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Summit Conferences from 1943 to 1961, 1992.
Examines the issues and outcomes of major summits among the U.S., Soviets and the British.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 16 sources, AU$ 128.95
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From the Paper
"The Big Three"--Summit Conferences of 1943-61
This research discusses the significant conferences among the Big Three, from the one in Teheran, Iran in November 1943 to the June 1961 Summit Meeting in Vienna. During World War II, both the Americans and British allied successfully with the Soviets to conquer and permanently break up the Fascist-Nazi regime of Hitler's Germany. These three nations contributed lives, weapons, money and time, to the preservation of a stable, prosperous, peaceful Europe. The Soviet term "peaceful coexistence" explains the feelings of the Big Three: They all sought peace and prosperity. The big three played a major role not only in defeating Hitler's armies but also in the unconditional surrender and the difficult reconstruction process of Germany."
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The Brezhnev Doctrine and Perestroika, 1992.
A look at the effects of the two documents on the Soviet Union's domestic and foreign policies.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 116.95
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From the Paper
"When Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968, effectively ending the Prague Spring of peaceful rebellion, many felt that there was no hope for political reform in the Soviet-bloc countries and that the Soviet Union would always exert total dominance over the politics of eastern Europe. the Brezhnev Doctrine was soon issued as a justification of Soviet troops entering Prague and explicitly substantiated feelings that the Soviet Union would not be willing to loosen it grip on eastern Europe.
However, some twenty years later Michael Gorbachev published Perestroika and political reform in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe suddenly became of the utmost concern not only for the Soviet-bloc countries but for the whole world as well. World socialism currently hangs in the balance-dependent almost solely..."
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Gorbachev's Perestroika, 1992.
A look at Gorbachev's Perestroika as of 1990 including shortages, disenchantment and Yeltsin's move to oust him.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 57.95
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"Five years after Mr. Gorbachev came to power, the Soviet economy is visibly and catastrophically failing, and Soviets are running out of patience.. Shortages, always widespread, have reached the most basic of all goods--bread. In early September of 1990, a month after Muscovites had got used to standing in line for three hours for cigarettes, bakeries came mysteriously to a halt and bread production fell by a third. Even now in large grocery stores, fewer than a dozen pitiful goods are on sale. According to a state committee that monitors the availability of 1,000 products, 996 of them cannot regularly be bought in ordinary shops..
Shortages have long been a feature of all communist economies, but they are growing worse in the Soviet Union, and living standards are falling. In the Soviet Union ownership of..."
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Glasnost and Sports, 1992.
A focus on the Soviet Union and the effects of reform on competitive athletics in social, ideological and political contexts.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 93.95
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From the Paper
"The Effects of Glasnost on Sports
Glasnost, translated generally as greater openness in the society of the Soviet Union, is a component of the reform program introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev subsequent to his assumption of political leadership in that country. This research examines the effects on sports of reform in the Soviet Union. Sports, in the context of this research, encompasses both amateur and professional activity in competitive athletics?both individual and team?at national and international levels.
The Character of Reform As It Affects Sports
In the six plus years since Gorbachev was elevated to the political leadership of the Soviet Union, far reaching social, political, and economic reform initiatives have been implemented. The content of these reforms is referred to as perestroika..."
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The Soviet Coup Attempt in August 1991, 1992.
A look at the background, development, leadership, strategy and reasons for its failure.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 116.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the events which took place during the attempted Soviet coup of August, 1991. During the coup, Communist party hard-liners tried to take control of the Soviet Union and thereby restore the monopolistic power of their party. They were concerned with the democratic reforms which had been set in motion by the General Secretary, Mikhail Gorbachev. In addition, they were concerned with the rising popularity of Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic. Yeltsin was seen as a threat to the power of the Communist party because he was an advocate of even more radical reforms than those of Gorbachev.
Prior to the coup attempt, the Communist party had been the single ruling party of the Soviet Union for more than seventy years. The party first came to power under the leadership of Nikolai Lenin during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, the..."
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Peter the Great, 1992.
A critical analysis of a collection of essays on the 17th-18th century Russian ruler and his role as reformer or revolutionary.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, AU$ 69.95
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From the Paper
"This study will provide an examination of Peter the Great, a collection of critical essays edited and introduced by Marc Raeff (Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath, 1963; 109 pp). The subject of the book is the rulership of Peter the Great of Russia, who led the nation from 1682 to 1725, solidifying his power as time went along. The specific concern of the book is expressed in the sub-title: "Reformer or Revolutionary?" The nineteen essays, from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries, offer countering views on the question of whether Peter simply began to turn Russia into the modern era, or whether his leadership and impact at the time and later were a far more radical and even revolutionary matter. In that sense, then, it is a broad survey of varied viewpoints. However, the reader cannot read the book and come away with anything but a very deep..."
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"Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution" by Stephen Cohen, 1992.
A political biography of the rise and fall of the early 20th century Russian leader.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, AU$ 57.95
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From the Paper
"Stephen F. Cohen. Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888-1938. Rev. Ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Stephen F. Cohen's biography of Nikolai Bukharin, first published in 1973, is an attempt to do much more than simply produce a political biography of a prominent Bolshevik who fell from grace with Stalin in the late 1920s and was executed on trumped-up charges during the great purge a decade later. It is also, and more importantly, an attempt to produce a new general perspective on the fate of the Russian Revolution, and to argue that a viable, more "liberal" alternative path to Stalinism existed in Soviet Russia -- a path whose prime exponent was Bukharin -- although it was not in the end the path that was followed."
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"Roots of Rebellion" by Victoria Bonnell, 1992.
A critical review of the work on workers' politics and organization in pre-revolutionary St. Petersburg and Moscow.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, AU$ 57.95
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From the Paper
"Victoria E. Bonnell. Roots of Rebellion: Workers' Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1900.1914. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
One of the great paradoxes of Marxism and Communism is that the first Communist revolution and the first regime constructed on Marxist principles appeared not, as Marx had assumed, in the most advanced industrial countries .. in Britain, Germany, or perhaps the United States .. but in the vast, backward, semifeudal, barely industrialized empire of Russia. Marx, like other early theorists of socialism, viewed Russia as a land of peasants, not industrial workers. They thought of it as the champion of the old order and the enemy of progress, never as the place where their own ideas would first be tried."
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Russian Revolution, 1992.
An argument that the recent Russian Revolution, like that of 1917, is an attempt to restructure Soviet society. It states that new revolution attacks complex bureaucratic structure and the stagnation and personal invasion created by it.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 81.95
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"The Russian Revolution in 1917 was accomplished through the violent overthrow of the existing government, followed by the complete restructuring of Soviet society. The recent revolution in the Soviet Union was largely bloodless up until the aborted hard-liner response, an attempt to retake the government from the liberal forces then in power. The result of this aborted take-over was quite the opposite of what was intended. Instead of returning conservatives to power, the attempt assured power to even more liberal forces. Once again, Russian society is being restructured, along with the dissolution of the union of the various Russian republics. The seeds of this new revolution can be found in the society of the Soviet Union over its history, a society that was tightly controlled by a growing and complex bureaucracy which intruded into every facet of life. The new..."
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Russian Economic Problems, 1992.
An idenification of the important individuals most associated with each economic perspective and the major dimensions and assumptions of their strategies for creating a market economy on the rubble of the Soviet system in Russia.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 104.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
In a recent essay on the dramatic economic difficulties facing the former Soviet Union, Alexander Yakovlev, an intellectual architect of Gorbachev's Perestroika reform program, stated that "By placing Marxist-Leninist theory above reality, above life, we managed to cripple life itself. By embracing the views of Friedrich von Hayek and Milton Friedman without making any adjustments for Russian realities, we risk falling into the trap of imposing on Russian life programs that, although inherently sensible, may not be suited to Russian exigencies."[1]
This paragraph succinctly summarizes the debate now exploding across Russia as to the appropriate strategy and direction of economic reform. On the one side are the proponents of "shock therapy," often associated by its critics with a missionary..."
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Poland in WWII and the Cold War, 1991.
A look at theEastern European nation as a flash-point for superpower relations, including the importance to the East and West, policies toward Poland and theYalta Conference.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 81.95
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"The fate of Poland has been central to much of the history of the twentieth century, though the Poles themselves have seldom had any say in that fate. The immediate cause of World War II was the Nazi German invasion of Poland in September, 1939, and the ensuing British and French declaration of war against Germany.
Poland was also central to the sequence of events and reactions that brought on the Cold War between the United States and its Western allies on the one side and the Soviet Union on the other. Poland was a central issue on the table at Yalta, the conference that has gone down in popular American legend as the point at which a naive and ailing Franklin D. Roosevelt "gave away" Eastern Europe to the Soviets. It was also Poland that was the immediate trigger of Harry S. Truman's tougher line towards..."
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Baltic Nations, 1991.
A look at the political, economic and military issues confronting Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia as they seek independence from Soviet Union.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 69.95
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" In January of 1991, the Baltic nation of Latvia was invaded by elite troops of the Soviet Union. The invasion of Latvia came one week after a similar raid had taken place in the bordering nation of Lithuania. Between March and May of 1990, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as the third Baltic nation of Estonia, had all declared independence from the domination of the Soviet Union. It is in response to these declarations that the Soviet military has been brought into play in the Baltic region. The invasion of the Soviet Union on the Baltic states has raised a number of important questions regarding the Cold War. The Cold War began shortly after the end of the Second World War, when the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began conquering the weakened nations of Eastern Europe. Because of these conquests, the United States and the other nations of the Western world perceived a need for..."
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Soviet Jewish Immigration to the U.S., 1991.
A look at the changes in Soviet emigration policy and the experiences of Soviet Jews in the U.S. in the 1970s and 1980s.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 13 sources, AU$ 174.95
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From the Paper
"In recent years, the Soviet Union has eased restrictions on its visa laws. As a result, there has been a dramatic increase in emigration from that country. In 1989, for example, at least 228,500 people left the Soviet Union--"more than twice as many as in 1988" ("While the going," 1990, p. 55). This figure is made all the more remarkable by the fact that there are an estimated 3 to 5 million more Soviet citizens who would like to emigrate if they could (Klein, 1990, p. 16). A large percentage of the Soviet Union's recent emigres have been Jews. In fact, it has been noted that "tens of thousands of Jews and members of other minorities have been leaving the Soviet Union under the new rules" ("Soviet emigres," 1990, p. A10). One source has claimed that more than 62,500 Jews emigrated from the Soviet Union during the year 1989 (Goldman, 1989, p. 29). Many of the Jews who..."
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Advertising in Eastern Europe, 1991.
This paper examines advertising in Eastern Europe in 1991 because of the social and political changes occurring since 1989.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 81.95
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"This research examines the status of advertising in Eastern Europe in the contemporary time period. For about 40 years, advertising was not a part of the societal fabric in most of Communist dominated Eastern Europe. Thus, most of this research is concerned with events occurring subsequent to the summer of 1989.
The Background of Change for Advertising in Eastern Europe
That advertising may occur on a large scale in Eastern Europe in the 1990s is a function of the collapse of most of the Communist dominated governments in that region, and, in the case of the Soviet Union, to a liberalized approach to the function of marketing. That advertising will occur on a large scale in Eastern Europe in the 1990s will largely be a function of the successful ... "
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German Reunification, 1990.
Economic issues of bringing E. & W. Germany together. Historical overview, monetary union, currency reform and market vs. socialist economies.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 57.95
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"INTRODUCTION
On 21 June 1990, the parliaments of both the Federal Republic of Germany (West) and the German Democratic Republic (East) approved a treaty to merge the economies of the two countries ("Germany Unites Economically," 1990). The treaty becomes effective on 2 July 1990, on which date, a single German economy will be created, and de facto unification will occur. Major issues must still be settled, before full, de jure unification can occur. To be decided are political unification, including the question of the future military alliance of a united Germany, and social unification, including difficult issues such as abortion rights--severely restricted in West Germany, and available on demand in East Germany.
The thesis of this research is that, as a rejection of.."
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USSR in WWII, 1990.
This paper discusses Stalin's leadership and preparation for WWII: Politics, strategy, Battle of Stalingrad and the defeat of German troops.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 22 sources, AU$ 163.95
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"Between the years 1939 and 1945, the government of the USSR was engaged in social and political activities which were directly related to its wartime concerns. On the brink of the Second World War, Stalin blamed German aggression on the forces of imperialism which drove nations - Allied as well as Axis toward seeking the expansion of territory and the domination of people. The Soviet government wanted to avoid war with Nazi Germany if possible; however, in 1939, Stalin decided to begin preparing his military forces just in case. At that time, it was clear that the Soviet Union was not yet prepared for a war against the Germans. In addition to the Russian people being psychologically unprepared for war, it was evident that both Soviet training and equipment were inferior to those of the Nazi forces."
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