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Aromatherapy, 2002.
Explains how aromatherapy works and the history of aromatherapy.
1,421 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a thorough overview of the art of aromatherapy. It begins by providing a history of aromatherapy and then explains how the practice works. It answers questions by sceptics about whether it does work or not. It explains the purpose and powers of some of the oils and how each power was discovered.
From the Paper
"Aromatherapy is a compound word. The two parts are: Aroma~ meaning Fragrance ort smell and Therapy~ meaning treatment, therefore aromatherapy is the process of caring for the body using smell. Aromatherapy is used for the use of pain, anxiety and fatigue. It is also used to prevent illness, to care for the skin and to enhance relaxation. It is a holistic treatment in which the oils are massaged into the skin, used in baths, directly applied to the skin and/or inhalation. When inhaled the oils affect the brain and nervous system through a stimulation of the olfactory nerves. When used in baths or massage the oils are absorbed into the skin and are carried off by body fluids and then transferred into the main body system. Certain essential oils may have different effects of different parts of the body. Aromatherapy is now one of the largest growing alternatives to chemical medicine. It is widely used in homes, hospitals and clinics such as pain relief."
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Variants of Hemoglobin, 2002.
This paper discusses the main hemoglobin variants, their properties and the effects of said variants.
2,162 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
A thorough discussion of the main variants of hemoglobin, their structures, effects and biochemical signifigance. The discussion of the hemoglobin mutants also involves the diseases associated with them, as well as the symptoms and treatments of these disease.
From the Paper
"Hemoglobin is an extremely important molecule to the life processes of animals. Hemoglobin functions to transfer oxygen from the lunge to the individual cells of the body, allowing respiration to occur, and providing the oxygen necessary for life functions. Hemoglobin comes in many different forms and each change in structure effects the overall function of hemoglobin. How each type of change specifically changes the function of hemoglobin is important to understand how hemoglobin works as well as for treatment in diseases caused by hemoglobin mutants."
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Radioactive Dating, 2002.
An introduction to the history and methods of the various types of radio carbon dating.
1,842 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
Radioactive dating is the process of determining the age of rocks and other specimens from the decay of their radioactive elements. By applying this information, geologists are able to decipher the 4.6-billion-year history of the earth. The paper introduces the history of this type of dating in chronological order. It discusses other issues related to radioactive dating such as Carbon-14 dating, fission track dating, Potassium Argon Dating, the Rubidium-Strontium method, lead-alpha age and debated ideas of radioactive dating.
From the Paper
"Cosmic rays from the sun strike nitrogen 14 atoms in the earth?s atmosphere and cause nitrogen atoms to lose a proton making it a carbon isotope this then turns into radioactive carbon 14, which combines with oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide. All living things are in equilibrium with the atmosphere, and the radioactive carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air and used by green plants. Then the radioactive carbon dioxide gets passed on through the plants into the food chain and the carbon cycle. All living things contain a constant ratio of Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 of about 1 in a trillion. The amount of carbon 14 lost in a species is continually replenished as long as it still takes in food and oxygen. At death, the exchange of carbon 14 ceases and any that is left in the tissues of the organism begins to decay to Nitrogen 14, this is not replenished by any new C-14. The change in the Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 ratio is the basis for dating this dating technique. The half-life is so short (5730 years) that this method can only be used on materials less than 70,000 years old. A lot of archaeological dating uses this method. It is also very useful in attempting to date remnants of the ice ages (Pleistocene epoch.)"
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The Banning of DDT, 2002.
A paper which shows why it is so important to ban the chemical DDT in the world.
1,099 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the dangers of the notorious chemical DDT and shows why it should be banned by the year 2007, as environmentalist groups have aimed to do. The paper covers issues relating to the chemical including a growing resistance to its use, effective alternatives and the extent of its environmental destruction.
From the Paper
"The environmental damage that DDT causes is enough in itself to justify a total ban. DDT is a very persistent chemical and because if its molecular structure breaks down very slowly within nature. There are rough estimates that the half-life of DDT is around 12-15 years depending on the climate it is exposed to. This is partly why it is so dangerous in the environment. Another factor is that DDT is able to travel great distances, and is found every where throughout the globe. This is a strange and disturbing discovery because some places have never been sprayed before, such as Antarctica and the ocean bottoms. The spraying of DDT has unintentionally killed some main predators of the mosquito. Dragonfly larva hunt mosquito larva in puddles and stagnant ponds and also the adult dragonfly will hunt adult mosquitoes further reducing their numbers. DDT has worked in the past but as it destroyed fragile ecosystems it has now increased mosquito numbers. DDT is also the linked chemical responsible for the decline in the population of the Bald eagle and the Peregrine falcon. These two species are at the top of the food chain, thus their prey usually have been exposed to DDT."
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DDT ( Dichlorodiphenyl Trichloroethane ), 1995.
A toxicological analysis of the uses, processes and dangers of insecticide.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 64.95
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From the Paper
"Dichlorodiphenyl Trichloroethane
Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) is a nonsystemic contact insecticide. The compound has been employed against a variety of pests. Although DDT can be used to combat insect-transmitted disease, it's most common application is in agriculture. The chemical was widely utilized across the globe from World War II up until 1972. In that year, concern over the potential threat of environmental damage eventually caused the United States to restrict its use.
An organochlorine, DDT's chemical formula is C14H9Cl5. The compound can be variously described. In addition to dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane, it is also known as the following: (1) p,p'-DDT; (2) 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane; and (3) 4,4'DDT. There are actually three ..."
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Catalytic Antibodies, 1995.
This paper discusses catalytic antibodies: Definition, process involving chemistry and immunology, problems and applications.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 77.95
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From the Paper
"Catalytic antibodies are derived from chemically stable hapten which mimic reactions' transitional states. Through their binding energy, the antibodies are able to increase both the specificity and rate of the reactions. These techniques were initially applied to chemical processes which did not require catalysts. Various investigators, for example, have used catalytic antibodies to facilitate the Claisen rearrangement. More recent research, however, has focused on disfavored reactions (i.e., ring closure transformations). One day these methods may find widespread application in various fields of scientific endeavor. "
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Calcium-Dependent Atpase, 1995.
This paper discusses analytic techniques for understandingthe processes of Calcium-Dependent Atpase involving common eukaryotic enzyme.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 167.95
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From the Paper
"A common eukaryotic enzyme, calcium-dependent ATPase has been extensively investigated. The ion-transport enzyme uses energy derived from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to move Ca2+ against a concentration gradient. Innumerable techniques have been applied to Ca2+-ATPase analyses. These have included proteolytic, genetic, immunologic, and molecular approaches.
Calcium-dependent ATPase was first isolated in 1970 (3:696-700). This heterogenous family of enzymes can be broadly subdivided into two separate groups. The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase occurs in most eukaryotic tissues. This 140-kDa enzyme binds calmodulin and is stimulated by calcium ion (10:285-297). Although it may be derived from plants, yeasts, or, for example,
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Free Radicals, 1994.
This paper discusses free radicals, chemical compounds with an unpaired electron and their role as biochemical mediators and cause of diseases.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 115.95
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From the Paper
"Only relatively recently has importance of free radicals gained widespread acceptance. This may be the result of the compounds' inherent intangibility. They are generally short.lived, hard to work with, and difficult to study. Regardless though, it is now confirmed that low levels of free radicals are normally produced as a consequence of metabolic activity. It is also known that the compounds serve as potent biochemical mediators in a number of physiologic roles. However, their great catabolic potential does require focus and control. Unrestrained free radicals can significantly damage biological systems. To counteract such deleterious effects, defenses have evolved. Under normal circumstances, animal cells typically maintain an intricate balance between the generation of free
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Teaching Chemistry, 1994.
This paper discusses ways to make teaching chemistry exciting, relevant and comprehensible: Theory and experimental applications.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 89.95
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From the Paper
"The teaching of chemistry should constitute more than facts about chemicals and their methods of bonding. What is needed even more is to teach the fundamental ways of thinking used by chemists, for if the student can master these modes of thought, he or she will be better able to understand chemistry and any facts that are to be taught later. To teach this mode of though, a strategy is needed that will help the student understand the issues involved. The teaching of chemistry os often delayed until the alter grades, but this is not a good approach given that by the time the student reaches those grades, his or her mode of thought is set and is difficult to change. Children should be guided to understand the sciences beginning in the early grades so they will be better prepared for more advanced scientific knowledge later. An examination of some of the modes ... "
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Ammonia, 1994.
Discovery, characteristics, toxicity, dangers and its use in agriculture & industry.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 77.95
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From the Paper
" Ammonia
The chemical, ammonia, has broad application in both industry and agriculture. During the last century, considerable quantities of this compound have been produced. Although ammonia itself is not inherently poisonous, severe exposures may cause airway destruction and burns of the skin. Moreover, under certain conditions, ammonia can burn or explode. Given the chemical's widespread occurrence, the management of ammonia merits careful analysis.
It remains a relatively unknown fact that the first synthesis of ammonia ranks as one of the most important discoveries in the history of science. In 1840, Justus von Leibeg concluded that a significant component of plant nutrition was "fixed" nitrogen. At that time, fixed nitrogen was available.."
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Alchemy, 1993.
A look at the origins and development, the impact on the science of chemistry, theories, leaders, techniques, goals and the role of Sir Isaac Newton.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 30 sources, AU$ 193.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the origins and development of alchemy, from the earliest stages of its practice and through the transitions it made from being a pseudo-science toward becoming a major foundation of the harder science of chemistry. As appropriate, reference will be made to those features of alchemy that appear to have survived the transition and continued to exercise an influence on the environment of scientific research.
The origins of alchemy can be traced as far back as the Greeks and the Hellenistic period, if the historiography of the scientific community is to be taken as a guide. It seems important to include Aristotle in any understanding of the reach of alchemy for the reason that the residue of philosophical and scientific environment of intellectual discipline attributed to..."
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Arsenic, 1993.
A look at the nature and types of carcinogenic dangers from contaminated water and workplaces.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 13 sources, AU$ 77.95
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From the Paper
"Arsenic: A Human Carcinogen
Arsenic has always had an evil reputation. Its use as a homicidal and suicidal agent is widely known. In addition, more recently, its potential for causing harm in the environment is being realized. Abundant studies establish a relationship between arsenic and certain types of cancer. As a contaminant in drinking water, it poses a significant threat to human health.
The alchemists' symbol for arsenic is a coiled serpent (Levander et al., 1977, p. 1). The chemical is famous for its poisonous attributes. Less well.known, however, is the fact that arsenic has also been used as a therapeutic "tonic." For hundreds of years, patients received arsenic for conditions ranging from acute infections to epilepsy, and asthma (Bickley & Papa, 1989, p. 378). Furthermore, both inorganic and organic..."
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Chemistry, 1992.
An overview of the major concerns of this scientific field including chemical change, classification of matter, laws, gases, atomic mass, formulas, periodic table, ionic compounds, acids and bases.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 206.95
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From the Paper
"Chemistry is a branch of science that is used to explain and reveal the composition, structure, and properties of substances and to demonstrate the changes that they can undergo. For example, interaction with other materials can cause substances to acquire different properties, such as a change in physical form. Therefore, a large part of chemistry is observation--before, during, and after change takes place. There are three fields of study in chemistry--organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry. Organic chemistry deals with the study of compounds made up from carbon forms, such as those found in living beings. Inorganic chemistry covers compounds not found in plants or animals and therefore classed as inorganic (noncarbon compounds). Physical chemistry addresses the actions of chemistry that are resolved using the laws of physics."
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History of Chemistry, 1991.
An overview from Ancient Greece (nature of matter) to the 20th century (atomic discoveries).
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 89.95
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From the Paper
"The history of chemistry involves a journey from its magical and mythological origin to the highly complex and analytical science that it is today. Chemistry, the science which explains the composition of matter and the changes that different forms of matter undergo, did not gain much momentum until the seventeenth century. Prior to the 1600s, the study of chemistry languished in a pre-scientific period, suffering from some prominent misconceptions and untenable theories. Advances made in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have brought chemistry to such an advanced state that we are able to examine the composition of material on an atomic, and even a sub-atomic level.
Beginning with the use of fire, humans have observed the transformation of matter. Fire burns wood to produce ash, and meat becomes cooked over flame. These changes, known to..."
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Fire Retardants, 1991.
This paper discusses fire retardants: Chemical formulations, advantages and disadvantages of different types.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 77.95
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From the Paper
"Fire is a lethal force that can easily escape control. In structures, it often starts in the building's furnishings and then ignites the structure itself. One of the keys to fire control, therefore, is to prevent the fire from spreading throughout a building via its contents, usually by depriving the fire of the fuel it needs to grow. It is this premise of flame suppression that underlies most research into flame retardants.
There are several fire types and "hazard situations": nonflaming/smoldering fires, early or small flaming fires, and fully developed large-scale (called post-flashover) fires. Nonflaming/smoldering fires can start from overheating of vulnerable substances or can be self-sustaining over a long ... "
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Freon, 1991.
This paper discusses Freon: Chemical properties, uses and environmental dangers of this chlorofluorocarbon.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 89.95
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From the Paper
"Freon is the commonly known trade name used by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company to refer to a certain class of chemical compounds known as "refrigerants." Refrigerants are synthetic compounds called chlorofluorocarbons that are used to perform a variety of basic jobs. Chlorofluorocarbons generally are considered very stable, safe compounds; they are colorless, odorless, nontoxic, noncorrosive, and nonflammable. They vaporize at 300 degrees. Unfortunately, however, although they are considered nonreactive (or inert), they are believed to undergo destructive reactions when they reach the upper atmosphere that damage the ozone layer.
To make Freons, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or chloroform (CHCl3) is combined with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) and a suitable catalyst. The Freon results when a chlorine or a ... "
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