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Carbon Nanotubes, 2008.
This paper discusses the carbon nanotube's wide variety of potential uses.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the carbon nanotube is uniquely strong and has promising applications in areas such as the production of materials and fabrics, the enhancement of medical treatment capabilities and the innovation of military design. The paper details the carbon nanotube's far-reaching potential and concludes that nanotechnology may prove itself to be one of the most important revelations of its time.
From the Paper
"Most simply phrased, the carbon nanotube is a form of carbon. The most recently uncovered of eight carbon allotropes, this is a molecular configuration of the basic element and is categorized as a member of the fullerene family. The fullerene allotrope has itself only recently been added to the list of known configurations. A spherical manifestation of the element, this molecule is similar to the tubular form in its linked, hexagonal structure and hollow walls. (Wikipedia, 1)"
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Linus Carl Pauling, 2008.
This paper looks at the many accomplishments of the chemist Linus Carl Pauling.
1,061 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that Pauling has been labeled the premier chemist of the twentieth-century for his work and awards. The paper describes Pauling's birth and childhood, college life, family life, and his many accomplishments. This includes his works on crystal structures, the nature of chemical bonds, the use of Vitamin C to maintain and restore health, as well as his efforts to bring about world peace.
Outline:
Thesis Statement
I. Linus Carl Pauling
II. Accomplishments
From the Paper
"You can find Linus Carl Pauling in many areas of research. This man basically wore a coat of many colors. Pauling was a chemist, physicist, humanitarian, nutrition expert, author, educator, and family man. Having accomplishments that are a mile long--Pauling has been labeled the premier chemist of the twentieth-century for his work and awards. (Wiki, 2007)
"Linus Carl Pauling, was born on February 28, 1901, in the town of Portland, Oregon. (Hutchinson, 1999) His parents were Herman and Isabelle Pauling, and he had two younger sisters. Pauling's, father died in 1910, leaving his mother and the children to make it on their own. Pauling continued on through high school, but did not graduate; because the high school required everyone to take a civics class and Pauling, felt he could learn civics on his own."
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Fluoridation Of Drinking Water, 2005.
An examination of the fluorine in the drinking water in America.
2,358 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the fluoridation of drinking water, specifically in the United States. It explains that fluoridation began in the early 20th century with the aim of improving dental health and with the introduction of fluoridated water into community supplies in some countries, reductions in the rates of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) among children occurred. The paper looks at how the World Health Organisation, the United States and the E.U. all advocate fluoridation as an effective method of reducing dental caries, and how only the USA, Britain, Australia and Ireland and a few other countries have fully adopted its use in spite of these world health guidelines. The paper also points out how the engineer plays a key role in implementing the use of fluorine and must act responsibly due to its toxic nature and potentially fatal consequences of incorrect use. The paper concludes that the safety and necessity of fluorine in the drinking water in America needs to be monitored with more studies and research by qualified, well-funded, scientific groups.
Table of Contents:
Introduction. What is Fluorine?
Fluoridation History
How Fluoridation Works
Why Fluoridate?
The Engineer and Fluoridation
Fluoridation And The Law
Some Interesting Quotes on the Subject of Fluoridation
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Fluoride is usually added to water samples in solution form because in powder form (e.g. Sodium Fluoride, Sodium Fluorosilicate, etc.) it is toxic, dangerous to handle and must be stored in dust tight containers. Thus fluorine is often added as hydrofluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6).
This acid is safer because if it is spilt on the skin it can easily be washed off using cold water. This acid is stored in water treatment facilities in tanks. The tanks are lined with corrosion resistant rubber lining. Fluoridation usually takes place after all other treatments of the drinking water have been carried out. It must be done after water has been softened because ions in the water interfere with the fluoride content. The water must be mixed thoroughly before it leaves the facility, as fluoride is toxic in higher concentrations."
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Chemical and Biological Warfare, 2006.
This paper examines the issue of chemical and biological weapons and war.
4,855 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 147.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that, throughout time, the quest to dominate another is limited only to the imagination of one man poised against the other. The writer points out that sometimes common flu symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, coughing, and shortness of breath are the first signs of chemical and biological warfare (CBW). The writer maintains that for some reason, the more one searches for answers to counter the effects of CBW the worse it gets. In this essay, discussion centers upon the 1972 Biological Weapon's Convention and the Geneva Protocol. The writer focuses on scientific research in this regard and identifies several items that are being used to help detect biological and chemical agents.
Outline:
Abstract
Advantages
Disadvantages
Chemical Agents and their Effects
From the Paper
"Throughout history, chemical and biological weapons (CBW), warriors and terrorists have used a wide range of tactics and techniques to help defeat their enemy on and off the battlefield. These weapons are used in war to gain the upper advantage against a more formidable adversary, to enhance the political status of a rogue terrorist group, or to cripple the economy of a nation from the simple mailing of a threatening letter with powder. Whatever the reason, the unknown effects of a release can be devastating. Law enforcement personnel who respond to the initial crisis of a release or assist with the aftermath have to know the difference between a chemical and a biological agent release. These weapons of war also have evolved from throwing rocks and sticks at each other to the unthinkable weapons of mass destruction called bioterrorism. You may ask yourself, what is bioterrorism? The Center for Disease Control defines bioterrorism as the intentional or threatened use of bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants and involves intimidation of nations or people to accomplish political or social ends."
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The Mutation Cluster Region of the APC Gene, 2007.
An examination of the mutation cluster region of the APC gene and its role in colon carcinogenesis.
4,146 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 27 sources, APA, AU$ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper is an examination of the mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis involving the mutation cluster region of the APC gene. There is an explanation of colon carcinogenesis including an analysis of the Wnt signaling pathway, the roles of the APC gene's different domains, "Knudon's two- hit hypothesis and the "just right" level of signaling theory. The paper also includes a critical discussion about the scientific arguments and research evidence that exists to challenge current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis. One illustration is included which depicts the varying domains of the APC gene.
From the Paper
"Colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of death in the western world. Nearly 34,900 people are diagnosed with it in the U.K each year and about 16,000 of these die. About 15% of colorectal cancers are hereditary. Hereditary conditions are divided into two categories: the polyposis and the non polyposis types. Two hereditary conditions that have been identified are Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (FAP) and Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is known to be mutated in all cases of FAP but this condition only accounts for less than 1% of colorectal cancer cases. The condition HNPCC results when mutation occurs in the DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH-1 leading to microsatellite instability and defective DNA repair. Non inherited mutations of the APC gene have been detected in over 85% of the remaining sporadic colorectal cancers. "
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Greenhouse Gases, 2007.
An analysis of the causes and effects of the greenhouse effect on the Earth's environment.
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper describes how greenhouse gases contribute to global warming. It begins by describing how greenhouse gases occur in the atmosphere. It discusses the importance of greenhouse gases and then describes what causes the harmful greenhouse effect. Finally, the paper describes the negative impact of the greenhouse effect on the Earth's environment.
From the Paper
"Greenhouse gases are components of the atmosphere that contribute to the warming of the Earth. Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, such as: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Human activities have increased the concentrations of these gases over time. The burning of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas as well as other activities like deforestation, has lead to higher concentrations of Carbon dioxide. Live stock, paddy rice farming and losses of pipelines have lead to higher concentration of methane in the atmosphere. Activities, such as the use of nitrogenous fertilizers for agricultural reasons, and the burning of vegetation, have increased the nitrous oxide concentrations. The only greenhouse gas that is not directly affected by human activity is water vapor (Greenhouse gas, 2007)."
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Playing with Food: Hidden Sugars, 2006.
A study on sugars hidden in so-called sugar-free samples, as scientifically detected by the Benedict's Test.
1,604 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at our health-conscious society, which indulges in the use of sugar-free foods and beverages that have steadily dominated the market. The paper discusses how recent controversies that question product credibility have circulated, thus prompting various analyses on food content. By using the principles behind the Benedict's test, this study employs techniques used to test the presence of chemical compounds in food, particularly in sugar-free samples.
From the Paper
"While the Benedict's reagent can analyze the sugar content of most food products, the conducted experiment focused on sugar-free samples alone. Presenting novel results, this smaller scope diverts from previous experiments involving pure sugar concentrates."
"For the experiment, distilled water, small samples of selected sugar-free food, and a small bottle of Benedict's solution were prepared. Along with test tubes equivalent in number to the samples tested, the experiment required laboratory equipments inclusive of a Bunsen burner, a tripod, a dropper, and a beaker."
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Chicken Wing Microbiology, 2006.
A report on how to remove bacteria from chicken wings and the efficacy of antibiotics on the bacteria.
2,547 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a formal biology laboratory report. It presents a procedure that was devised to remove all bacteria from a chicken wing. It begins by discussing the bacteria that can be present on chicken wings and the possible solutions to the problem. The paper then reports on a test for the efficacy of certain antibiotics on the bacteria of the untreated wing.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Organisms
Treatment Of Choice For Elimination Of Bacteria From A Chicken Wing
Serial Dilutions Of Washes From Both Wings
Gathering Of Bacterial Cultures From Both Wings
Effects Of Various Antibiotics On Three Types Of Bacteria
Results
Control Agar Petri Plate
Treatment Agar Petri Plate
Antibiotic Disk Results
Chicken Wing Bacteria
Discussion
Appendix
From the Paper
"It is important to remove all bacteria, such as salmonella, from raw foods to avoid any foodborne diseases. Four serial dilutions were created in microfuge test tubes for a control chicken wing and a treatment chicken wing. The treatment chicken wing was treated using vinegar, salt, and heat. Cultures from each microfuge test tube were streaked on two different agar plates and left to reproduce, incubated at 30o Celsius for 22 hours. The proposed treatment of the chicken wing proved to be 100% effective producing no visible colonies on the agar plate. Four antibiotics - penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol - were used to treat E. coli, M. luteus, and chicken wing bacteria. The bacteria cultures were smeared on three different Petri dishes, and divided into four quadrants where antibiotic disks were placed. After 22 hours of incubation at 30o Celsius, diameters of the rings of clear agar around each antibiotic disk were recorded. Chloramphenicol produced the largest diameter on all three Petri dishes, while penicillin proved to work best on gram-positive bacteria. The bacteria on the chicken wing were gram-negative and most resistant to tetracycline."
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Alcohol, 2007.
A description of the uses of alcohol and the way that alcohol consumption can be abused and affect one's life.
3,895 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a discussion into the properties and uses of alcohol. It begins by describing what alcohol is made of and then goes on to discuss the long-term and short-term effects of alcohol on the body. The paper includes a discussion on the effects of alcohol on one's social life, particularly the phenomenon of college drinking and also of the dangers of drinking and driving.
From the Paper
"Alcohol, also know as ethanol or CH3-CH2-OH, is a clear, odorless, intoxicating element found in beer (12oz), wine (4oz), and spirits (1 ounce of 100 proof spirit). The use of alcohol can be traced back thousands of years, as early as 10,000 BC. Although typically used for social purposes, alcohol is a dangerous drug that is commonly misused and even abused in many peoples' lives around the world. "Multiple neurotransmitter systems play a role in mediating the behavioral effects of alcohol that have been linked to its abuse and dependence" ( Sellers/Tomkins), these neurotransmitter systems are responsible for expression of emotions, reaction times, and planning and judgment. This central nervous system depressant has the potential to cause many problems not only to the individual using the substance but also to their friends and family members. Through a process called fermentation, alcohol is produced from sugars that go through the action of yeasts. From there, pure alcohol can come in a variety of forms: however, its effects are, for the most part, very similar but slightly different for everyone. Some factors for this fact may be: a person's individual tolerance or experience drinking, body weight, sex, and metabolism rate (that is significantly affected by one's age). These factors determine their BAC, or blood alcohol concentration in one's blood. The higher the BAC, the higher the potential dangers of this drug can be."
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Suitcase Nukes, 2007.
An analysis of the threat of Osama Bin Laden's purchase of small nuclear weapons.
1,310 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses nuclear weapons and how they have been obtained by terrorist organizations. This paper specifically focuses on small, suitcase-sized nuclear weapons and the threat they impose by falling into the wrong hands of terrorist organizations. The paper focuses on Osama Bin Laden and al Qaeda's purchase and use of nuclear weapons. It includes some personal comments by the writer, on the topic.
From the Paper
"America today, puts terrorism as a main concern, and nuclear weapons could wreak the greatest havoc on our country. Author Paul Williams claims Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida terrorist group purchased 20 nuclear weapons in 1998 for $30 million dollars, and 2 tons of heroin (which has a street value of $700 million). These nukes were purchased from former KGB agents (KGB agents are agents who worked under the Russian Committee for State Security). Williams says that this deal is one of three in which al-Qaida has purchased small nuclear weapons, or weapon-grade nuclear uranium."
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Basic Chemistry, 2006.
This paper presents basic definitions of chemical reactions and the differential rate law.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, AU$ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that finding adequate definitions for basic chemical reactions can prove difficult for someone who is not well-versed in chemistry. Be that as it may, the following paper pieces together some basic definitions of first and second-order chemical reactions as well as the differential rate law. Along the way, the paper provides a few common examples for the first two of the definitions and also tries to capture the most salient features of each of the concepts outlined above. Ultimately, while this is not an exhaustive review of these items, it does provide a useful starting-point for further research.
From the Paper
"A non-technical definition of a first order reaction is difficult to avoid but, to put it in the simplest terms possible, it is a reaction in which the rate of reaction "is proportional to the concentration of the single substance undergoing change.""
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Cancerous Agents, 2006.
This paper examines and illustrates carcinogenic components of cigarette smoking.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper is an incomplete presentation of a series of monographs for carcinogens. All carcinogens chosen were chosen based on being carcinogenic components of cigarette smoking. Two Group One carcinogens - Benzene and Radon were chosen, two group two carcinogens - formaldehyde and acrylonitrile were also chosen. Each were discussed in this paper based on chemical use, derivation (natural or synthetic), safety levels, results of acute exposure and results of cumulative exposure.
From the Paper
"The following monograms are all cancerous agents from Group 1, Group 2 and Group 2B carcinogens that result from tobacco smoke ("Tobacco smoke, 1999). Group 1 - Benzene, CAS# 71-43-2 Chemical uses. Benzene is used in many industries as a solvent and chemical additive, ranging from the rubber and oil industries to shoe manufacturers and chemical plants ("Benzene," 2006). Benzene is also a component of many consumer goods, primarily as a solvent, such as glues, art supplies of varying kinds, glues, paint strippers as well as various detergents and other cleaning supplies ("Benzene," 2006). How developed. Benzene is a colorless, highly flammable liquid formed from natural processes such as forest fires and volcanoes ("Benzene," 2006). For over 150 years, however, benzene has been produced commercially from coal and more recently petroleum."
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Cocaine vs Crack, 2006.
A discussion regarding the punishments for users and dealers of crack and cocaine.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, historically, punishments for convicted users and sellers of the drugs cocaine and crack have differed. Penalties are more severe for those individuals who use crack, although it is merely the solid form of essentially the same drug. These disparate penalties may result from several things. The paper further discusses how the most prevalent of these causes seems to be that of race. The powdered form, cocaine, is more popular among Caucasians. In addition, cocaine appears to be the drug of choice for the middle-class and above. The dangers associated with either cocaine or crack seem to differ greatly.
From the Paper
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Dimensions of the Color White, 2006.
An analysis of the properties of the color white a white light and their significance to science.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses white as a color and more specifically, white light. The paper describes the qualities of the color white and the multifaceted nature of existence and the way that it relates to significant chemical alterations in nature. The paper goes on to discuss the importance of white light to the scientific understanding of reflective light and the dimensions of other colors.
From the Paper
"Dimensions of the Color White Outline I Introduction. White as a color is not often considered to have many dimensions or properties that are significant to either science or society. While white may carry with it the concept of "purity", the color itself is multifaceted and related to significant chemical alterations in nature. White light has been especially important to scientific understanding of reflective light and the dimensions of other colors. Scientifically white must possess certain chemical compounds in order to exist, and in the field of psychology, white speaks to individuals through subconscious messages about the world they live in."
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Marie Curie, 2006.
This paper reports on a conversation between Marie Curie and Rosalind Franklin.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that Marie Curie was a Polish-born French scientist. She was a pioneer in many ways. Her work in radiology and chemistry opened the door for a whole new scientific revolution and what we know today as the atomic age. The paper discusses how with her husband Pierre, she discovered two new elements and coined the term radioactive. The paper reveals that she was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only one to win it twice.
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Soil Analysis, 2006.
This paper provides an analysis of soil and studies soil samples.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 31.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer points out that soil bacteria control the course of nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus through ecosystems. Soil samples were taken from established sites, which have undergone existing long-term manipulations of temperature, nutrient and light availability. The writer discusses that the soil samples were found to contain bacteria through testing and are being studied to determine whether treatments known to affect plant communities also affect soil microbial biomass, activity, gene expression, and community composition as measured by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
From the Paper
"Soil is an intricate and active biological system, and at times it is difficult to determine the composition of microbial communities in soil. Yet, the study requires a wide variety of methods, which includes methods of extracting DNA from soil suitable for PCR amplification to monitor GM rhizobia and extracting mRNA directly from soil to use in gene expression studies. Hydrocarbons seem to be a contaminated factor when isolating the soil samples in determining bacteria characterization. "Bacteria were isolated from contaminated soil with the media indicating several homolog similarities (researched the possibility of several bacteria names through DP database as determined by the program SIMILARITY_RANK (10)"."
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