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Television Media in France, 2006.
This paper explores television media in France and how it has changed over time.
1,817 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the development of the television media in France and examines the ownership of the television channels, including the role of the government in controlling the television media. The paper looks at the program content, such as the different genres of shows featured on television including which are most popular and offers examples of specific television shows and their ratings. The writer illustrates this and notes how the phenomenal rise distinctly reflects the mushrooming of available channels. The paper also provides a brief comparison of the similarity between the television content in France and America.
Contents:
Development of the Television Media in France
Ownership
The role of the Government in Controlling the Television Media
The Program Content...
Examples of Specific Television Shows and Their Ratings
Recent Developments in the Television Media...
A Brief Comparison...
From the Paper
"Ever since the dawn of television since the initial part of 1970, broadcasting in France was controlled by a public service culture and an administrative philosophy. Under the strict administration of the Minister of Information, and subsequently of Culture and sometimes of Communication, broadcasting was managed by a single functionary, the Office of French Radio and Television -- ORTF. Till 1968, the body was fully funded by license fees and enjoyed the status of a unique triple monopoly on signal transmission, programming content and production. Commercial broadcasting was disallowed on the justification that it would result in mediocre programming or disparities among viewers. This initial phase of broadcasting was marked by extremely high authoritarian broadcasting and television was considered as a tool for promotion of culture and education and was not believed to fulfill the preferences of the majority. Accountability was absent and little audience research. Government used the medium to justify its political moves and controlled news content. President Georges Pompidou declared in 1970 that the television was the voice of people of France at home and overseas implying that television was supposed to symbolize the opinion of the legitimate Government and the cultural resources of the French nation."
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Reality Television, 2006.
This paper looks at the trend of reality television programs.
3,400 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the trend of reality programs that appeared on television in the late 1980s and has continued to the present. The writer declares that although reality television has become a dominant part of TV viewing, it is important to realize that along with any "entertainment" there comes responsibility. One needs to be concerned when the lines between reality and fantasy become so blurred that one can no longer recognize the difference. The writer concludes that as long as one recognizes that reality television is solely for entertainment purposes, then all is well.
From the Paper
"Another feature of the genre is the format of the shows. Here again producers borrow from both fiction and nonfiction. In the opening minutes of the first episode of Big Brother 5, we meet the eight core houseguests--mostly twenty something, all with movie-star good looks and figures, who are introduced with fast-paced editing that includes flashbacks of good-byes to family and jobs presented with a mix of game-show and sitcom-production techniques. After a commercial break comes act 2 and the exposition of the plot. Here is where we learn how "guests" stay in the game, how viewers participate in the fates of the participants, and what has to be done to be the big winner who takes home five hundred grand.
In act 3, the producers of Big Brother, represented by a petite Asian American who speaks to the contestants though a television monitor--tell the houseguests that each has a minute to choose his or her bedroom and bed. Choices include sleeping alone or with a partner in a double bed."
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Communication Apprehension, 2006.
A study of communicative anxiety and apprehension.
3,233 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 150.95
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Abstract
This paper researches the phenomenon of what is known as communication apprehension or anxiety. Communicative apprehension is defined as "an individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons". This paper takes an in-depth look at this issue.
Outline:
I. Introduction
Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA)
Communication Apprehension
The difference between state CA and trait CA
II. Body
Culture
Gender
III. Future directions
IV. Conclusion
From the Paper
"Based on the earlier description of self and other perceptions, as well as actual behavioral results, one can surmise that generally, high CA can be a detriment to those experiencing it in an organizational context. Using this information as a base, one may also posit that experiencing high RA in the organizational environment will elicit similar outcomes. Some researchers have suggested that because of the information that has been found regarding apprehension in organizations, it would be unlikely to find highly apprehensive individuals in advanced positions within a company. Although it has been discovered that high CA people were less likely to desire advancement, and less likely to perceive themselves as likely to advance within the organization, there are no empirical data that indicate these feelings and beliefs are consistent with actual outcomes.
Culture
The first valencing factor consists of social and cultural norms. If cultural norms dictate greater spatial boundaries, less touch, and so forth, then individuals from these cultures are likely to valence such norm violations negatively. Parents even articulate immediacy norms with verbal commands (e.g., don't stare, don't push) so that learning of these norms is facilitated. "
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Advertising or P.S.A., 2006.
This paper discusses the matter of the advertising of alcohol.
916 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at whether advertisements promoting alcohol are really advertisements or serve as a public service announcement. The writer discusses that as beer and wine are currently advertised on television more frequently than distilled spirits, viewers infer the wrong message that one form of alcohol is intrinsically more subject to abuse or ill affects than another. The writer concludes that the television networks ought to be forced to apply existing rules and regulations equally to all suppliers to alcohol. Further, the writer maintains that the real answer to promoting public interest and addressing ethical concerns about targeting underage youth lies in changing laws or applying company guidelines equally to all companies.
Contents:
Are these true P.S.A.s or advertisements?
Are these messages in the public interest?
What ethical theories justify either running or not running the spots on television?
What ethical justification, if any, can be cited for running beer and wine ads but not ads for hard liquor? If there is no ethical justification for this, what (ethically) is wrong with this differentiation?
From the Paper
"Many believe that advertisers should not be allowed to target underage audiences with products that are harmful to their health even if it means limiting constitutional protection because many children many children are not capable of making good choices. Research shows that youth exposure to alcohol advertising increases awareness of that advertising, which in turn influences young people's beliefs about drinking, intentions to drink, and drinking behavior.
Opponents of advertising alcohol on television are growing more vocal as alcohol advertising that reaches youth expands, leading many to believe that alcohol vendors intentional target underage drinkers."
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Propaganda, Truth, and Critical Thinking, 2006.
A critical look at propaganda in advertising and the media.
2,977 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 140.95
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Abstract
The paper defines propaganda and discusses how advertising and media reports use propaganda to sell products or create sensationalism. The paper looks at advertising, and describes how effective copy needs to influence people using one of the five great motivators - fear, exclusivity, guilt, greed, and the need for approval. The writer further discusses how critical thinking is important because it can be used to identify the tools that advertisers are using and determine the truth behind the propaganda. The paper concludes with an examination of the news media and how the media is interpreting events and creating meaning, not the individuals watching or reading the news report.
From the Paper
"This persuasiveness is the reason it should be assessed to determine what the truth is. Another reason that advertising should be considered critically is that it often works by appealing directly to the emotions. Pratkanis & Aronson (1991, p. 93) describe how this occurs through the "manipulation of symbols and of our most basic human emotions." A textbook on how to create effective advertising copy provides further insight on the topic."
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Media and The Human Senses, 2006.
In this paper the author provides an analysis of how various forms of the media act as a medium through which sensory perception is maximized and fully utilized.
1,904 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 16 sources, APA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the media in relation to human senses. The author describes the media as a tool much like the hands and eyes are tools through which mankind can explore his identity and role in society. Additionally the media is seen as a tool through which we rationalize our desires and engage in sensorial discovery. The author contends that without the media mankind would be hard pressed to interpret and engage in satisfactory sensory experiences. Finally, the media, including television and electronic media, are seen as providing this medium of expression.
Outline:
Introduction
Analysis
Conclusions
From the Paper
"As media continues to evolve so too will mankind and the manner in which society creates social order and reconstruct its relationship between the physical, mental and social. The media is as much an extension of the human senses as it is an extension of technology that enables better information flow, creation of situational behaviors and a form through which social roles can be understood and interpreted (Meyrowitz, 1985). Through the media mankind has discovered a method for transmitting, disseminating, interpreting and receiving social information. This in turn helps mankind creates his own unique identity from which he can operate and live. "
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Chinese Communication Policies, 2006.
The paper examines China's communication ties and the conduit metaphor theory.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses China's communication policies and examines how although they have taken steps towards establishing more open and honest communication ties, China still has a long way to go before it will give up the belief that information can be controlled. The paper explains that limitations present within the conduit metaphor make it incapable of providing a theoretical explanation for organizational communication.
The paper emphasizes that Chinese businesses should learn to foster more open and honest communication ties for the sake of corporate survival in the international arena. The writer is sure that they will come to realize the benefits of not conducting their public relations in terms of the conduit metaphor.
From the Paper
"Knowing that the US government would not allow such a sale to take place due to fears of China's possible use of such parts for military purposes, CATIC attempted to secretly urge American airline manufacturer McDonnell Douglas Co. to agree towards buying output from Mamco after its ownership was taken over by the Chinese. After CATIC bought Mamco and knowledge about this sale was brought to Washington's attention, President Bush Sr. forced the Chinese to abandon the deal."
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New Product Acceptance in the Public, 2006.
This paper discusses media methods for the launch of a new product onto the market.
3,620 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 161.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that with traditional advertisement methods slowly losing their capability to tap target audiences, companies are turning new approaches to reach customers and create demand for products and services. The writer looks at methods introduced by new technology as medium for delivering content to consumers apart from receiving and answering calls. Further, the writer examines the mobile entertainment industry in this regard, which while still in its formative years has incredible potential in store.
The Conventional Media & its Saturation:
Voice-activated Mobile Media:
Various Perspectives of VAMMM and Legal Issues:
The Marketing Domination of Content Provider in Real Time VAMMM Mobile Telephony
Marketing Issues in favor of VAMMM:
The Future is Voice:
The Revenue Stream for Voice-activated VAMMM:
The Target Markets:
The Basic Ingredients of VAMMM: -
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Games on mobile handsets, mobile Internet has drawn younger viewers away from television screens. A research in the U.S. shows that on an average, households with Internet connection spent five fewer hours watching television per week compared to non-Internet households. Audiences are deserting television in favor of gaming, mobile phones, and the Internet. Even while sitting before the TV, there are 500 channels to choose from. With media audiences totally fragmented, it is difficult as well as expensive to reach a mass audience. Thirdly, the days of product and service-led differentiation are over as both of these are easy to imitate and in the coming years these cannot be the source of value. Instead, it is imperative that companies have to differentiate themselves on the basis of customer experiences they co-create and provide to the customers."
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The Gnome Liberation Front, 2006.
This paper discusses the agenda of the Gnome Liberation Front (GLF), its goals and the probability that its actions are a form of culture jamming thus giving it a deeper, more significant perspective.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the plight of gnomes, who are victims of gnome thieves, is a real cause of great concern to the political organization Front de Liberation des Nains de Jardin (FLNJ) or Gnome Liberation Front(GLF). The author points out that the GLF aims at mocking the consumer culture by trying to make people realize that they are not victims of gnome thefts but of a society that convinced them that they were in need of gnomes. The paper states that members in choosing such a method are sure to catch the public's attention to inform people about the true nature of modern culture and open their eyes to what modern life has been reduced.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Gnome Liberation Front
The Probable Commencement of GLF
The Future of Liberated Gnomes
The Probable Agenda of GLF
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In Britain, it is said that the GLF might be involved in the re-sale of the gnomes stolen by them and money is the only objective of this organization. However, that is not how the objectives of GLF are perceived in the rest of Europe. There appears to be a hidden message or higher purpose behind all these gnome robberies. The Gnome Liberation Front appears to practice a form of culture jamming. Culture jamming is a form of political communication, which has emerged as rebellion against the commercial isolation of public life where people are more interested in identifying with brand names than focusing on the problems surrounding their commercial environment."
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Television and Politics, 2006.
A discussion of how television has changed politics.
1,994 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the impact that television has on American society, and especially in the field of politics. This includes how television is used as a means to celebrate America's positive qualities, such as in the aftermath of World War II. The paper explains how television has influenced politics in America, with examples such as the famous debate between Richard M. Nixon and John Fitzgerald Kennedy in the 1950s. It also mentions how television has a direct effect on women's perceptions of themselves and of what they desire in a politician. The paper further discusses the rise in acceptance of Freudian psychoanalysis and the "dumbing" down of knowledge received through the television. It concludes that television has led to the start of the erosion of political intelligence in the American public.
Introduction
Truth in Broadcasting
Coming to You 'Live' from the Universe
Freud and the American Political Animal
Lifting Up or Dumbing Down?
Women and Broadcasting
Changing a Way of Life
Works Cited
From the Paper
" Until the advent of commercial television in the United States in the early 1950s, political campaigns in this country depended on newspapers, magazines and radio shows to reach the American people, and town hall meetings were still used as well, arguably for more than the 'photo ops' they provide to TV news crews these days. Anyone who was treated to the 'dueling banjos' of the last presidential campaign, in which the 'fight songs' of Bush and Kerry were played in endless counterpoint on every TV station in the nation, must wonder how much TV had changed politics, making the entire event into a media circus rather than what it once is rumored to have been, an exchange of ideas about how best to continue the great experiment that is American democracy."
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The Conduit Metaphor Theory, 2006.
This paper explains the theory that communication occurs when information is sent from sender to receiver via a transmitter.
892 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the conduit metaphor theory about communication. The paper explains that the theory assumes that successful communication is considered to have occurred when the receiver objectively interprets the sender's intention and meaning behind the information sent. The writer then highlights the problems with relying on objective interpretation and shows how communication is not so easy to accomplish. Finally, the paper looks at how the Chinese government tried to control information from the people unsuccessfully causing corruption at many levels.
From the Paper
"An organization, whether it is a corporation or government, that views communication in terms of a conduit metaphor, will wrongly believe that it can keep certain information away from public scrutiny. According to the conduit metaphor theory, communication occurs when information is sent from sender to receiver via a transmitter. It is irrelevant for purposes of communication to know whether the transmission occurred via human or electronic means. The theory assumes that successful communication is considered to have occurred when the receiver objectively interprets the sender's intention and meaning behind the information sent. In other words, information that is put into the right words will be easily communicable. Any extraneous information that follows the correct one can thus be eliminated as unwanted "noise"("The conduit metaphor...", July 2000)."
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Behaviorism - Cross Cultural Values, 2006.
The paper discusses cultural difficulties among inter and intra cultural groups.
1,303 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper uses four articles, ("Thousands flee Assam tribal feud", S. Bhaumik,"Cataloguing US abuses" BBC News, Dec 2004, "Suicide bombers held in Bosnia", N. Hawton and "Suicide Bombers", http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bomb) to demonstrate the need for more cross cultural understanding and training. The paper discusses cultural interpretations and motivations among inter and intra cultural groups and explains the origins of many cultural difficulties between these groups. The paper explains how cultural conflicts and misunderstandings commonly occur within homogeneous populations and among people of varying cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The paper concludes by suggesting that more communication and collaboration can improve the inter and intra-cultural differences and problems and offers suggestions on how this can be achieved.
From the Paper
"Cross cultural conflict often occurs when members of varying cultures share different beliefs, values and understandings of events, issues or proper ways of behaving. It is vital that cultural differences be examined to help members of society develop better methods for addressing cultural conflicts. A better understanding of cross cultural differences may enable more communication and collaboration and less violence.
"Cross cultural events often result in violence when people of varying cultures are not able to come to agreement regarding the appropriate course of action to follow in a given situation. Below we'll discuss cultural interpretations and motivations among inter and intra cultural groups and explain the origins of many cultural difficulties between these groups."
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Narrative Theory, 2006.
A description and analysis of the narrative theory (communication as story-telling) in human beings.
874 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the narrative theory of human beings as story-telling creatures. It discusses the success or failures in communication as depending upon the perceptions of the stories told by the narrator. The paper focuses on and analyzes Murdoch's communication with the Chinese and discusses this particular case in terms of understanding from both sides, successes and failures.
From the Paper
"The manifestation of this perception could be seen in the Chinese retaliatory boycotts to Mr. Murdoch's enterprises. After Murdoch's purchase of Hong Kong's Star TV network, private ownership of satellite dishes was banned. This extreme retaliation shows how important the audience is in narrative theory. The narrator should therefore very carefully assess the audience and its concerns before entering the communication process. Cultural differences further complicate the matter, as misunderstanding occurs very easily, as was the case with the Murdoch situation."
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Communications Theory, 2006.
This article discusses how communications can contribute to marketing theory.
916 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses the notion that theories or ideas from the communications field can influence marketing theory. The writer makes use of the example of consumer response to the introduction of a different product to the market by the Coca Cola company. The writer discusses product and brand loyalty and their connection to the communications industry. Looking into the theory of communication, the writer argues the role that advertising, public relations and the media play in the success or failure of a product.
From the Paper
"Professionals in the communications field, particularly public relations professions, were increasingly interesting in learning the skills for some areas traditionally regarded as advertising: media planning and message evaluation, for example. Whether communications theorists want to keep areas of interest separated, it was clear to Miller and Rose that those who worked in the field wanted to combine them, and perhaps needed to combine them in a marketing context in which more people had more access to more forms of information delivered in more formats than ever before. In other words, media and particular the Internet and its increasing sophistication, with streaming video and its inherent interactivity, made it essential for anyone with a message to understand fully how messages could be delivered and how they might be received. The line between advertising and public relations became blurred, or possibly more accurately, subsumed into the major discipline of communications."
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Media Manipulation, 2006.
A review of media manipulation, focusing on the various methods of manipulation.
2,145 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and reports the opinions of experts and journalists who have analyzed the issue of media manipulation of the news. This is not a paper that is predicting a "big brother" conspiracy that is trying to take over America or brainwash all the TV-watching, Internet surfing and newspaper-reading citizens. But there are many issues that the average American should be aware of when trying to read, hear, watch and digest "news" as presented by the media today, and this paper addresses those concerns.
From the Paper
"It's very clear from reading through research material on today's media that most Americans get their evening news through half-hour TV programs specializing in dramatic, entertaining video and "sound bites" from politicians, entertainers, and the "man in the street."
Those news shows - from cable, local, and network productions - are often more concerned with ratings (which drive the profitability of television) than with full coverage. That is not a positive trend in American life, and this paper addresses that dynamic as well.
The significance of media manipulation can be seen even more dramatically with a look back at the way television journalism was presented to the public in the recent past. Reporters had guts, and went after government; that is depicted in a new movie, "Good Night and Good Luck," written and directed by actor George Clooney. The movie features the professional life of former CBS television interviewer, Edward R. Murrow, who boldly took on U.S. Senator Joe McCarthy at a time when McCarthy was attacking many well-known people with baseless accusations that they were "communists." An article in the Los Angeles Times (Goldstein, 2005) refers to Murrow as "a real hero" who, like other journalists in his era, "once pursued greatness, not just ratings and ad linage."
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Theories of Humor, 2006.
Examines three theories pertaining to humor.
1,532 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the three theories of humor - using research from several sources for a diversity of definitions - and then examines specific humor excerpts from the "Blue Collar Comedy Tour" DVD. The excerpts are analyzed using material from Francis Hutcheson, Immanuel Kant, John Morreall, Michael Clark and Sigmund Freud. The three theories discussed are: The Incongruity Theory, the Relief Theory and the Superiority Theory.
From the Paper
"Michael Clark in his essay, "The Rejection of Humor in Western Thought" writes that laughter and humor should not be seen as the same thing. Clark says philosophers sometimes see laughter "as a form or scorn and humiliation..." and further believes that "to ridicule and humiliate another person just because doing so makes you feel better about yourself, is antisocial at best and curl at worst." By saying a married man rarely has sex with his wife, and that a gay man likewise can't remember the last time he had sex with a woman (since likely he has never had intercourse with a female), Foxworthy is creating laughter by ridiculing both men."
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