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Community-based Incarceration and Criminal Justice, 2008.
An analysis of the media's role in criminal justice issues and a look at community-based alternatives to incarceration.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a number of issues pertaining to criminal justice. Firstly, the paper look at the role of the media in criminal justice issues. It then discusses whether or not the criminal justice system can legitimately be called a "system" or whether another description is apt. The paper also examines community-based alternatives to incarceration and, lastly, examines how restorative and community-based approaches to punishment are preferable to punishment-based approaches.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice: Specific Issues
Issue One: The Role of the Media
Issue Two: Major Components of the Criminal Justice System
Issue Three: Community-based Alternatives to Prison
Issue Four: Community/Restorative Justice Models and their Difference from Punitive Models of Justice
From the Paper
"Going further, the simple reality is that one study after another seems to illustrate the fact that punitive criminal justice (incarceration, long sentences, the de-emphasis of diversionary programs by justices when passing sentence) does nothing to reduce crime on its own (Wilson et al, 2002). Ostensibly, all human beings are blessed with a certain measure of capital - intellectual and emotional capital being the most important - and maximizing this human capital by teaching individuals how to serve others, how to behave responsibly and how to curb darker impulses is the best way by which a society can reduce the likelihood that it will become over-run by crime. It may also be added that the essential reason why community-based and restorative justice models are gaining such favor (they have been, albeit to varying degrees, in favor among academics since at least the 1970s) is because the failings of punishment-based justice - the over-crowding of American prisons, high recidivism rates, the growing cost of keeping people behind bars - have become manifest in the eyes of many close observers and new, more innovative approaches are desperately needed."
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Women in "Cagney and Lacey", 2008.
A critical analysis of Julie D'Acci's article "Defining Women: The Case of Cagney and Lacey" that attempts to define women in CBS's hit series from the 1980s, "Cagney and Lacey".
930 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that Julie D'Acci's article "Defining Women: The Case of Cagney and Lacey" successfully employs testimony from individuals to illustrate the clash between portraying women in the feminist light and broader social and/or political limitations. The paper highlights the weaknesses of D'Acci's article and concludes that while her general argument is a strong, worthy one, she does not offer a truly balanced perspective.
From the Paper
"To begin with, Julie D'Acci writes that the 1980s was the decade in which the "working woman" rose to prominence. "Cagney and Lacey" was one of the television series from this decade intended to reach out to that affluent new audience, and D'Acci argues that the show was meant to not only reach out to a new consumer demographic, but to also show women in a new light - a light created by the rise to prominence of the modern woman's movement. Unfortunately, D'Acci proceeds to point out that the initial promise of "Cagney and Lacey" went unfulfilled insofar as the show had to temper its message in the face of a broad-based backlash against the feminist movement."
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Religion and the Media in Nigeria, 2008.
An analysis of the reasons for and effects of the intersection between religion and the media in Nigeria.
1,183 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the intersection of religion and the media in Nigeria. It shows how the effect of the fundamentalism and conservatism in religion can be felt in nearly all forms of the media in Nigeria, but primarily in television and newspapers, which account for the majority of the media productions in the nation. The paper discusses the reasons for and effects of this intersection between religion and the media.
From the Paper
"In short, the Nigerian media faces significant pressure and limitations on independence from religious and political groups, including fundamentalist Muslims. Islamic influences, particularly in the broadcast media and the print media, have resulted in religiously inspired television programming, sensationalized newspaper articles, and fatwas calling for the death of "offensive" journalists. In any sufficiently modern nation, the freedom of the press from just this kind of influence and control should be sacrosanct. It is a basic freedom that permits religious and political intolerance from erupting into major conflicts and violence. Unfortunately, in Nigeria the independence of the media is severely limited and the influence of religious groups, including fundamentalist Muslims, has affected the kind of media that is produced and the public's reaction to it."
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Information - Overload and Misinformation, 2008.
A overview of the opinions expressed by Anne Goulding in "Information, Poverty or Overload?".
846 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Anne Guoulding's article, "Information Poverty or Overload" addresses a growing issue of concern for information specialists and the public in general i.e., the unexpected dilemma of too much information exposure. More specifically, the paper examines Goulding's argument that the intense availability of information in the developed world is actually leading to the creation of a class of people who, for all intents and purposes, become paralyzed by too much information.
From the Paper
"There has been, Goulding points out, much concern in the literature on information systems regarding the information divide that has emerged between the developed and the developing worlds (109). This divide is largely a matter of economics and of differences in infrastructures. In the developing world, there simply is not enough money or resources to institute the systems necessary to give the majority of citizens the ability to access information in the digital age. In industrialized nations, the Internet for instance, is taken for granted because of its ubiquity. This doesn't even include other information systems such as cellular networks, fax machines, and ordinary telephony. In nations that lack the political, social, and economic capital to create these vast information systems, a gap has emerged that separates those nations from more affluent nations in the industrialized world."
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Representativeness and Availability Heuristics, 2008.
This paper examines the concept of representativeness and availability heuristics.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at representativeness heuristics and at availability heuristics, provide examples of both, and outline how the use of such heuristics often leads to inaccurate conclusions. At the same time, the paper also looks at why it cannot be said that the application of heuristics by human beings immediately makes people "irrational" in some fundamental sense.
From the Paper
"When taking into account the concept of heuristics and the various limitations the authors delineate, it is actually rather hard to countenance the idea that heuristics generally leads to true conclusions. For one thing, turning momentarily to availability heuristics, even when someone is aware of their basis and makes a conscious effort to correct it, they often over-compensate - and that even rudimentary efforts at over-compensation appears to be relatively rare. For instance, the Nisbett and Ross report that "simple, tempting, availability criteria are used in contexts in which availability and frequency are poorly correlated.""
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Training for Peace Keeping, 2008.
A look at some of the training required to undertake peace and humanitarian operations.
3,695 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 132.95
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Abstract
Terrorism has become embedded in almost everyone's vocabulary, it is one of those terms, that not everyone knows what it means, but it seems to be surrounded with negative connotations. However, it is not surprising that terrorism is sometimes abetted with state sponsorship and is supported by many governments whether intrinsically or extrinsically. As such international peace-keeping efforts have to change focus and address these internal dynamics. This paper explores some of the necessary mandates that are needed by personnel dealing with these issues.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Basic Communication, Conflict Resolution, & Negotiation
Communication: The Essential Element of a Successful Training Program in a Peace-Keeping Environment
Conflict Resolution & Negotiation in a Peace Keeping Environment
Techniques of Motivation in a Diverse Peace-Keeping Environment
Individual Decision-Making and Group Behavior
Leadership Training For Supervisors in these Organizations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Conflict resolution and peace keeping has been an issue of controversy for many years. However, with the proper training mechanism and structure, then peace and humanitarian operations can be the champions of a successful organizational initiative. It is therefore imperative that there be a comprehensive discourse embedded in the training structure for these operations that can analyze elements of the foreign conflict resolution and negotiation strategies. The connection between an effective training program or structure with the overall success of conflict resolution and negotiations will depend primarily on how well the program identifies the necessary political, economic, and cultural realms that have been affected by the dimensions of the operations. Overall, it is clear that conflict resolution and negotiation policy training is reactive and preventative, since it would be devised to counter, and to prohibit actions that were seen as harmful to the peace initiatives."
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Is Body Language Universal?, 2008.
This paper explores whether body language and gestures are universal or culturally determined.
2,248 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses upon the cultural and natural determinants of body language and gestures. More specifically, the paper explores the parameters of body language communication across cultures and distinguishes those signs that may be innate or universal from those that are purely culturally-specific. The paper also stresses the significance of body language and gestures in communicating across cultural lines in our rapidly shrinking global village.
From the Paper
"As these definitions suggest, body language and gesture can be seen as sign systems that are used to convey meaning from a sender to a receiver. The question of how this communication process occurs, and the roles of coding and decoding that are part of the process, are the subject of considerable scholarly debate. For example, when we encounter someone unknown to us who is making an overt gesture at us, it is necessary that we decode the gesture to determine what is being "said". However, in such cases, do we always have the "key" to unlock this code. Can some "keys" be hardwired into our genetic makeup as humans, or are these "keys" always culturally determined in the same way that spoken languages can be widely different depending upon the culture."
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Mass Media and Semiotics, 2008.
A discussion of semiotics and consumption in the age of mass media.
2,199 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper essay examines how the study of the sign and semiotic theory may be applied to mass media texts and, in particular, to television. The paper argues that, while there exist two distinct textual forms in television media - advertising and programming - a semiotic analysis reveals the ways in which these forms structurally reinforce each other in creating a semiotics of consumption for the mass media audience. The paper explains that the particular signs, signifiers and referents may change over time as television mythologies evolve, but a constant through this entire evolutionary process has been the "language of consumption". The paper looks at how semiotics allows us to understand how the medium of television operates in our collective consciousness.
Outline;
Introduction
The Sign and its Field of Study
Television and Semiotics
Television and the Culture of Consumption
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Given the prominence of mass media in our society, it is perhaps not surprising that semiotics should have focused considerable attention upon the most dominant of these media: television. The field of media semiotics, as pioneered by French semiotician Roland Barthes, has focused particular attention upon the production of meaning in the area of pop culture in which television assumes obvious prominence (Danesi 240). Barthes argues that the "semiotic method" takes the form of two investigative processes:
- the study of the historical (and thus highly connotative) origin of meaning systems;
- unraveling the nature of signification in human activities, whether it manifests itself as a word, a novel, a TV program, or some other human artifact."
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Business Communications, 2008.
An explanation of the research done to find a suitable location for a representative convention for Coca Cola.
977 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper covers the research carried out by Coca Cola to find a location in its home market, the U.S., to host its annual sales representative convention held sometime between June and August.
Outline:
Overview
Hotel
City
From the Paper
''The Coca-Cola Company (Coke) is one of the most recognized brands in the world. The company manufacturers, sells, and distributes carbonated beverage drinks such as its flagship product Coca-Cola Classic and a host of other carbonated and non-carbonated beverages. Altogether Coke manufactures and markets more than 400 unique brands and products across the globe in approximately 200 countries and reported sales of more than $23,104m during 2005 with a net profit of $4,872m (Form 10-K). The company's largest competitor is PepsiCo and these two rivals constantly seek market strategies that will give one an advantage over the other. For 2007, Coke is researching a location in its home market, the U.S., to host its annual sales representative convention held during the summer months sometime between June and August. Presently Coke employs a network of 140 sales representatives and related associates that would be attending the scheduled meeting."
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Rebels, Their Causes and Society, 2008.
A look at how the rebel and how society perceives the rebel is determined by a range of social, economic, political and cultural factors.
1,346 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the rebel exists within a constant state of tension within society. The paper explains that in one sense rebels are seen as innovators that move society forward, and in another sense they are seen as a direct threat to the stability of a society. The paper explores how the dominant depiction of rebels depends on whether the society is in a state of advancement or trying to stabilize itself and uses two works to examine this argument. These works are "Hackers and the Battle for Cyberspace" by Helen Nissenbaum and "From Hell's Angel" by Ralph "Sonny" Barger. The paper also looks at how rebels occupy a precarious place in society. In conclusion, the paper shows that sometimes rebels are seen as a positive force of creativity, however when they threaten dominant institutions too much they are transformed into criminals that society attempts to destroy.
From the Paper
"This statement seems to indicate that although hackers largely did not play by the rules they did provide a valuable social and economic function. They were the creative individuals who really made the Internet into the highly functional technology that it is today. For this reason their rebellious nature was accepted by society as a whole.Many writers and researchers have noted that rebels play vital social, cultural, economic and political functions within society. For example, in "The Praise Folly" Desiderius Erasmus has Folly (the pinnacle of rebelliousness) explains her importance to society."
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Communication Case Logs, 2008.
An analysis of three short case studies dealing with communication issues in organizations.
1,852 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the fact that many organizations effectively differentiate between its leadership structure and its organizational culture. It presents three different case studies, dealing with leadership and diversity in relation to how communications are carried out.
Outline:
Case Summary One
The Response to Case Summary One
Case Summary Two
The Response to Case Summary Two
Case Summary Three
The Response to Case Summary Three
From the Paper
"Organizational culture is a critical issue in contemporary organizations because it is increasingly the only method in which many competitors can differentiate themselves from their competition. According to Keyton, organizational culture can be defined in many different ways but the recurring theme among these many definitions is the assertion that organizational culture are a series of shared values and meanings regarding the common work experiences of employees (21). While Keyton and other researchers have reached some consensus on organizational culture, there is often a divergence of opinion regarding the nature of leadership within the organization and how leadership is or should be manifested within the context of organizational culture."
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The Globalization of 'Coolness', 2008.
A discussion of popular culture, racism and the transformation of the
Asian "image" in Canada.
1,221 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the upsurge in the production of popular culture for mass audiences, with reference to the transformation of "Asian" subculture in Canada; from racist portrayals only decades ago, to their defining "coolness" today. The paper argues that the social transformation of the popular image of this non-western group reflects how pop culture is closely linked to economic power and globalized cultural production in the post war era. The paper explains that Canadian social historians have argued that the Canadian mass media played a critical role in the shaping of racist ideologies and stereotypes to exclude Asians from Canadian mainstream society. In conclusion, the paper shows that as Asian economic growth continues, it appears likely that Canadian pop culture will assume more and more elements of Asian popular culture in the years to come as the "coolness" of Asian culture becomes ever stronger.
Outline:
Introduction
Images of Asia and Canadian Racism
The Cross-Cultural Origins of Cool
Cross-Cultural Coolness and Economic Power
From the Paper
"Today Canada, and in particular its large cities of Toronto and Vancouver, are highly multicultural societies defined by mass media and integrated into the global marketplace. In this highly mediated space, Asian popular culture - from the Hong Kong action movies of John Woo, to the cross-cultural popularity of "bubble tea", anime and manga, to children's television programs such as Sailor Moon and Dragonball Z - has played a significant role in the shaping of our society. This fact is particular ironic given that, only a few decades ago, the popular image of Asian in Canadian society was highly racist."
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The Cultural Semiotics of Animation, 2008.
An analysis of the use of animation in pop-culture devices such as advertising.
1,269 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationship between cultural semiotics and animation within the context of anthropology. It specifically looks at the use of animation in pop-culture devices such as advertising and marketing material. The paper also discusses the complexity of animation, as a system of communication and the use of semiology in artistic endeavors, such as communication.
From the Paper
"The level of communication taking place within contemporary animation is often equated to the subtext within semiotic constructs. Beasley and Danesi describe this sub-textual transfer of meaning as being connotative in nature and often relying on associative chains where meaning or signifier is established through storylines (104). Barthes clearly provides the theoretical foundation upon which animators, as indicated by Beasley, Danesi, and Ohmann, develop their unique language constructs that both rely on cultural associations with meaning as well as develop new cultural queues that became part of the popular folklore such as Red Bull's business man and pigeon animation. Yet, other researchers argue that contemporary animation is nothing but a retelling of existing myth that resonates culturally with the societies."
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Voice Output Communications, 2008.
An examination of four articles on the subject of voice output communications assisting severely disabled children.
905 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at four articles that address the strategies presently employed in the ongoing effort to help voice output communications assist those who are severely disabled or handicapped in some way. The paper briefly discusses the pertinent aspects and findings of each study. The author writes how he would apply these technologies to the educational environment within which he operates.
Outline:
Introduction
Article Summary
Adaptation to the Educational Environment of Which This Writer is a Part
From the Paper
"While the study is elegant in its simplicity, there are certain problems that should be pointed out. For one thing, the authors (Dyches et al, 2002) trained those individuals who would be working with Natasha on how to communicate with her; thus, it is fair to ask whether or not the devices actually work in a communicative sense or simply "look good" because the other participants in the study have received prior training. Additionally, the methodology is compromised because there are only six community members involved in the study and only one disabled person; hence, any findings cannot be generalized to all disabled people in all community environments."
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The Impact of Various Media on Children, 2008.
A discussion of the negative effects of mass media on children and a suggestion of possible solutions to the problem.
2,410 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the impact of various forms of mass media upon children. Specifically, the paper focuses on the impact of videos, TV shows, movies and the Internet. The paper takes a look at how each media can lead to potentially disastrous outcomes if not enough is done by parents to stem the over-exposure of their children to violent or unhealthy programs, games, or films. The paper also devotes some time to looking at a few important but often under-valued steps parents can take that will protect their children with regards to all of the various types of media outlined above.
From the Paper
"Excessive television watching, just like excessive time in front of a computer screen playing video games of one kind or another, can harm children in many more ways than merely psychologically. For one thing, too much television viewing can negatively impact a child's eating habits, weight, physical activity, interest in scholastic matters, physical health, and school performance. Every bit as troubling, a child's sleep patterns and his or her susceptibility to seizures can genuinely be affected by how much television he or she chooses to watch (Gupta, 1994). Parents who fail to understand these facts run the distinct risk of endangering the health and long-term welfare of their children."
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Communication Systems for Autistic Children, 2008.
An analysis of the methodology of two studies discussing augmentative and alternative communication systems that can assist language development in autistic children.
1,566 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes two studies that deal with augmentative and alternative communication systems that can assist language development in autistic children. It first reviews "Effects on Communicative Requesting and Speech Development of the Picture Exchange Communication System in Children With Characteristics of Autism," by Jennifer Ganz and Richard Simpson. It then looks at "Effects of a Computer-Based Intervention Program on the Communicative Functions of Children with Autism," by Orit Hetzroni and Juman Tannous.
From the Paper
"Subjects were taught to present a picture of the desired object and later to create picture sentences by placing strings of pictures on a Velcro strip. At first teachers presented students with the pictures, but the goal was for subjects to independently locate the desired items and string them to form sentences. Pictoral sentences were then to be accompanied by the appropriate verbalization. Each subject had his/her own book of pictures, which were expanded to include photographs of desired objects and sentence starters such as "I want" over time. In this way gradually more complex verbalization could be required. While the beginning pictures dealt primarily with objects themselves, gradually comments on qualities of an object or action as well as objections could also be verbalized. Sessions were videotaped, and independently and holistically scored by observers who agreed when a subject met the specified criteria for non-verbal and then verbal communication."
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