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Ethics and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2007.
The paper examines the issue of corporate responsibility, the extent of its existence and what ideally corporate ethical responsibility should be.
863 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the essence of corporate ethical responsibility is the embracing of strategies that are transparent, easily accounted for and free from conflicts of interest. The paper explains how this was lacking in many corporations who found that through sophisticated trading and fund management, fake financial results could be created to give the illusion of greater profits, growth and earning potential. The paper discusses how the US Congress felt it necessary to legislate corporate responsibility and ethics in the form of laws. The paper details the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation and relates that these laws are forcing companies to comply with legislation that will guarantee fiscal accountability and corporate responsibility for ethical behavior.
Outline:
Defining Ethical Responsibility
Enforcing Corporate Responsibility
Sarbanes-Oxley is Redefining Corporate Ethics and Responsibility
From the Paper
"The Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation promises to be just the beginning of a tidal wave of compliance legislation that will influence organizations and their strategies to attain corporate responsibility for years to come. CEOs specifically are at the center of many of the compliance efforts, as they will be held personally responsible for any aberrations in reporting and financial data. The fact that many publicly-held companies are contending with as the revised deadline approaches for Section 404 compliance and are still not ready shows that even with legislation, corporate responsibility takes a strong commitment from C-level executives to become real in a company."
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Regulation and Intrusion, 2007.
This paper discusses the impacts of federal regulation on global business and financial management.
3,930 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 35 sources, MLA, AU$ 134.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the 2002 legislation of Sarbanes-Oxley that regulates the accounting industry's own regulatory norms. The paper explains that despite the positive effects of such regulation, questions regarding the actual effectiveness of the broader, federal regulations over the previously established state regulations are raised. The paper emphasizes the effects that these federal regulations have had on the global markets and therefore, on the United States market as a whole. The paper concludes that increasing intrusion of federal law into how corporations go about their business, threatens to sacrifice the prime objective of corporate productivity and in turn, the productivity of our nation on a global scale.
Outline:
Introduction
The New Federal Regulation Of Corporate Governance
The Effect Of Federal Regulation On Existing State
Regulation Of Corporations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Recent years have seen a large number of accounting scandals and public outcry regarding executive compensation in the United States, however. As such, government bodies from the Securities and Exchange Commission to Congress to the courts have chipped in regarding the regulatory environment of business conducted within the U.S. The most high profile of these actions was the 2002 legislation of Sarbanes-Oxley, regulating the accounting industry's own regulatory norms. However, other regulatory measures have included executive compensation, the administration of mutual funds, and public disclosures of transactions have been increasingly regulated by the federal government, with undoubtedly the best of intentions."
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The Foreign Exchange Rate, 2007.
An explanation of the foreign exchange rate and how it works.
1,283 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper defines the foreign exchange rate, and details the differences between fixed and variable rates. The paper explores how, as the financial markets become intensely developed with the growth of globalization, several financial instruments have been created to diversify the possible contract types between the partners, and hedge them against possible risks connected with the foreign currency. The paper details these financial instruments. The paper concludes with details of research that is necessary to further examine fluctuations of the currency rates and their derivatives.
From the Paper
"The price of a non-dividend paying future can be set by discounting the present price to maturity by the rate of risk free rate of return, which is usually the return on the long term government bonds or bonds with the same maturity as the financial derivative. The forward price is set as follows: Ft,T = Ster(T - t) - PVt(D) + PVt(C) , where it is the spot price at time t discounted at a continuous discount rate minus the present value of the dividends to be received from holding the asset until them plus the present vlaue of the cost of holding the asset. When the forward price is not equal to this equation, there is opportunity for risk free arbitrage."
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Exchange Rates, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of the role that foreign currency exchange rates play in affecting business decisions within international corporations.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the researcher proposes the use of combined qualitative and quantitative techniques to review how exchange rates affect the level of foreign direct investment and capital flow across borders. The writer notes that more and more business enterprises are realizing that to remain competitive in the global marketplace, they must adapt their processes and policies to reflect the economic environment surrounding them. This study examines this phenomenon in greater detail and provides a theoretical framework for explaining the relation between exchange rates and international business processes. The writer provides a comprehensive review of the literature available on exchange rate volatility, influence and mobility and combines this information with data gathered from primary research.
Outline:
Introduction
Significance of Research
Methods
Theoretical Foundation
Research Design
Implications of Research
Results/Discussion
References:
From the Paper
"Streissler points out that the role of exchange rates in international business relations and operations remains one of the more controversial issues in international research and literature. Because this issue is controversial and as yet unsettled, it is important that more research is conducted to help solidify theoretical propositions describing the influence exchange rates have on decision making in business. This study will help achieve this aim, determining the exact effect exchange rates have on foreign direct investment and capital flow across borders."
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Accounting Cycles, 2007.
This paper defines business accounting cycles and provides an example.
853 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how an accounting cycle refers to certain procedures that must be established by every business unit to allow data to be reported on financial statements. The paper relates that the accounting process consists of two interrelated parts: the recording phase and the summarizing phase. The paper offers Dann & Berns, Inc. as an example. The paper examines how Dann & Berns is using an advanced accounting system that is linked to all departments where it can generate all kinds of reports it will need in a fast and efficient way. The paper completes the accounting cycle of the finance firm. The paper reveals that the cycle is quite similar to other firms in conformity with the governing accounting standards.
From the Paper
"To clearly illustrate the complete accounting cycle of a finance company, let us take as an example Dann & Berns, Inc. The company is engaged in providing business analysis including credit investigation, a thorough study of the company profile, review of the client's financial statements, and providing an overall rating of the clients, whom we will call as subjects in this example. Among Dann & Berns' subjects include big companies who are applying for accreditation as a distributor of another firm; applicant verification for banks and other financial institutions offering various types of loans, as part of their pre-approval requirements; outsourcing companies and other headhunting firms for hire-right purposes; and others from different industries."
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Financial Organizations, 2007.
This paper discusses the organizations of Morgan Stanley and UBS, from a corporate financial perspective.
1,129 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the financial firm, Morgan Stanley and the Swiss Bank, UBS. The writer points out that the goal of most financial institutions is to extend the deadlines for the loans given to its customers in order to match the deadlines of the institution's resources. Therefore, the proportion of long-term assets in the total assets indicates how prepared is a financial institution to face future difficulties. The writer notes that UBS is doing very well, with 97.6% and 98.8%, in 2003 and 2004, respectively, of its total assets being long-term assets. Further, the writer points out that the situation is similar in Morgan Stanley's case, 98.6% in 2003 and 98.9% in 2004. The writer concludes that both institutions are well prepared to face any potential risks, which explains in part the prestige of both Morgan Stanley and UBS.
Introduction
Operating Profitability
Asset Utilization
Risk Management
References
From the Paper
"UBS is the largest bank in Switzerland. It was formed from Swiss Bank's purchase of the old UBS back in 1998 and is divided into four units. The wealth management unit is the world's largest private bank and also incorporates the Swiss retail banking division. The investment bank unit was formerly known as "Warburg". Another unit is the asset management section, which serves institutions and individuals. The fourth unit is the U.S. brokerage division, previously known as PaineWebber. UBS has tried and succeeded to establish a common brand for all its acquired entities."
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Entrance to Masters in Taxation, 2007.
An application essay for a Masters of Science in taxation.
1,638 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
The application essay is written by a Taiwanese student applying for a Masters of Science in taxation. The writer discusses his recent move from Taiwan to the United States, and all the cultural difficulties that come with that decision. The writer further discusses his dream of becoming an international financial consultant.
From the Paper
"Taiwan was at that respective period in life my entire universe. I had never left the country, I had been surrounded by family and friends and had grown in a tradition that encouraged and encourages a close bond with the family. Work was also very special. I had a privileged chance of entering the TDK Company in Taiwan at an early age and stay there up to coming to America. The Eastern cultures, Taiwan included, propose a different structure at the workplace, with the colleagues forming a second family and the managers cultivating such close bonds with the company you work at."
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Real Options Analysis vs Benefit-Cost Analysis., 2006.
A discussion regarding the benefits of real options thinking in terms of benefit-cost analysis.
1,540 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how all the US Federal Agencies are legislatively bound by decision-making with benefit-cost analysis techniques at a time when they are under increasing pressure to prove the effectiveness of their spending and better accommodate uncertainty. Collectively these Agencies were responsible for making decisions on how they spent $2.5 trillion in fiscal year 2005, of which $1 trillion was for discretionary spending. This research identifies, through a case study of Federal Aviation Administration decision-making for a system within a complex system, how real options thinking can be acceptably and effectively appended to current mandates for benefit-cost analysis defined by the Office of Management and Budget in Circular A-94.
From the Paper
"In the work of de Neufville and Wang (2004) it is stated that: "Most real options are not well-defined simple options. They can be compound or parallel. Compound options are often options on options, and the interactions between them are significant." (Neufville and Wang, 2004) Further stated is that: "Parallel options are different options built on the same project, such as the several possible applications or target markets of a new product." (Neufville & Wang, 2004) de Neufville and Wang (2004) categorize 'real options' as "those that are either 'on' or 'in' projects."
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Time Value of Money, 2005.
A discussion regarding time value of money, examining various investment opportunities.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of time value of money (TVM), a principle showing that money can earn interest, and that money received in the present is worth more than money (of the same amount) received in the future. The paper further discusses how money can grow through various investment vehicles such as banks, mutual funds and the stock market.
From the Paper
"Compound interest happens when your money grows along with the interest amounts that it accumulates over time. In the above example, suppose that you invested $100 for 2 years at 5%. After 1 year, the total amount would be $100 + $5 (5% of $100) = $105. After 2 years, however, it will earn $105 + $5.25 (5% of $105) = $110.25. The $5 interest amount you gained after 1 year has earned an additional $0.25 after the second year (Garrison 2006). It has been said that compound interest is the greatest wonder of the universe, as it makes money grow larger and larger over time."
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Time Value of Money, 2006.
This paper describes the concept of time value of money in relationship to investments.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that money has present and future values as demonstrated in a sequence of equal payments made at equal periods, which is called annuity. The author points out that the present value of an ordinary annuity is its value at the beginning of the term, the value of one period before the first payment or the sum of discounted payments at the beginning of the term. The paper relates that future and present value analysis is a method of comparing the value received or expected to be received at different time periods.
Table of Contents
Effects of Annuities on PVM Problems and Investment Outcomes
Interest Rates and Compounding
PV (Future Payments Received)
FV (Investment)
Opportunity Cost (Amortization and the Rule of 72
From the Paper
"Generally, interest is specified in terms of a percentage rate for a period of time, usually a year. For example, interest at 10% means an annual cost of borrowing an amount of money, called the principal, is equal to 10% of that amount. The interest rate and the time period are assumed to be stated in common units. If $100 is borrowed at 10% annual interest, the total to be repaid is $110 - the amount of the principal, $100, and the interest for a year, $10 ($100x.10x1), using the simple interest formula i=prt where i=interest, p=principal, r=rate and t=time. "
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Schindler Holdings Operations and Production Management, 2006.
A review and analysis of Schindler Holdings.
2,470 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper evaluates the operations strategy of the Swiss company, Schindler Holdings. Schindler Holding is a worldwide leader in the manufacturing of escalators, elevators and moving walkways. According to the paper, the company also offers IT product distribution and service through its ALSO subsidiary.
Contents:
Summary
Corporate Performance Driven By Operational Excellence
Schindler Manufacturing Transforms Special Orders into Products
Schindler's International Challenges in Operational Management
Summary
From the Paper
"Distancing his Indian employees yet meeting reporting deadlines and in general accomplishing tactical goals, his strategic goals remain elusive because the Indian culture keeps sending him clues when he isn't listening. In a matter of speaking, Mr. Napoli wins a few cultural "battles" but loses the cultural war. While he can control the Schindler offices in two Indian cities and enforce the company's precision around time perceptions, the broader Indian culture is vastly incongruent. Electricity being out for three weeks nearly forces an elevator sale to nearly be cancelled, no suitable drainage from massive rains floods his family's apartment, and the Indian value of bartering and customizing is diametrically opposed to the strict discipline of a low-end product strategy where no variation in standard products is allowed."
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Calpine vs. Pacific Gas & Electric, 2006.
A review and comparison of the Calpine independent power company and Pacific Gas and Electric.
2,185 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Calpine Company, an independent power producer that was established in 2002, comparing it to the Pacific Gas and Electric company. The paper reviews these two companies from an organizational business perspective.
Contents:
Calpine
Pacific Gas and Electric
From the Paper
"In order to develop its business and manage the risk, the company has extended its activities, providing also commodity investment optimization, gas aggregation and arbitrage, logistics and settlement, risk management and energy management consulting. This creases the basis for more profit but also increases the costs related to the staff know how, to provide the appropriate infrastructure and all the cost incurred to the development of new projects (marketing plans, management administration, new logistics, etc). This may be a partially explanation of the overall increase in revenues of 4% (9.2 billion dollars) for the fiscal year 2005. To sustain that fragile figure of the revenue for the year 2005, it can be added that the energy market is a stable and a constant one, with a little increase of the market share during the time (the rate of the consumption is almost constant and it is not very easy to be influenced). "
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Study of Arctic and Polaris, 2007.
This paper provides a financial analysis of two companies, Arctic and Polaris.
1,472 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the financial activities and financial health of the companies Arctic and Polaris. The current ratios and quick test are used in order to evaluate the liquidity and the short-term solvability of the two companies. Further, the writer discusses the subject of retained earnings and taxation on retained earnings.
The writer concludes that both the companies have a healthy financial situation, with an obvious inclination for shareholder and equity financing rather than a financial leverage.
From the Paper
"The solvency and debt management ratios will provide important information in terms of the financial leverage and the proportion of debt used by each of the two companies in their financial approach. The debt ratio and debt-to-equity ratios seem the best places to start, because this will show the amount of the total assets in each company financed by outside sources (debt). On the other hand, both companies have interesting situations in terms of debt usage for development and investment.
In the case of Arctic, the company is relying, in terms of long-term financing, almost exclusively on retained earnings. Retained earnings can be defined as earnings that are "retained by the company to be reinvested in its core business or to pay debt", basically, a form of not paying out dividend to the shareholders and reinvesting profit. Retained earnings amount for 65.1 % of total asset value, a similar proportion as the one in 2003."
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Public versus Private Accounting, 2006.
A discussion on public vs private accounting as a career choice and the different type of work that may be encountered in each place.
895 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses factors that need to be taken into account when deciding between public and private accounting as a career choice. It looks into the five areas of work that an accountant will be involved in, namely auditing, budget analysis, financial, management accounting and taxes. It then goes on to describe some of the differences between working in a private or a public accounting job.
From the Paper
"The path of an accountant in a private firm is a bit different. Most new accountants starting in private firms work in the controller's office. Similar to public accountants, new accountants working in private firms will start off assisting senior employees with tasks while they work on developing skills, experience and professional certification. Subsequently, veteran accountants in private firms tend to do work analyzing the financial status of the company for which they are working. This type of work can include budget analysis and asset and cost management ("Occupational Outlook")."
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Banking in the Global Market, 2006.
An in-depth look at how bank mergers and acquisitions effect the bottom line for finances and people.
1,242 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper covers the subject of bank mergers and acquisitions mainly focusing on European and American banks. The paper offers an in-depth look at both the financial and organizational sides of how a merger or acquisition effects the bottom line for both finances and employees. The paper covers a review of the literature in order to analyzes these topics.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Mergers and Acquisition: A Review of the Literature 1980-2005
Background to the Study
Data Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"(3) Assessing employee opinion on the M&A and discussing issues of effective leadership and measuring of employee production and morale after the M&A are important to weighing the benefit of the M&A. For an organization facing an M&A, they can look at past M&As to assess strengths and weaknesses. This will allow that bank to adjust the strategy and aid in handling problems that will arise. This will be done through looking at surveys of employee and their reactions to M&As. Such statistics will include ratios looking at how their morale survived the M&A and also how many employees stayed or quit."
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Investment, 2006.
A discussion on investment tools.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper compares IRR and NPV investment tools. The author offers examples of the workings of both these tools. It concludes that due to findings, explained in the paper, that NPV is the better investment tool.
From the Paper
"Though IRR is more widely used than the NPV method , NPV yields much better returns as argued by the majority of the finance gurus due to the numerous pitfalls of IRR. They include inability to estimate exact IRR if the cash flows change their signs more than once, thus, there is more than one negative cash outflow, and IRR formula derives wrong results, for example, multiple IRRs or none IRR result at all. Another fault is inability to derive direct IRR if we are lending or borrowing, because for borrowing project the first cash flow will be positive with the rest of the cash flows, or debt payments, being negative and this fact must be considered when estimating IRR."
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