple concrete ways of thinking. (Child Development Institute, 2006) Onset of this stage allows for exploration of adult roles as student thinking grows more flexible.
"According to psychologist Erik Erikson there are eight stages of social development through which individuals pass as they mature. At this age students generally are entering the fifth stage and the major developmental task is role identity. Adolescents discover who they are as members of society meaning that most students begin to think of workplace roles (Harder, 2002). Career education can assist this development."
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Boys and Reading: Gender Stereotyping, 2008.
A discussion on the underperformance of boys when they learn to read in comparison to girls.
2,469 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the underperformance of boys at reading and language skills in comparison to girls. The essay provides a critical exploration of the issues in the debate, and argues the thesis that the underperformance of boys at reading and language skills in comparison to girls is a consequence of systemic gender stereotyping in our society as a whole.
Outline:
Introduction
Boys and Reading: The Critical Context
Boys and Reading: The Stereotype
Boys and Reading: What Can Educators Do?
Analysis
From the Paper
"Among contemporary teaching professionals, one of the most compelling issues of our time is that of the underperformance of boys at reading and language skills in comparison to girls. This is a particularly controversial issue, as it follows upon a very similar concern in the discipline some years before regarding the underperformance of girls in particular subjects. Moreover, as any review of the literature on the subject will reveal, the complex and controversial issues of gender stereotyping, and how we as a society understand, construct and/or shape masculinity, lie at the core of the debate."
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