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Inequality and Economic Growth, 2008.
An analysis of the relationship between inequality and national economic growth.
2,761 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether inequality is necessary for economic growth to occur. It questions whether, in low development countries, economic growth is the result of equal distribution of income and if per capital income must reach a minimum level before income inequality decreases. The paper also looks at whether countries of unequal income distributions experience slower growth than more "equal" countries. Additionally, the paper discusses whether governments should be implementing policies of redistribution in order to aid the poor.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Common Questions & Models
Global Data - Inequality Distribution Issues
Deinger and Squire: The Third and Arguably Most Important Question
Other Macroeconomic Research
A Microeconomic Model
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One would aim for the more optimistic view that equality and economic growth are compatible, because the current global state of regional poverty is a major problem, with no clear end in sight. This impresses an importance on determining a state whereby economic growth is possible alongside a simultaneous increase in the fortunes of the world's poor. However, researchers who have viewed the issue from afar tend to conclude that "the empirical evidence of the positive impact of greater equality on efficiency is still inconclusive" (Sharpe, 2003, p. 13). In other words, it may be naive to assume equality and economic growth is possible, particularly considering that much economic growth occurs in today's world based on the global phenomenon of inequality. However, researchers also conclude that "equally, there is little conclusive evidence of major negative effects on efficiency from equality" (ibid, p. 13), meaning that a relationship between economic growth and equality may be possible. It is up to further research to determine how this can be implemented in policy."
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The Economic Growth of India, 2008.
This paper analyzes the economic growth of India since 1990.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, beginning in the early 1990s, India began to redirect its political and economic apparatus towards a more free-market orientation, which has resulted in a cycle of remarkable growth and expansion. The author points out that, beginning in 1991, political leaders ended the traditional License Raj economic model, which resulted in monopolistic behavior and stifled foreign direct investment. The paper relates that some of India's economic expansion has been attributed to its insistence on expanding public expenditures within the market. The author points out that India deems all public expenditure to be development related and views this type of investment as a requirement rather than a socially driven discretionary investment. The paper reports that a value added tax (VAT), other tax code adjustments and a fully convertible currency were introduced.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Initial Reforms
Market Liberalization
Current Economic Status
From the Paper
"The country's revenue expenditures have increased across some spending segments by as much as 400% between 1990 and 2004 and this spending has continued to fuel economic growth. These large spending and investment packages are achievable because of the market reforms made during 1991. While much of India's population that exceeds 1b individuals is classified as impoverished, it still represents one of the largest tax bases in the world after China. Such a large potential tax base was going relatively untouched until 1991 when the tax codes and collection apparatus procedures were also reformed."
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City of Charlotte: Revenues and Funding, 2008.
A discussion of the government revenues and funding, as well as the deficits in the city of Charlotte.
889 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the revenues and funding for the city of Charlotte. It discusses the sources of the government's funding and then looks at why the proprietary funds for the city of Charlotte have deficits that have not supported the costs associated with those funds. The paper finally looks at the revenue policy and community values for the city of Charlotte.
Table of Contents:
Revenue: Governmental, Proprietary, and Fiduciary
Restrictions
Receipt of Revenues
Revenue Projections
Revenue Policy and Community Values
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research indicates that revenues for the city are used to support proprietary, governmental and fiduciary funds. In relation to proprietary and governmental funds, these revenues have not been sufficient over the long term to support all of the programs and services that the have been determined to be essential for the people of Charlotte. However, there has also bee a large growth in the diverse population of Charlotte, which has created additional revenues and provide for a surplus fund that is often used to balance the budget or address community need when appropriate. It is this surplus fund that could be used in part to provide for the MWDBE program, which would serve to support the diverse community that Charlotte views as integral to its continued growth."
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Foreign Aid, 2008.
This paper discusses economic development and foreign direct investment.
1,663 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
In this document the writer discusses globalization and looks at its impact on poverty and economic development across emerging markets. The role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) within this dynamic is also examined as well as how the WTO and the global economy interact to encourage or develop greater levels of foreign direct investment (FDI) in order to spur economic development.
Outline:
Abstract
Overview
The World Trade Organization's Role in FDI
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Thus, it can be seen that the discussion of poverty and its alleviation, especially reference to Mexico, or indeed any other emerging market, is really a discussion of how these economic structures are re-characterized in respect to the global economy. The intent is to assist these markets with their internal economic structures, without compromising national integrity, so as to result in a more universal elevation of quality of life standards across the spectrum of their societies.
"While many authors tend to immediately jump to the issue of poverty when discussing globalization and its impact, others are quick to note that globalization can be effective at alleviating poverty. Fenstra and Hanson pointed out that the outsourcing explosion brought about by NAFTA between the U.S., Mexico and Canada, resulted in positive economic growth in Mexico's border areas where foreign factories invested in factories to handle their inputs in the production of goods almost completely destined for export."
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Prostitution in Thailand, 2008.
An analysis of how prostitution influences the social and economic systems within Thai society.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the culture of prostitution in Thailand and the failure of the officials there to prosecute or enforce the law with regards to prostitution. The paper aso discusses the economic impact of prostitution on the nation. In addition, the paper looks at the arguments for and against official recognition of prostitution and concludes that, according to this analysis, the problems of prostitution outweigh the benefits.
Table of Contents:
Sexual Mores and Practices, and Thai Prostitution
Economics, Gender Politics, and Prostitution
Devastating Effects on Thai Culture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Prostitution in Thailand is semi-legal at present, with many people tolerating it and officials not prosecuting or enforcing the law regarding it. There are even some voices within Thailand that have called for an official recognition of prostitution so the sex tourism industry can be carried out in an openly legal manner. However, according to the arguments reviewed here, prostitution causes problems within the society by limiting the choices of women and child. Therefore, the problems of prostitution are believed to outweigh the benefits according to this analysis."
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International Finance and Pharmaceutical Company, 2008.
A case study analysis of the financial and operating performance, as well as market performance of the Company, a fictional pharmaceutical company.
1,822 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a policy statement by the Company, a fictional pharmaceutical company, that discusses concerns and expectations about market conditions in the coming year, which may impact the Company's operations and profitability. It provides a plan that may impact upon future financial and operating performance for the Company. It also looks at threats to the financial stability of the Company.
Table of Contents:
Pounds, Dollar, and Euros: Purchasing Power Parity
US Economy Strength and Expansion of R&D Capacity
German Competitor Introduction of Generic Detervin
Federal Reserve Interest Rates
Inflation Rate in Turkey Expected to be Very High
Price Volatility on the New York Stock Exchange
Interest Rates on Government Bonds in US and Germany
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Company faces several challenges in the coming financial years, including managing subsidiary operations in a volatile and changing environment. The fact that much of the growth potential for the Company is found in its foreign subsidiaries implies that it will have to find ways to finance operations through local avenues increasingly going forward. As the strength of the British pound become diluted closer to historical norms over time, the growth in subsidiaries should allow to the Company to increase both its operating and profit performance. Therefore, the coming year should represent significant opportunities to positively impact future growth with management's efforts to capitalize on market challenges around the world."
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Standard of Living and the Industrial Revolution in Britain, 2008.
A study of the standard of living of the working class during the industrial revolution in Britain.
3,490 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the standard of living of the British working class during the industrial revolution, and aims to analyze whether industrialization was good for this diverse class or not. The paper points out that, despite the extensive research conducted on this famous era of economic activity, scholars cannot seem to agree as to whether the working class benefited from this phenomenon or not. The paper concludes that the overall effect of the industrial revolution on Britain's working class was negative rather than positive, based on a model of clearly poor social conditions alongside unreliable economic data.
Outline:
Introduction
Pre-Industrial Revolution: The Situation in Europe and Britain
An Economic Model
General Standards of Living of the Working Class
Conclusion
From the Paper
"England's agricultural working class pre-industrialization were arguably amongst the most advanced in the world, let alone Europe. The rest of Europe's working class was not so impacted by the industrial revolution, at least not to begin with. The industrial revolution came to England first owing to "Britain's superior record of labour productivity growth" (O'Brien, 1996, p. 216). When output per worker and returns were hectare were connected, production in Britain was nearly double that of French agriculture. Regions such as France were also more dependent than Britain on intensification of labour input to raise and maintain agricultural output above population growth levels (ibid, p. 218). It was thus no coincidence that the industrial revolution was to have a greater impact (and a swifter one) on England in comparison with that nation's European counterparts. Even before the advent of machinery, England owned a remarkable share of animal products to final agricultural outputs - around 75% (ibid, p. 222). Back then, farm animals provided "an 'engine for growth' which provided for a cumulative rise in agrarian productivity which in turn supported structural change for the economy as a whole" (ibid, p. 225). This British dominance was a direct reflection of the company's readiness to fulfill what was necessary to bolster the economy. In this case, livestock was necessary for an agricultural-based economy. It appears, however, that England, with its at-the-forefront economic planning, was primed and ready to adapt to whatever economic future awaited."
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Fair Trade in the Coffee Industry, 2008.
An analysis of the impact of fair trade in the coffee industry, including three case study analyses.
3,337 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the overall importance of the coffee industry to the global economy and describes how fair trade in the industry not only benefits the major players, but the international economy as a whole. It explores the history of coffee prices and how the fair trade movement which guaranteed a negotiated pre-harvest price changed the living standards for disadvantaged coffee growers and workers. The paper concludes that there is a huge disconnect between prices for coffee in the consumption market and the price paid to the coffee industry workers which results in poverty and poor economic conditions for coffee growers. Three case study analyses are included.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Structure and History of the Coffee Industry
The Fair Trade Movement: Implications for Coffee Workers and the Global Economy
Case Study #1: Starbucks Impact on a Nations Economy: The Duality of Competition
Case Study #2: Cafedirect and KNCU - Partnership in Fair Trade
Case Study #3: Does Fair Trade Affect Quality? - Examining Coffee in Mexico
How has Fair Trade Helped Coffee Industry Workers: Tenets and Principles of Fair Trade
Fair Trade Certification Organizations: Fair Trade Labeling Organizations and International Fair Trade Standards
Conclusion: Fair Trade is Ethical Trade
From the Paper
"Globalization is a process of enhancing collective measures to integrate economies, not only via goods and services but via governance, investment, trade, and aid (DeAngelis 2004). As globalization has progressed, it is clear that the most advanced countries have gained the most from the integration of economies; as such there is a widening gap between developed/advanced countries and developing/underdeveloped countries. Does globalization favor high-income countries to low-income countries? The coffee industry highlights a common problem with many agricultural products that are marketed within developed regions - impoverished societies characterized poor development trends with a final product that is booming in the industry. Fair trade is the only mechanism that can correct this trend. It should be clear that fair trade is not the savior of the developing region; there are many structural problems that not even free trade can bypass. However, free trade has very visible benefits that have led to changes in sectors of the society (Simmons 2003). The coffee industry has faced many historical processes that have changed the living standards of many producers in the developing region; the free trade movement has helped to create some level of equity as it aids marginalized farmers in the coffee industry."
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The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, 2008.
A review of how well the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative (HIPC) is working in the developing world.
2,061 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative (HIPC) and discusses whether or not the program is really working or, like so many other initiatives, is letting the developing world down. The paper concludes that, while far from perfect, the HIPC has worked exceptionally well in some nations and has given those countries at least a partial lease on their own futures.
From the Paper
"Lastly, a few brief passages need to be devoted to a review of how HIPC, far from debilitating the nation of Senegal, may actually have saved it from further government sloth and irresponsibility. For example, the IMF announced in early 2005 that Senegal was finally employing macro-economic policies that offered better prospects for the future. To wit, the regional central bank's monetary polices were finally achieving price stability and "prudent" fiscal programs put in place by the government were belatedly resulting in greater efficiency (courtesy privatization) and in appreciable GDP growth. Before drawing this section of the paper to a close, it must also be pointed out that HIPC - and particularly the closely-watching eye of international organizations such as the IMF - seem to have encouraged a new age in political stability within Senegal, the sort of political stability that has sparked foreign investors to take a renewed interest in that land (Ford, 52-53). Much-maligned though it is, HIPC is certainly a means by which wayward states can be compelled to introduce much-needed reforms that better the lives of their citizens."
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Spanish and Italian Economic Declines, 2008.
An analysis of the factors affecting the economic decline of Spain and Italy in the seventeenth century.
2,138 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind Spain and Italy's economic decline in the seventeenth century. It looks at the problems that the countries faced and discusses why their economies declined while other economies in Europe did not, despite the fact that the other European countries encountered many of the same problems. The paper examines this issue from several perspectives.
From the Paper
"It is fairly clear to most historians that both Spain and Italy, though more so Spain that Italy, suffered a dramatic reversal of fortunes. Spain had gone from the European centre of global power and expansion only to be concerned with shoring up its own borders so to speak and figuring out how to feed its population. Yet, authors such as Kamen are still inclined to invalidate the assumption of Spain's decline by devaluing or paring away at what decline might mean or imply: "At the outset we need to keep in mind the two basic confusions in this picture: an unwarranted identification of Castile with Spain and a crucial failure to distinguish between Spain and its empire."
Yet, this parsing of words is, seemingly only meant to obfuscate the obvious. The fact is that the literature supports the observation and even the Spanish self perception supports the assumption that Spain, in reality, could not be realistically separated from its Empire because it had spent so long and so much in the way of resources to establish it in the first place that its identity was irrevocably tied up with Empire. Additionally, Castile certainly was part of Spain and, as the research indicated, a decline in Castile almost certainly led to a decline in the fortunes of Spain. The conclusion then is that Spain and Italy did decline in the early modern period both in comparison with their historical statuses as well as relative to certain other European countries at the time."
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Ontario as an Economic Region State, 2008.
An analysis of the implications of and factors contributing to the process of Ontario disengaging from its previous role in the Canadian federation and re-defining itself as a North American region state.
1,978 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper critically examines the process of Ontario disengaging from its previous role in the Canadian federation and re-defining itself as a North American region state, due to a consequence of a range of political, economic, and social factors. The paper discusses Ontario's origins and features, as well as its future implications. The paper then argues that the primary causal factors behind this process have been the policy rift between the Ontario provincial government and the federal government, a North-South economic realignment supplanting intra-provincial trade relations, and the phenomenon of globalization.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is a "Region State"?
Ontario and the ROC: Fraying Economic Ties
Ontario and Ottawa: Policy Differences
Ontario as a Globalized Region State
From the Paper
"In terms of Ontario as a region state, we can currently see this region-international process underway in terms of the growing region to region trade between Ontario and key economic regions of the United States. Consider, for example, Ontario's trade relationship with Michigan - the automotive production region of the United States - in which in 2005 Ontario enjoying a remarkable trade surplus exporting goods and services worth over CAN $55 billion and importing goods and services worth over CAN $25 billion. While the trade relationship with Michigan is clearly an exceptional case given the important industrial significance of the automotive industry that links Michigan and Ontario, such large scale trading relationships can be seen between Ontario and major American regions. For example, in 2005 Ontario also enjoyed a trade surplus with the state of New York, to which it exported over CAN $11 billion in goods and services, and imported over CAN $10 billion."
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Rent Control Economics: Supply and Demand, 2008.
An analysis of the pros and cons of rental control policies and how they affect the supply and demand of rental properties.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the economics behind rent control enforcement. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of rent control and the effect that this has on the rental market. It describes basic supply and demand issues as they relate to rental prices and availability. The paper concludes that exercising rent control policies more often than not results in an actual shortage of housing due to the innate removal of the economic stimulus for private developers to build new rental properties.
From the Paper
"Exercising rent control policies more often than not results in an actual shortage of housing due to the innate removal of the economic stimulus for private developers to build new rental properties. Additionally, rental units not controlled by rental control laws are forced to compensate for the lost revenue of controlled units by having their rent levels unduly increased. Other research indicates that some of the sacred cows of rental control proponents, such as improved integration in the community and elevated living standards for the low-income and the elderly, simply do not occur (Freeman & Braconi). Housing markets, just as any other market, should be left to the forces of the free market itself to find and locate its own equilibrium relative to supply and demand. If the market demands additional housing and the economic profile of the community supports its construction, additional housing will be built. If the economic profile of the community does not support it and there is not a local demand, supply will not increase."
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Immigration and Canadian Economics, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of immigration in Canada as it relates to the economy.
1,717 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that with the large increase of immigrants arriving in the last part of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first, Canada has seen some economic benefits, but these benefits are far outweighed by the burden of increased immigration. The writer points out that the government, in an attempt to bolster the Canadian economy, has sought to increase immigration, and thus increase their country's economic status. The writer maintains that immigration is beneficial in many ways, for it does offer a fix for some ails, and it also creates a larger workforce. However, the writer concludes that immigration alone cannot answer or strengthen Canada's economy other than in a superficial and short term way.
From the Paper
"This large immigration rate is not a result of chance or of Canada suddenly becoming the new land of opportunity as the United States did in the late 1800's and the early 1900's. It is not because there is a new Lady Liberty placed in Toronto or Vancouver calling for the worlds poor huddled masses. Rather this increase in immigration is due to an intentional government policy change. The government, in an attempt to bolster the Canadian economy, has sought to increase immigration, and thus increase their country's economic status. Canada has long suffered from a shortage of labor and an economy that at times was strong and suffered greatly at others. One way that they addressed the issue was to create programs that would allow the current population to meet the labor shortage. Initially, that seemed to work, but it could not truly answer the labor shortage for several years."
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Economic Equilibrium, 2008.
This paper describes the way economic equilibrium is achieved through adjustments of fiscal and monetary policies.
895 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that economic equilibrium can only be achieved when an effective balance between supply and demand, income and consumption and stasis in the current account is achieved. The author points out that the two economic policy engines--fiscal policy and monetary policy-do not work in conflict but rather in tandem. The paper relates that fiscal policy is the responsibility of the federal government; whereas, the responsibility for monetary policy rests with the U.S. central bank structure and is directed by the Federal Reserve Chairman. The author underscores that monetary policy is designed to increase gross domestic product (GDP) and to control inflationary pressures in the long-term; whereas fiscal policy is aligned normally with principles of short run economic growth while controlling long term economic expansion associated with overheated economic activities.
Table of Contents:
Introduction "3 Issues"
Opposing Viewpoint
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In order to control the monetary balance, the Federal Reserve has several forms of financial transactions and adjustments that directly affect the money supply. The most obvious one would be a mortgage. Every time that a lending institution approves and disburses a new mortgage it is effectively expanding the federal supply of money. Yet, the Federal Reserve also affects a change in the supply of money indirectly every time it adjusts the Federal Funds rate."
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NAFTA and Its Weaknesses, 2008.
A discussion of the weaknesses of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
1,685 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the positive and negative effects the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has had in Canada, the United States and Mexico. The paper asserts that NAFTA has taken on somewhat mythical proportions in the minds of its proponents and detractors alike. It holds that NAFTA has primarily struck a dissonant tone with the U.S. and Mexico, while Canada largely accepted its utility. To its detractors NAFTA offered a convenient scapegoat for all of the economic woes since its inception in January 1994, and to its proponents it has been responsible for most of the economic growth periods of the last 10 years. Yet, beyond all the hype, rhetoric, and ideology superficially imposed on it, NAFTA was a dynamic process that required monumental negotiation commitment on the part of the signatories and certainly on the part of Canada as the smallest market.
The paper concludes that, although NAFTA comes with its negative attributes, it has largely proven a boon to the Canadian economy and the country would be ill-advised to withdraw from the treaty.
Outline:
History & Description
NAFTA Weaknesses & Failure
Benefits & Cost Outcomes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While NAFTA has been somewhat contentious since before its inception, the economic results of the agreement have proven largely inline with the positive projections associated with NAFTA by its designers and supporters. In fact, the increasing reliance on free-trade agreements which essentially become a 5th column in a country's foreign policy mechanism, NAFTA has become not just an economic success but a political template for further free-trade agreements across the globe. Some researchers have pointed out that NAFTA was ground-breaking both for its visionary approach to expanded trade relationships and for its unique integration into the signatory countries' sovereignty."
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Financial Planning: City of Charlotte, 2008.
An analysis of the financial planning for Charlotte, North Carolina.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the financial planning and related public policy for the city of Charlotte, North Carolina. It provides a general outline of the city's budget, including expenditures, projects, funds, revenues and future spending plans.
Outline:
Expenditures, Encumbrances and Expenses
Capital Project, General, and Proprietary Funds
Analysis of Budget
Main Revenue Sources
Budgetary Levels
Long-range and Short-range Spending Plans
Largest Appropriations
Public policy: Short-range and Long-range
From the Paper
"The main revenue sources for the city include taxes paid by business, taxes collected for property, licenses, transportation and tourism. Charlotte is one of the largest banking cities in the nation and is a central "hub" for many companies within the trucking industry. Additionally, Charlotte is home to three major professional sporting franchises and has a large manufacturing and construction base. Because Charlotte continues to grow significant with each passing year, the revenues from the growth associated with business are extensive. However, the growth of the city due to population also impacts the budget of the city and the funds that are required to operate many of the programs required to address the needs of the population."
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