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The Impact of Cognitive Function on Hearing Impairment, 2008.
This paper provides a critique of the research paper "Does Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Hearing Impairment Improve by Hearing Aid Use?" by van Hooren et al.
1,773 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the main hypothesis of the study, "Does Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Hearing Impairment Improve by Hearing Aid Use?", can be stated as follows: while hearing aids show significant results in terms of auditory improvement, there is no proof to suggest a related improvement or increase in cognitive ability as a result of the application of a hearing aid. The writer explains that the study refers to cognitive functions such as memory, attention, executive functioning, and processing speed. The writer also explains that it should be noted at the outset that this hypothesis presupposes a connection, albeit based on prior research sources, between hearing or hearing enhancements and cognitive functioning. Thus, this is an aspect that forms part of the critique in this analysis of the paper. The writer points out that it is also suggested that the methodology used to ascertain cognitive correlation is to some extent not adequate in terms of the complexity of determining quantitatively a definite link between hearing aids and improved cognition.
From the Paper
"The methodology used in this study was comparatively simple and conventionally straight-forward. In essence a relatively small number or participants were used in this study - which is also a point of contention with regard to the results and conclusion of this research. In total there were fifty-six participants (mean age 0/72.5) who were fitted with hearing aids were compared with 46 control participants (mean age 0/74.5) with an equivalent impairment, but who were not fitted with a hearing aid. The study took cognizance of a number of variables and factors that could influence the results of the experiment. These included neurocognitive tests after 12 months. However, it is also possible that these tests in terms of personality and individual psychological components were not sufficient. This aspect is possibly one of the reasons why the study did not return the expected correlation between hearing aids and cognitive improvement."
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Middle School Advisory Programs, 2008.
This paper looks at the effectiveness of advisory groups and programs in middle schools.
3,348 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 139.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that middle school is a time of great transition for students, who are simultaneously dealing with physical and social changes, as well as more rigorous academics. To help students manage the transition, many middle schools have begun offering advisory groups. The writer points out that advisory groups may consist of staff and students, meeting regularly to engage in activities designed to benefit students academically and socially. One of the main goals of advisory groups is for each student to have at least one caring adult at the school who knows the student personally. Schools have used advisory groups to help students increase self-esteem, build better relationships with peers and adults, improve academically, and play a positive role in their communities. The writer maintains that advisory groups can be critical to student success, but before one condemns middle schools for often providing ineffective programs, one must first provide a clearer picture of how to develop more useful alternatives. The writer concludes that by building on current research and conducting new inquiries into the scope of the problem and possible solutions, one can move toward a better understanding of best practices.
Outline:
Introduction
Promise and Problems
Working Toward Best Practices
Understanding Future Challenges
Conclusion
From the Paper
"However, advisory groups often have been riddled with problems. A distinct lack of guidance on best practices, as well as inadequate program focus and staff training, has led many advisory programs to be little more than glorified study halls or quiet times. Some schools are looking to change this, through structured activities that include character education, community service, and working with younger students. While schools begin to understand how to structure effective advisory programs, research shows that these programs are likely to face new roles and challenges. For example, researchers believe that advisory groups could help students make better health choices and develop more sophisticated notions of gender identity. However, before advisory groups can reach their full potential at the middle-school level, more research is needed to help schools better understand best practices and how tenets of good advisory programs can be practically implemented."
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The Impact Of Same-Gender Grouping, 2008.
An analysis of the impact of same-gender grouping during a benchmark test administration on the performance of sixth grade science students.
4,277 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 166.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a research which examines the impact of same-gender grouping during benchmark test administration on the performance of sixth grade science students who have otherwise received instruction in a co-gender classroom context.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Methodology
Key Terms and Definitions
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Literature Review
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The work of Thomas S. Dee entitled: "Teachers and the Gender Gaps in Student Achievement" offers an insight into the gender gaps that exist in education in today's schools. It is stated by Dee that: "this study presents new evidence on whether assignment to a same-gender teacher influences educational outcomes. And it uses these evaluation results to discuss how the gender interactions between students and teacher may shape the early evolution of gender gaps across academic subjects." (2006) Furthermore, the educational outcomes examined in this study include teacher perceptions of a student's performance and student perceptions of the subject taught by a particular teacher. These subjective outcomes are useful simply because they are educationally important outcomes that provide a complement to the results based on achievement scores." (Dee, 2006) The following table lists the 1999 NAEP scores stated by Dee in by subject, age and gender."
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Educating Preschoolers with Autism in China, 2008.
A research proposal into American education programs for children with autism and their application in Chinese learning environments.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 45 sources, APA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses American special education programs. It specifically focuses on programs for educating preschoolers with autism. It then looks at how these programs can be applied in Chinese learning environments and discusses the current treatment for autism spectrum disorders in the People's Republic of China. The paper presents a research proposal for the subject matter.
From the Paper
"This program contains structured reinforcements and feedback including the use of 'no' at the incorrect response of a child. A study conducted at the University of California at Los Angeles states a 47% recovery rate for child below the age of four years old. This program is a 40-hour per week program of one-on-one therapy for a period of two years. This method is reliant on introducing a skill, prompting and reinforcement of the skills. (Programs for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, nd) There are currently studies underway in order to make a determination as to the prevalence of autism in China. At the present, there are no formal programs for autistic children with only very treatments programs in the larger city private schools. Treatments in China are said to range from "herbal medicines and acupuncture to sensory integration training and, in rare instances, applied behavior analysis." (Clark and Zhou, 2005) The work of Tsang, et al (2006) reports a longitudinal study conducted on 34 autistic children in Hong Kong using the TEACCH program in a preschool. Stated is that "eighteen children received full-time center-based TEACCH program training. The control group included 16 children who received different types of individualized or group training but not TEACCH program training. Instruments validated in Hong Kong were used to assess the children's social adaptive functioning and developmental abilities before and during the training at 6-month intervals for 12 months. Children in the experimental group showed better outcomes at posttest. They also showed progress in different developmental domains over time. The study provided initial support for the effectiveness of using the TEACCH program with Chinese children." (Tsang, et al, 2000)"
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Quantitative Research, 2008.
An examination of quantitative research. focusing on the pros and cons.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of quantitative research in education and social science. The paper explains that quantitative research is indirect, abstract and treats experiences as similar, adding or multiplying them together, or quantifying them. The paper looks at how qualitative research has the aim of understanding experience as nearly as possible as its participants feel it or live it. The paper also points out that qualitative research is not a new method. The paper then explains that there appears to be a consensus that, though education may be different now from in previous years, the aim is still the same - to understand what each tradition is doing rather than debate the political and moral implications of the research and its methods.
From the Paper
"Theoretical research programs coordinate theory and empirical research. The researchers infer that theory guides research, and research tests theory, which was earlier stated by Moore in 1989. Research results provide insight that improves theories, which then require further tests. This reciprocal coordination of theory and research produces cumulative theory growth, the trademark of science. To build solid knowledge about social processes, theory cannot be separated from related empirical research that tests it. Group processes research has focused on experiment, although not to the exclusion of other social research methods."
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Small Learning Communities, 2008.
A research paper on the problems affecting ninth-grade students when entering high school and a program designed to address those problems.
8,950 words (approx. 35.8 pages), 20 sources, APA, AU$ 272.95
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Abstract
This research paper deals with factors that affect the transition of the individual into the high school environment. The paper states that students experiencing academic difficulties in the ninth-grade school year tend experience more problems and drop out of high school before completion and graduation. The paper then explains that, in order to address these problems, some schools have created a small learning community, which has been named the 'Freshman Academy'. The objective of this research paper, then, is to examine the impact that the Freshman Academy has upon ninth-grade student transition. Toward this end, this study conducts research in order to determine the impact that small learning communities, and in this case the Freshman Academy, have upon the academic achievement of ninth-grade students at a small rural high school in Central Florida.
Outline:
Research Questions
Statement Of Problem
Purpose Of Study
Overview of Wildwood High School Ninth-Grade Curriculum
Expected Outcomes of the Study
Preliminary Literature Review
Summary Of The Literature Reviewed
Methodology
Comparison of Academic Achievement
From the Paper
"Students who do not successfully transition into high school in the ninth-grade school year are at a much higher risk of academic failure and ultimately at an increased risk of dropping out of high school completely. Academic interventions including small learning communities decrease the risk of academic failure and high school attrition. The work of Fletcher (2000, p.2) relates that through promotion of "meaningful student involvement, schools can ready student for a lifetime of significant participation in their communities and nation." Fletcher additionally relates that providing students a chance for meaningful involvement at school has four specific outcomes: (1) positive effects on the student's general well-being; (2) positive effects on behavior and values of students; (3) positive effects on academic achievement; and (4) positive effects on teachers."
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Teaching Playwriting, 2008.
Explores teaching playwriting in high school.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper argues for a greater inclusion of playwriting in the high school educational syllabus. The writer points out that some of the reasons playwriting is not included are it is simply impractical and serves no functional purpose. However, many teachers feel that playwriting is an important and educationally viable subject, which can have many benefits for the student. The paper relates that the formal academic advantages of playwriting as a school subject are literary competency and inquiry, communications skills and creative problem solving. The author stresses that playwriting as a teaching method is interesting and as well as a craft for the students, which in itself encourages further learning.
Table of Contents:
The Argument for Playwriting in Schools
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the first instance, some commentators are of the opinion that play writing skills and other theater arts have a positive effect generally on the student's educational development. It can, for example, "... promote the educational outcomes associated with good citizenship" This view is related to a central aspect of playwriting, which is the fact that it encourages the students to think outside the narrow boundaries of his everyday frame of reference and encourages them to imagine other circumstances, situations and events that help to expand their view of life and explore problem areas that they would not normally experience."
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School Counselor Model, 2008.
A discussion on the perceptions of teachers on the role of the school guidance counselor before implementation of the American School Counseling Association Model (ASCA).
1,498 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the facts that concern the perceptions of the teachers on the role of the School Guidance Counselor before implementation of American School Counseling Association Model (ASCA) and after the implementation of American School Counseling Association Model (ASCA). The paper provides the insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the ASCA model as it pertains to the teachers' best interests for students.
From the Paper
"The society is changing so rapidly with technology advances and knowledge products that it is difficult for guidance counselors to stay abreast of the future career goals of their students in addition to handling these students' growing personal needs. In fact since the beginning development of this field counselors have gone in different directions with varying emphasis, so there the roles that these specialists play in the school systems are inconsistent.
"To better understand the present situation with professional school counselors (PSC), it is necessary to better understand their historical foundation. As noted by Lambie and Wilson (2004), "school counseling's historical narrative constructs the lens through which individuals interpret the profession. To understand and possibly alleviate the current incongruence between the actual and the ideal professional identity of PSCs, the historical narrative configuring the profession needs to be understood, appreciated, and then possibly reconstructed."
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New Teachers Training Programs in Saudi Arabia, 2008.
A complete research project to evaluate training programs for new teachers in Saudi Arabia
7,365 words (approx. 29.5 pages), 29 sources, APA, AU$ 237.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the objects of this research project are (a) to identify existing training evaluation activities in the educational department in Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, (b) to evaluate the new teacher training course in two levels, reaction and learning, and (c) to determine the effectiveness of the evaluation processes in relation to its contribution to the organization's strategic objectives. The methodology for this research is a critical review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature combined with a survey of new teachers to determine their perspective of curriculum development and the effectiveness of their curriculum and faculty in preparing them to become educators. The author includes the completed data and tables. The paper summarizes the research and salient conclusions. Recommendations for policymakers and educators concerning further considerations and changes relating to training evaluation processes conclude the study.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Review of Related Literature
Review of the Related Literature
Introduction
Background and Overview
Importance of Educational Program Evaluation
Common Evaluation Techniques Used in Higher Educational Settings
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach ..................................................
Data-gathering Method, Database of Study and Sample Selection
Data Access and Ethical Issues
Data Analysis
Program Evaluation
Process Evaluation
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Appendix: Project Plan
Appendix: Student Dissertation Ethical Review Checklist
Appendix: Proforma Copy of Teacher Questionnaire
Appendix: SPSS Data Output
From the Paper
"Currently, English is the only foreign language taught to intermediate and secondary students in Saudi Arabia; the subject is required for grades 7 through 12 in both boys' and girls' schools. As a result, during their general education, Saudi students study English for a total of 6 years. Textbooks and teaching methods are also identical in boys' and girls' schools, and all students have four 45-minute periods (3 hours) of English instruction weekly; in addition, Braine (2005) reports that, because reading and writing are considered most important in English teaching, more emphasis is placed on teaching the content of the language than on developing communicative competence."
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Remedial Reading Services in Public Schools, 2008.
An analysis of the No Child Left Behind Act and issues of teacher preparedness and teacher beliefs with regard to remedial reading in public schools.
24,015 words (approx. 96.1 pages), 132 sources, APA, AU$ 364.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the relationship of teacher preparedness, teacher beliefs (i.e., philosophy, instructional approaches and curricula) and the availability of remedial reading services on adequate yearly progress (AYP) in reading in New Hampshire public schools. It discusses the history of the No Child Left Behind Act and the definition of 'highly qualified' when it comes to teaching. It then examines the concept of adequate yearly progress and the issue of third-grade readers and phonetic ability.
Table of Contents:
Review of Related Literature
Introduction
Highly-Qualified Teachers
No Child Left Behind and Adequate Yearly Progress
Teacher Retention
Language Literacy
The Importance of Learning to Read
Reading Assessment
Remedial Education and Cooperative Learning
From the Paper
"The first way is to ensure that each group member is responsible not for everything that the group does but for a specific and unique part of the group task (Courtney, Courtney, & Nicholson, 1994). The second way is for students to be completely and individually responsible for their own learning (Courtney, Courtney, & Nicholson, 1994). When either one of these things are done, it ensures that each student does an adequate amount of work because he or she must perform a specific task in order to be graded fairly (Courtney, Courtney, & Nicholson, 1994)."
"Students who do not perform this specific task will bring down the grade of the entire group but it is quite likely that the group itself will work with this individual and not allow one person to pull down the grade of others who are working hard to ensure that they learn all that they can and that their grades reflect this new learning (Courtney, Courtney, & Nicholson, 1994). One study that looked at group grades within the higher education spectrum indicated that there were many reasons that these students felt cooperative learning was a good idea (Courtney, Courtney, & Nicholson, 1994)."
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Abilities Grouping, 2008.
Examines issues and problems of abilities grouping in the schools.
4,390 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 168.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problems associated with abilities grouping in the schools. The author begins by explaining the reasoning and history of abilities grouping and then goes on to examine the negative consequences of such a system. The paper then argues that, instead of abilities grouping, assessment must be linked to more appropriate examples of actual intelligence levels, rather than structured and biased tests.
From the Paper
"The arguments in favor of abilities tracking attest that when instructors are given a group of students who are comparable in their abilities they then have less struggle teaching them. Additionally, proponents of ability tracking also claim that the value of tracking, to identify those who are in need of additional help is crucial to their later success, even if that later success is inclusive only of remedial expectations. Some experts argue that ability grouping is not ability tracking and that the milder form of (ability grouping) is actually very helpful to students and instructors, as it attempts to meet needs with abilities, not only on the part of the student but also on the part of the educator."
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Improving Student Attendance, 2008.
A discussion on the poor attendance at West Side Junior High School in East Chicago and recommendations for improvement.
909 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the problem of poor school attendance at West Side Junior High School in East Chicago. The paper highlights the reasons for the poor attendance and offers possible solutions to theproblem. The paper recommends that the problems can only be improved with the co-operation and participation of the entire school community.
From the Paper
"All of these strategies are positive reinforcement strategies, rather than negative reinforcement strategies like suspending students ("Attendance Incentives," 2007, NY State Education Department). It is important that students retain a positive attitude to school and to the potential of adults to help them during this crucial development period. In a recent study of high-performing schools that were once low-performing schools, one of the most common features was that students helped develop the school's vision and norms, and assumed responsibility for translating the school's purpose to the community. The students also planned school celebrations and community events when attendance as a school improved ."
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Educating Toddlers in the Home, 2008.
A look at the importance of early learning.
765 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the critical learning period that children experience between birth until they enter kindergarten, and describes the work carried out by 'Kidsource', a national educational and healthcare organization. The paper gives some suggestions that Kidscouce make to help parents encourage their children to learn.
From the Paper
"With this in mind, Kidsource, a national educational and healthcare organization, recommends that parents follow a systematic program to accomplish the program outlined above. Some of the suggestions regarding reading are that the parent read stories to the toddler, and encourage the child to create a play about a story and act it out with a friend, to draw a comic strip and share it, to go to the library and check out a book and to have a family reading night. In preparation for math, a parent can play "store" with the child and a friend to add, subtract, divide, multiply and make change with money. Listening to classical music with a toddler actually creates an ability to support mathematics later on. Making a graph of something, such as the popular activities of friends, finding patterns in nature or in buildings, and playing games having to do with numbers also brings a small child knowledge and familiarity with mathematical concepts (Kidsource 1)."
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Corpora in Promoting Second Language Learning, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits of using corpora in the classroom in order to promote second language learning and a discussion of how teachers can overcome the difficulties of its use.
3,197 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the use of corpora in the classroom would facilitate second language learning. The paper also discusses how the English as a second language teachers could overcome the difficulty in teaching English vocabulary in context through the use of the corpora. The paper hypothesizes that use of corpora will facilitate second language learning by contextualizing the taught vocabulary and providing a real discourse.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Definition of the Problem
Importance of the Study
Research Objectives
Research Hypothesis
Literature Review
Computer-based Corpus
Applying Vocabulary
Current Knowledge of Corpus Benefits
Methodology
Subjects
Instrument
Procedures
Data Analysis
Validity and Reliability
Scope and Limitations
From the Paper
"The scope of the study is to measure whether there is significant benefit in using corpus based materials over traditional methods for second language vocabulary learning. It is acknowledged that there are various limitations which the study must impose. The first of these is that the study is limited only to the one language school, and although there are a spectrum of students who attend the school, the results of the study may not translate into identical results when the study is taken outside of the school. In order to assess whether current curriculum structure should incorporate such methods outside of the language school in which the study is conducted it may be necessary to conduct a much large longitudinal study, involving several language schools in different areas."
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MRSA on American University Campuses, 2005.
This paper is a research plan of a study to be conducted on whether attending University increases the risk of acquiring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria, and the implications of this.
772 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
The purpose of the study is to assess whether those attending a university in the USA are at risk of acquiring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the university setting. The risk is assessed by determining whether there are higher incidences of MRSA carriers in the university setting than in other areas of the community, as this may signify that those carrying MRSA have acquired the bacteria through university attendance. As a secondary objective, the study aims to compile a set of recommendations which would aim to reduce the likelihood of contracting MRSA in the university environment.
Outline:
Introduction
Purpose of the study
Methods
Required Readings
Anticipated Bibliography
From the Paper
"The second phase of the study would comprise of a direct study of students at my university, in order to discover the numbers of students who currently carry MRSA. A sample of students would be selected, with selection being based upon that student not being at particular risk of MRSA, i.e. not having been hospitalized in the last year, or having undergone surgery of any kind within the last year. There may also be other exclusions which would be included from the findings of the literature review. These students would then have samples taken in order to test for the presence of MRSA; such testing would need to take into account participant confidentiality. The literature review would be used in order to elucidate a specific method for sample selection, using articles involving similar successful studies.
"From the findings of the testing for MRSA, it would be possible to establish whether there are indeed higher levels of MRSA in the university population by contrasting the results with any results obtained in the literature review; it may also be possible to contrast with results from other universities. The results can also be used in order to aid in the composition of recommendations to reduce the risk of contracting MRSA while attending university."
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), 2008.
An extensive literature review examining autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as part of a research project.
12,860 words (approx. 51.4 pages), 47 sources, APA, AU$ 358.95
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Abstract
This research paper examines the different diagnostic labels for autism that are in current use, to consider how far they are applied with any consistency, how far they overlap, and whether existing terminology is adequate to account for the range of disorders encountered. The paper explains that Professor D.V.M. Bishop's work is highlighted in the research because the author feels that to even attempt to comprehend what is the 'best practice' in the case of educating the autistic individual is to first identify, define and characterize what 'autism' is actually comprised of in terms of its needs, its abilities, and the practices that negatively impact the autistic learner as well. Bishop informs the research at hand of some key factors in considering education of the autistic child.
Table of Contents:
Background of the Study
Diagnostic Criteria in 'Autism'
Revised Definition and Diagnostic Criteria in Autism 'Spectrum' Disorder
Research Questions
Nature and Purpose of the Diagnostic Exercise
Special Education and General Education Overview
Purpose of the Study
Definitions
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Social Skills
Inclusion
Self-Contained
Special Education
General Education
Literature Review
Historical Overview of Education and Autism
Complaints of the Special Education Inclusion Program
Autism Continuum Two-Dimensional Model
Conner (1989) Guidelines for Mainstream Practice
Nine Diagnostic Points Identified (Creak 1961; as cited in Conner, 1999)
Diagnostic Criteria: Asperger Syndrome
Screening Tools Identified
Autistic Behavior 'Rating Scales'
Classroom Strategies
Behavioral and Social Management
Scholastic Management
Limitations of the Research
Summary of Literature Review
Recommendations for Future Research
Methodology
Questions of the Research
Method of Collection of Primary Studies for Review
Designation of Criteria for Inclusion
Designation of Criteria for Exclusion
Delineation of the Characteristics and Findings of the Studies
Analysis of the Data
Interpretation of the Results
From the Paper
"While Christopher may well master the production of "long and complicated sentences" simultaneously Christopher's responses "are often inappropriate, and he often asks questions of others while disregarding the answers he receives." Bishop goes on and explains by asking the reader to suppose that in this fictional yet realistic situation that: "The psychiatrist suggests a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome. The speech therapist states that an analysis of Christopher's language shows that it is phonologically and grammatically normal.""
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