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Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2008.
An analysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and its successes.
1,508 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the events leading to the creation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and outlines the major facets of the Act. The paper reviews the Act to see the major challenges and successes the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has addressed. The paper concludes that despite the Act's drawbacks, it has been able to alleviate or at least deter poor financial reporting that either directly or indirectly had the objective to defraud individuals.
Outline:
Introduction
Preceding the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Major Provisions of the Act
Will the Act be Successful?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (henceforth SOX) contains 11 titles, which address issues involving criminal penalties, independence of auditors, rulings and requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, among other known accounting elements. The most profound part of SOX is the fact that there is a board that acts as an oversight agency which regulates, inspects, and disciplines auditors in their role as external accountants for public companies."
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Company Tax Loss, 2008.
A case study analysis of the Business Objects company and the effect of its tax loss on the company.
764 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses various factors which must be considered in order to determine whether a tax loss should be carried forward by an organization or not. It discusses the case of the company, Business Objects, and its tax loss. The paper then looks at the effects on the company's free cash flow forecast and employee stock plan and the effect of common stock.
Table of Contents:
Business Objects Valuation Allowance
Effect on Free Cash Flow Forecast
Employee Stock Plan and Effect of Common Stock
From the Paper
"Business Objects offers a stock-based compensation plan. This impacts the valuation of common stocks in that the costs and income of that program have to be included in the company's balance sheets and the tax impacts carried forward to the best of the company's ability to forecast exercise of options. Deodorant (2005) claims that in order to properly account for an options program's impact on common stock valuation, the value of the options plan must be determined ad this value subtracted from the overall equity of the company before the common stock value is derived. Using this method, Table 2 provides the value of shares outstanding, minus the value of outstanding options, as calculated in Excel."
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| Essay # 101947 |
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Accounting Case Study: Krispy Kreme, 2006.
This paper is an analysis of the financial and managerial accounting of Krispy Kreme, the international doughnut company, during the period from 1998 to 2002, and the degree to which it indicates future problems.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the road had been a bit rocky, Krispy Kreme's financial position has substantially improved in the five years since 1998. The author points out that the ratio of company and franchised stores sales are somewhat disturbing. The paper indicates that, after 2002, a series of problems developed for the chain, which could not have been foreseen previously. The author relates that Krispy Kreme's managerial accounting report did not address how a company in good financial position can change once it goes public, expands to foreign countries, looses control of its franchisees and does not keep up its market research program to determine changing social dynamics. The paper stresses that the forward-looking statements of the managerial accounting involve risks and uncertainties, which may cause the actual results to differ materially from expectations.
From the Paper
"These figures do represent the continued investment within the capital expenditures of the company. Otherwise, the depreciation figures would not continue to go up. Krispy Kreme restructured in 1999, a $9,466 cost, which may reflect the poor performance.
Their income from operations is doing well. We see $5,420 in 1998; a loss of $3,702 for 1999; a major payoff for 200 with $10,828 and likewise for 2002, $23,507 and $41,887. However, we do see an equity loss in joint ventures in 2001 and 2002, showing the company, as stated in the report, has ventured into new areas - the real estate."
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The Future of Financial Reporting, 2008.
This paper explores the development of a conceptual framework for financial reporting and accounting by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
1,734 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper explores if the proposed conceptual framework for financial reporting and accounting covers the main facets of the original framework of both the FASB and the IASB and whether the purpose of financial reporting is omitting a vital element. The paper further examines whether the decision-useful objective necessarily encompasses the stewardship objective. The paper concludes that it is necessary to have separate objectives related to stewardship and decision-usefulness.
Outline:
Introduction
Financial Reporting that is 'Decision-Usefulness'
Stewardship Objective
Should the Stewardship Objective be Included Separately?
From the Paper
"The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have decided to revise their conceptual frameworks for financial reporting and accounting. Ideally, the present framework of both boards will be broader and expansive so as to develop a conceptual framework, which both Boards can use as an outline for new and revised accounting standards. This amalgamation is very important since markets become more international in scope, there is a need for global accounting standards that are consistent irrespective of the geographical boundaries. Also, 'there was a need to provide direction and structure to financial accounting and reporting' (Penman 2006)."
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Savings and Loans, 2008.
This paper discusses savings and loans looking at the U.S. banking crisis of the 1980s.
1,923 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the US banking crisis of the 1980s otherwise known as the savings and loan crisis. The writer notes that the foundations of the crisis are found in the late 1960s and the 1970s when various states began to deregulate the savings and loans chartered by them. The writer points out that in the 1980s, continued deregulation and lax oversight contributed to the savings and loan crises, which ultimately cost the U.S. taxpayers billions of dollars to repair. The writer concludes that the primary question that the banking crisis of the 1980s leaves one with, is not if this type of industry transgression will occur again, but rather, when it will occur again.
Outline:
Abstract
The Crisis Foundations
Regulatory Expansion of Services
Mid Decade Industry Expansion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The US banking crisis of the 1980s centered on the failure of some of the nation's largest savings and loans (S&L) institutions and the policies and regulations that seemed to facilitate this crisis. The US banking crisis of the 1980s crisis did not, however, simply occur in a vacuum and take the nation by surprise. While its ultimate severity may have surprised some people familiar with the industry, in fact, many people recognized that the S&L crisis really had its roots in the 1960s and 1970s when market interest rate increases undermined the S&L industry's competitiveness for deposits. Thus, the foundation of the S&L crisis of the 1980s has its roots during the 60's and 70's when the original state imposed rate ceilings limited S&L competitiveness and then, subsequently, state and federally mandated policies and regulations over compensated for these earlier restrictions through aggressive deregulation."
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Fiscal Management in an Intensive Care Unit, 2007.
This paper is a case study demonstrating fiscal management through variance analysis for an intensive care unit.
1,455 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, currently, major activities need to be taken into consideration so that the budget for the intensive care unit can be reconfigured or some activities can be deferred to the new fiscal year. The author relates that issues relating to safety standards and staff education increase overall productivity, which improves the quality of care within the intensive care unit. The paper points out that next fiscal year budget should have personnel divided by functionality to make budget allocations indicative of different staffing activities. The author suggests that, in an intensive care unit, it is imperative that supplies are kept in stock or there can be serious legal and financial implications; therefore, there should always be padding for this area provided in the budget. The paper includes a variance table showing the current reallocation of the budget, which addresses the important factors within the intensive care unit without increasing the budget.
Table of Contents
Expenses
Conference on High Risk Medications
High Risk Medications
"Smart Pumps"
Supplies Expenses
Personnel Budget
Table 1: Reallocation Process: Intensive Care Unit Budget Adjustment
Major Fiscal Concerns and Recommendations
Table 2: Variance Analysis
From the Paper
"The traveling or staff education budget will not allow the all three nurse to attend the seminar this fiscal year, since the budget remaining in these categories is $700 and $400 respectively. However, one of the nurses can be registered for the conference this year (and take advantage of the $200 registration fee), while the other the attendance of the other two nurses get deferred to the new fiscal year. This decision was based on the nature of the seminar, and the fact that the nurse's attendance will possibly have a 'spillover' effect and create a positive externality within other sectors of the intensive care unit via."
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Drosselmeier Corporation, 2008.
An analysis of the income of the Drosselmeier Corporation.
1,078 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates Drosselmeier Corporation, a German manufacturing firm producing Christmas nutcrackers. The paper analyzes Drosselmeier's cost structures relative to its pricing strategy and the resulting net income. The paper examines several scenarios in depth based on constant assumptions relative to accounting rules, demand and investments.
Outline:
Abstract
Overview
Assumptions & Initial Cost Structure
First Scenario
Scenario for a Targeted 45k DM
Increased Capacity Scenario
From the Paper
"There are several key assumptions to be made regarding Drosselmeier's costs and expenses in determining the optimum cost structure in order for the company to meet its revenue expectations. Determining the type of expenses associated with its product sales is important and understanding how they relate to its overall cost structure is important (Hawkins, 2006). There are essentially three types of expenses that Drosslemeier needs to account for: 1) those with a direct cause and effect, such as the costs of goods sold, 2) no future economic benefit which are periodic expenses such as office supplies, often classified as overhead, and 3) expenses classified as systematic an rational such as depreciation (West, 2003, pp.81-5). Based on understanding its cost structure and how expenses should be allocated, Drosselmeier can compute all of its various pricing strategies with a high degree of accuracy based on the same assumptions."
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Martha Stewart's Unethical Behavior, 2008.
This paper discusses the serious ethical lapses of Martha Stewart.
983 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper describes Martha Stewart's insider trading when she sold her stock in the ImClone company. The paper details her subsequent denial and deceit. The paper discusses how under any ethical system; from a normative perspective, a utilitarian point of view and a deontological standpoint, Stewart acted wrongly.
From the Paper
"On December 27, 2001, Sam Waksal, the key shareholder in ImClone, ordered his broker to sell all his stock in the company. The broker, who was also Martha Stewart's broker, told his assistant to phone Stewart. The assistant left Stewart a message about Waksal's sales, suggesting she might do the same. Stewart called the broker back and ordered him to sell.
"ImClone stock plummeted and Waksal was investigated. The SEC learned of Stewart's sale, and called Stewart to a formal interview. Before the interview, Stewart and her broker conspired. Rather than admitting that the broker gave Stewart an inside tip, they invented a story of a "standing sell order." Stewart gave this story to the government in formal interviews. After a lengthy investigation, Stewart on various charges on June 4, 2002, although not for insider trading."
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Electronic Money, 2008.
This paper discusses electronic money in relation to the traditional banking methods, analyzing Berndt Kempa's article "Money in an Electronic World".
2,619 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
The writer notes that in his enlightening article regarding electronic money, "Money in an Electronic World", Bernd Kempa argues that electronic funds are not likely to replace traditional money any time soon but that the role of the central bank in determining a country's monetary policy may be affected. The writer points out that the Kempa voices these concerns in closing his research in which he successfully illustrates the development of electronic funds and cash. The writer discusses that companies such as eBay and Amazon.com have turned the retail industry upside down and these two companies alone handle billions of dollars annually in electronic funds across international markets without ever handling physical currencies. Yet, the writer maintains that central banks will continue to determine monetary policy because the simple fact is that none of these new economy institutions or the electronic funds that accompany new business models creates money themselves. The writer concludes that they only move currency values that have been created via traditional channels.
Outline:
Author Analysis
Developments in Electronic Money
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These observations are, while not being indicative of an impending catastrophe, somewhat alarming for economists who might be concerned with monetary policy at the national level. However, by raising such alarms, the author does not adequately support why he believes electronic funds might hold the potential to undermine such national economic and monetary policy when, in fact, all electronic funds originate first with the issuance of funds through traditional channels. No company that regularly operates in the financial markets, private or otherwise, has the ability to generate funds, whether electronic or otherwise, in any manner that supersedes the role or the oversight of the central banking systems."
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History of the Currency Crisis, 2008.
This paper discusses the history of the currency crisis focusing on Asia and Mexico.
2,011 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This document discusses currency crises and utilizes the Asian financial crisis of 1997 to 1998 and the Mexican peso crisis of 1994 as illustrative examples. In both of these examples, the writer notes that the currency crises were precipitated by sudden capital flights out of the markets in question which exacerbated the devaluation of the currencies. In essence, the writer maintains that currency crises occur because investors, internal or external, leave a market suddenly and with little prior indication. The writer concludes that regardless of how valid the investor assumption of impending currency devaluation is the fact of their sudden flight from the market always leads to the devaluation they were predicting.
Outline:
Abstract
Currency Crises in Asia and Mexico
Overview
Asian Financial Crisis
South Korean Crisis
Central Bank & OMO
Exchange Rate Behavior
Conclusion
Mexican Currency Crisis
Overview
Build up to Crisis
The Trigger
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Thus, because of the currency speculators, who are typically foreign institutional investors, introduce a degree of risk simply through the size of their investment in a single currency that would not otherwise be there if the speculation was limited to smaller investors. While there are a whole slew of factors that must accompany a genuine currency crisis, in general, a crisis develops as these large institutional speculators perceive a decline in value of the currency and dump their investments en masse. The ensuing devaluation of the currency in question is unsustainable and the event often exposes other fundamental economic weaknesses that were disguised previous to the onset of the currency crisis, such as credit over extension in the market and a lack of foreign capital reserves."
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Protecting Home Buyers, 2008.
This paper looks at agencies and laws dealing with the protection of home buyers.
3,412 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the various agencies and laws which exist to protect home buyers in the real estate transaction process, from securing the necessary credit to dealing with real estate agents. The paper devotes a great deal of time looking at what rights new home purchasers have with regards to gaining access to credit, for it is credit that ultimately determines whether any such purchase will be possible in the first place. Furthermore, the paper also peers into the legislation geared towards protecting those who wish to buy homes from others, but who may have to deal with antiquated racist attitudes in the process. Lastly, the paper offers a brief critique of the available literature and what it appears to suggest about the measures presently in place to protect home buyers in America.
From the Paper
"Other organizations contribute in other ways. For example, Wood reports in a 2005 study he also conducted on behalf of the Government Accounting Office that the Department of Agriculture and Urban Development's Federal Housing Administration and the Department of Agriculture's Rural Housing Service guaranteed roughly $136 billion in mortgages for multi-family rental housing, for various health care facilities and, most importantly for our purposes, for single family homes. Apparently overgenerous to a fault, both organizations have also had to suspend their issuance of guarantees in the past because they went over the dollar amounts they were permitted to spend under their commitment authority or, in a closely-related vein, because they went over the dollar limits prescribed to them under their credit subsidy budget authority for a given year. Needless to say, the result of these suspensions is that many families which rely upon the aforementioned loan guarantees find themselves faced with unexpected financial hardships. Wood reports that, while both programs have many things which commend themselves, the simple fact of the matter is that the FHA and RHS loan guarantee programs operate on a first-come, first-served basis - a practice which can easily discriminate against poor families who lack knowledge about the programs."
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| Essay # 100572 |
temporarily unavailable
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Corporate Stock Options, 2007.
An analysis of the impact of stock option scandals on corporate ethics.
3,726 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 166.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the stock options scandal associated with Enron and discusses its impact on corporate ethics. It looks at some of the effects that are expected to arise from this scandal and discusses the ethical character of management in the business sphere. The paper presents a careful overview of business ethics and offers an opinion on the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation in the United States vis-a-vis this current scandal enveloping many public companies across North America.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Stock Options Scandal
Ethical Positions
Future Ramifications
Conclusions
From the Paper
"It seems the entire body of corporate America is holding its collective breath to see how the more than 80 investigations currently underway by the SEC are concluded. Such a host of companies are taking pre-emptive action in the stock options scandal by restating and revising earnings statements that it is clear the problem is even far more pervasive than currently thought. Not only companies like Apple and UnitedHealth are under investigation but McAfee and even Barnes and Noble are being examined by the SEC (Should, 2006). Should any of the top executives at these firms be negatively affected, the resulting impact on their company's share price could depress the entire U.S. stock market in a way that Enron never did and certainly bleed over into the Canadian markets."
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Tax-Exempt Revenue Bonds, 2007.
This paper discusses long-term debt financing alternatives for hospitals.
1,179 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the best course of action in acquiring sources of long-term capital for hospitals. The paper examines how hospitals use tax-exempt revenue bonds as opposed to taxable bonds. The paper concludes that tax-exempt revenue bonds seem to be the best option as an alternative for long-term debt financing for hospitals.
From the Paper
"The term tax-exempt revenue bond may be defined as any bond whose interest is not subject to taxation through one or more authority. The lower cost of capital is considerably more striking to healthcare providers who qualify. On the other hand, taxable bonds was used prior to tax-exempt revenue bonds; "it is a debt security whose return to the investor is subject to taxes at the local, state, or federal level" (Nowicki, 2004, p. 12)."
"According to Hassan et al. (2000) a study suggested that "hospitals using tax-exempt rather than taxable debt are forced to provide higher levels of charity care as a condition of gaining access to the tax-exempt market" (Hassan et al., 2000, p. 47). In addition, Gentry and Penrod (2000) stated that "tax provisions for not-for-profit (NFP) hospitals--both income and property taxes--issue tax-exempt bonds so lenders do not pay income taxes on interest received" (Gentry and Penrod, 2000, p. 285)."
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Sanfe Automotive's Strategy, 2007.
This paper explores the cost accounting system at Sanfe Automotive, an auto parts supplier.
2,027 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at Sanfe Automotive, which has hired a cost accountant to evaluate its current costing method. The paper examines the accountant's primary conclusion that the current system does not provide an accurate assessment of costs. The paper discusses the recommendation that a new system should be implemented immediately. The paper explains that the new system involves an activity-based costing methodology that results in far more accurate estimations of cost and cost allocation across a diversity of product lines and departments.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Sanfe Forward Strategy
From the Paper
"Sanfe Automotive is an auto parts supplier in the automotive industry specializing largely in niche products. While it manufactures a host of products, 40% of its revenues are generated through its carburettor division. Sanfe has hired a cost accountant who has been tasked by the President of the company to identify a series of issues pertaining to the current costing method: 1) is the current system adequately accounting for costs, 2) is the present system capable of providing the data and information necessary for strategic decision making, and 3) does the current system accurately assess the supervisors' performances in the company. To accomplish the task the cost accountant has utilized the company's carburettor division to assess costs both under the current system and under a new cost accounting method based an hourly costing method specific for each department."
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