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20th Century Composers, 2005.
A review of the musical styles and influences of Claude Debussy, Duke Ellington and John Cage.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the musical styles and influences of three of the greatest 20th Century composers: Claude Debussy, Duke Ellington and John Cage. The paper examines the innovations of each composer and cites examples of their work.
From the Paper
"The works of Claude Debussy represent a transition from the late Romantic era in music to music of the 20th century. His unique musical language veered away from the style of Wagner with its heavy emotion. Instead Debussy wrote..."
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Female Composers, 2002.
This paper examines the work of two of the most important female composers of the 19th century, Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel and Clara Wieck Schumann.
2,458 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
A description of the female composers who contributed to the success of the Romantic period of music (1825-1900). The paper explains that even though most of the composers of the time were male, Hensel and Schumann were talented and successful and made it to the top in their own right. It examines their different styles and how their music reflected the society and culture of the times.
From the Paper
"Like other composers during this period, Hensel and Schumann were engaged with many of the important motifs of the Romantic period, including an attention to both nationalistic and what might be called ?exotic? themes in music. Both this rise in nationalism and this interest in non-Western music reflected larger political and cultural events in the world. Among the most important of these was a series of revolutions that occurred in the middle of the 19th century that served as attempts for nations like Italy to free themselves from foreign rule. Germany was undergoing a different form of nationalist struggle during the middle decades of the 19th century as its leaders strove to build (for the first time) a politically unified nation."
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Classical Composers, 2006.
An examination of the affect of their environment on the works of eight classical composers.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
Through an analysis of the music of eight Western classical composers, this paper attempts to understand how their various environments influenced their musical output. The eight composers that this paper studies are: Johann Sebastian Bach, Joseph Haydn, Richard Wagner, Peter Iljitch Tchaikovsky, Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky, Bela Bartok and George Crumb. The paper chooses to focus on specific compositions to demonstrate how each artist was affected by the events of his life -- from personal situations such as a family crisis, marriage or the loss of a loved one to broader social/cultural developments in his country or the world.
Outline:
Introduction
Johann Sebastian Bach
Joseph Haydn
Richard Wagner
Peter Iljitch Tchaikovsky
Claude Debussy
Igor Stravinsky
Bela Bartok
George Crumb
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In Bach's Christ lag in Todesbanden (Church Cantata No. 4), written for Easter Sunday, the hymn melody and its verses are used exclusively throughout the piece. The opening measure, in the style of Buxtehude, Bach's mentor, is followed by seven verses, each having its own musical signature. In this opening measure, one can hear that the music is touched by the sorrows of death, but in the third verse, there is an outpouring of joy. This cantata was written in 1724 during a period in Bach's life that was full of musical expression. However, in 1720, his first wife, Maria Barbara died, and in 1721, Bach married Anna Magdalena Wuelken who bore him thirteen children. Thus, through the music of Cantata No. 4, Bach's sadness over the death of his first wife can be sensed; however, due to his strict religious upbringing, his joy can be sensed in the third verse which reflects his knowledge that his late wife is now with God in Heaven."
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The Mighty Five - Influential Russian Composers, 2001.
A look at the formation of 'The Mighty Five', Russian composers and their contributions to the world of music.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
A look at the formation of the 'Mighty Five', five Russian composers, Korsakov, Balakirev, Borodin, Mussorgsky and Glinka who changed Russian music and stance impacting recognition from the Western world. A look at their contributions and impact on the world of music.
From the Paper
"The culmination of five ingenious, dedicated composers and one highly skilled evangelist led to the recognition of Russian music. This would be the recognition of a distinct, nationalist approach to music. Involving traditional melodies, and folk songs, and composed in a uniquely Russian manner. They would forever change Russian classical music, and made a large impact upon the rest of the Western world. It is important to recognize two key individuals; one Rimsky-Korsakov for his incredibly sophisticated works, and two the work of Stasov as propagandist. Finally the Mighty Five as a whole should be recognized for their achievements, contributions, and enduring impact on music.'
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The Great Composers, 2006.
A paper explaining how the music of every composer is shaped by the world in which he lived.
1,447 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the works of the world's greatest composers and looks at how their music was influenced and shaped by the environment in which they lived. The paper explains how classical music of the west breaks down into a handful of major periods and that each great change in musical tastes can be traced back to corresponding developments in society and civilization. Bach and Handel, Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven are just a few of the composers discussed in this paper.
From the Paper
"Romanticism differed from the earlier periods because of its appeal to raw emotion. This is not to say that the works of Bach and Hayden are devoid of human feeling. Rather, it is a different kind of emotional response that is being elicited. In a sense the compositions of the Romantic Era ask the listener to suspend reason, and to listen only with the heart. The Nineteenth Century was a time of great change in Europe. The early years of the century had seen the Old Order torn to bits, and a new, and much more completely secular order take its place. Governments now commanded loyalty not on the basis of their leaders' closeness to God, but on the extent to which these leaders tended to embody, or represent, the "national spirit." Wagner's Ring could never be fully understood outside the context of a rampant German nationalism. The newly unified German Empire wanted to demonstrate that it had arisen out of a proud and ancient past. The fact that the Ring is based on old Teutonic Legends is indicative of the extent to which Wagner himself had become enmeshed in the supposedly primal lore of his people - it is Wotan and not Jupiter who occupies center stage. The prominence given to non-Classical legend represents a major break with the Europe of the previous four centuries."
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Women Classical Composers, 1993.
A sociological study of Hildegard of Bingen, Clara Schumann and Madia Boulanger and their works in a male-dominated field.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 12 sources, AU$ 116.95
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From the Paper
" Women Classical Composers: A Sociological Perspective
Women composers throughout the centuries have written prolifically, but they have not been recognized as readily as their male counterparts. Ideally, there would be no need to separate the accomplishments of women from those of men. Judgments of merit should be based only on artistic ability. History shows that women have been composing since the third century, but inequities exist in society's recognition of their talent and creativity (LePage vii).
Women have been music makers for as long as men have, but their work, especially in composition, has gone unnoticed, unpublished, unperformed, and often forgotten. This unfortunate situation is due to the manner in which gender is construed, a process which has profoundly impacted women composers in Europe ..."
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Antonio Vivaldi, 2002.
Discusses the life and works of eighteenth century Venetian composer, Antonio Vivaldi.
2,719 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 119.95
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Abstract
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) wrote nearly 500 concertos of various types, composed at least 50 operas and other vocal and instrumental pieces by the score, strongly influenced the direction of violin technique and was a primary influence on Johann Sebastian Bach. The paper shows, however, that for two centuries after his death, Vivaldi and his music sank into oblivion and were only resurrected in the latter half of the twentieth century. Despite this long absence, Vivaldi's reputation has revived swiftly. Although his vocal works and other instrumental pieces are not, as yet, well known, his concertos such as "Le Stagione" ("The Four Seasons"), are among the most popular of all Baroque and classic music today. The paper traces Vivaldi's life and music career and discusses several of his works.
From the Paper
"The works in L'estro armonico represented the concerto form "at its most balanced and typical moment" with only three retaining the old-fashioned slow movement at the beginning and the others in the quick-slow-quick form pioneered by Torelli (Palisca 165). Vivaldi wrote at least thirty concertos that retained this older form and, as Talbot notes, they were very often connected by title with the feast-day requirements of the Pietא which seems to indicate that Vivaldi may have hoped "to add an extra touch of grandeur and solemnity by reverting to the four-movement cycle of the church sonata" (145). But, unlike the more sober magnificence of a Corelli concerto grosso or even Torelli's three-movement solo concertos, all of Vivaldi's writing in these early concertos unleashed a "torrent of emotions" that was "unlike anything ever written or at least published before" (Landon 43)."
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Hildegard von Bingen, 2005.
An overview of the life and musical achievements of this twelfth-century Christian composer.
3,410 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 141.95
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Abstract
Hildegard von Bingen, born in Bockelheim, Germany in 1098, made a significant impact on the twelfth century church through leadership and writing, and yet she is perhaps best known for the amazing works of music that she produced. This paper examines influences that helped to shape von Bingen into the figure that many refer to as St. Hildegard. Through examining important events, celestial visages and important influences, the paper shows how von Bingen was inspired to create some of the most hauntingly beautiful pieces of music that have emerged from Christianity throughout its two thousand year history.
From the Paper
"von Bingen was deeply moved to create music because of her religious beliefs about what musical expression was. From von Bingen's perspective, music was one of the ways to most appropriately worship God. Before the fall of Adam, von Bingen surmised that Adam's voice was pure and would be lifted up in worship of God and would be joined by hosts of angels. After the fall, von Bingen concluded that musical instruments were invented to enable man to worship God in an appropriate manner. These influences were reflected in her music and helped to craft a musical style that was inspiring and moving. It is precisely the element of worship as a component of music that inspired her to write the lines of the Devil without music."
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Faure's Requiem, 2005.
Presents information on 19th Century composer, Gabriel Faure's requiem in a bid to show how music matches textual meaning.
2,061 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
Gabriel Faure's requiem in D minor, Op. 48, is one of the most popular requiems (funeral masses in the Christian tradition) and is a tour de force of 19th Century music. Usually performed by choir and orchestra, it is widely considered to be one of the most beautiful requiems written. This paper gives background information, including dates, edits and Faure's own intent in the work, and then gives a complete movement by movement music-to-text evaluation of the requiem itself.
From the Paper
"What is important to note is that the composers of the day tended to write for progressively bigger and bigger orchestras, with thicker, more complicated textures, and phrases which stuck slavishly to the divisions of the bar line. Faure, on the other hand, opted for smaller ensembles and spare orchestrations, omitting violins and winds in the Requiem when he felt they were unnecessary. Faure also thought on a smaller, more intimate "musical" scale than many of his contemporaries. There are none of the larger-than-life statements of Berlioz or Wagner; the entire Requiem has roughly 30 bars of fortissimo singing, and most of it does not rise above mezzoforte."
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Artistic and Cultural Movements in the 20th century, 2007.
This paper portrays the trends in art, music and literature that emerged in 20th century France.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the late 19th and early 20th centuries enjoyed a prolific variety of artistic and cultural movements that forever changed the faces of visual arts, literature and music. The paper describes how the early 20th century in particular seemed to be a time ripe for intellectual and creative innovation. The paper mentions Pablo Picasso, Ernest Hemingway and Josephine Baker as a part of this amazing community of artists. The paper illustrates how Paris of the early 20th century experienced an epidemic of creativity that spilled over and infected countries around the world and started the ripples that would eventually build up to crashing waves of major artistic movements.
From the Paper
"Paris reacted to the end of the war with absolute jubilance. It seems like a logical consequence that after facing half a decade of fear, violence, death and disease the city would explode into an atmosphere that nurtured anything that smacked of life. Drinking, drugs, sex, and the Running of the Bulls lured many up-and-coming and some already established artists to the city (Seigal 18). An unprecedented mingling of great minds and talents created such an artistically charged atmosphere left even the dullest among them inspired and eager to create. The city became an artist's Mecca, drawing in talents of all caliber and envy from those who couldn't make it."
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Race in the 20th Century, 2002.
Discusses racial issues in 20th Century America, within the context of predictions on the subject by W.E.B. DuBois.
2,021 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
In 1903 W. E. B. DuBois said that race would be the most important issue of the 20th century. Some have suggested that this was prescient, but viewing how the 20th century unfolded, it may have been optimistic of him. This paper examines how the 'race problem' has unfolded in 20th century America, from the the Jim Crow Laws, the segregated South and the Ku Klux Klan. The paper looks at segregation in education, sport and other areas and questions why it took so long for America to pass the Civil Rights Act. Finally, the paper looks at the progress made in America in the latter part of the century.
From the Paper
"It would be easy to despair over what has and has not happened in the last century. To us, as Americans, it seems like a very long time since the Emancipation Proclamation. It seems that in over 200 years we should have accomplished more. But the sad truth is that laws and the citizens who are supposed to follow those laws don?t always run in tandem. In fact our country has a long and honored tradition of defying laws if we feel them to be unjust, starting before the Revolutionary war when Colonists climbed onto a ship in Boston Harbor and dumped tea in the salty water rather than be denied the freedom to import their tea from whomever they chose. While it seems irrational now, in the early 1950?s, many Southerners thought that their way of handling race relations was appropriate, and they resented what they viewed as federal intrusion. The governor standing on the steps of the university, with an axe handle in his hands suggesting that he would fight armed federal soldiers for what he believed in, felt as justified in his action as the Colonists did when they tossed tea into the harbor."
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Propaganda in the 20th Century, 2003.
A discussion regarding David Welch's argument that propaganda "had an essential, and not always dishonorable, role in the conduct of affairs in the 20th century."
938 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the role that propaganda played in the 20th century. The paper discusses David Welch's opinion of the impact and influence that propaganda had on the 20th century, and argues against some of his arguments. The paper is written from a personal perspective.
From the Paper
"When Welch writes that "propaganda is most effective when it reinforces already held ideas and beliefs," I think he's right. The problem with that is that, though, is that the recipient of the propaganda has to be willing to receive it. If one is unwilling to believe the propaganda, it won't be effective. I think that's why so many people don't vote anymore - they're too cynical of the process and information they receive from those who want to hold office. For use on political activists on each end of the political spectrum, propaganda can be quite effective, but the disseminator of the propaganda isn't really influencing their opinions."
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Women's Labor Market Positions in the 20th Century, 2007.
An analysis of the changing conditions of the 20th century women's labor market in Canada.
2,402 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Canadian women went through a shift in their labor market position over the course of the 20th century, towards less exclusion and more entitlement to waged work. The paper shows how the division of labor has changed through the 20th century towards greater female equality in the workplace, entitlement and security. It then discusses how, in spite of the changes, women still appear to work for less income than men while also continuing with childcare duties.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
World War I
World War II
A Society Described as One Society
Reflection and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One begins to wonder too how typical working class girls were, as none of the materials seem to refer to women who went to university, took business courses, taught school, served as nurses in the World Wars or, for that matter, completed medical school in the later 19th century. A reader could get the idea that such women did not exist in Canada till the 1950s or later. One also begins to think of wives and mothers who were widows after World War I and how they managed - their work in raising children on small pensions, apparently, not something in which we should be interested, today. What do the authors see as women's paid work and why is it so very important compared to other women's achievements that perhaps do not have to do with the boring topic of class formation or industrial labour. A reader who was not curious would be given nothing with which to imagine the kinds of societies in which women lived through the early 20th century. Canada had no 'safety net' till after 1945, and this is very important in terms of how one tries to see the world to which women were born. (See Porter 2003) The custom of seeing men employed, who would then support women and children, came from something other than wishing to 'imprison' women in the home, as they were responsible for dependents where deep poverty was possible. If a man lost his income, there could be serious deprivation for several people who depended on him in the absence of state relief."
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Revolutions of the Early 20th Century, 2004.
An analysis of revolutions of the early 20th century.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the revolutions in India, Mexico, and Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper presents a brief history of the British occupation of India, leading up to the unrest around the time of World War I. The paper describes the Mexican Revolution as one of the great social upheavals of the early 20th century and explores the economic difficulties of the country. The paper analyzes the Russian Revolution of 1917, claiming that it was a result of a strain on the political system due to Russia becoming more industrialized.
From the Paper
"India came under British rule in 1757 with the ?defeat of the Nawab of Bengal at Plassey, and by 1818 the British controlled nearly all of India south of the Sutlej River and had reduced to vassalage their most powerful Indian enemies, the state of Mysore and the Marathas. Only Sind and Punjab remained completely independent (Unknown).? While Great Britain controlled the agricultural interests of India and created a negative impact on the exportation of cotton goods, they were instrumental in improving irrigation and transportation."
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The 20th Maine at Gettysburg, 2001.
A discussion of the bravery and heroism of the 20th Maine Infantry under General Joshua Chamberlain.
5,359 words (approx. 21.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 193.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the life and military career of General Joshua Chamberlain, born in 1828 and discusses how the Civil War made him a better man, despite its many horrors. It puts forward the argument that the 20th Maine was perhaps singularly responsible for the Union victory at Gettysburg in holding the left of the Union flank. It includes accounts of the battle from many perspectives, including those of men in the Confederate camps and in particular, an account of the battle as it pertains to the fight of the 20th Maine on Little Round Top.
From the Paper
"Joshua?s last great battle was to be two days later on White Oak road, where he fought his men against General Lee himself. Refusing to wait for a bridge to be rebuilt over the Rappahannock, he led his men through waist deep water and persuaded General Warren to allow him to attack immediately across an open field, knowing it would cost more lives to wait. He succeeded in pushing Lee back, although he said himself that ?Had I known...that General Lee was personally directing affairs I would not have been so rash, nor thought myself so cool.? Later, at Five Forks, Joshua continued to show his great valor and leadership skills."
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20th Century Imperialism, 2005.
An examination of imperialism movements in the 20th century.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at imperialism in the 20th century. It takes a look at both the pro-imperialism and anti-imperialism points of view. Included are the pro-imperialism ideologies of Teddy Roosevelt and Adolph Hitler and the anti-imperialism arguments of Frantz Fanon and Mahandas Gandhi,as well as others. The political ideas of expansionism and protectionism are explored.
From the Paper
"As the 20th century unfolded, the struggle for and against imperialism continued escalate and became a dominant issue on the world political stage. While political figures in countries as disparate as Nazi Germany and the United States supported and justified imperialism, those who were subjects of it willingly put their lives on the line to oppose it and, hopefully, bring it to an end. For the most part, the pro-imperialist, based their arguments on economic need and/or racism. Such is true in the cases of Jules Ferry, Theodore Roosevelt, and Adolph Hitler. On the other hand, those who stood against imperialism based their arguments on human rights and self-determination. Just before the dawn of the 20th century, both Ferry of France and Roosevelt of the United States led the charge for expansionism by their respective countries."
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