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Dark Energy, 2003.
An overview of dark energy, the equation of state, and theories of universe expansion.
1,153 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper describes dark energy, or anti-gravity, and debates theories of universe expansion, touching on Einstein's theory of relativity and cosmological constant. It also talks about the equation of state of the universe and its impact on universe expansion or contraction. It looks at how there are many theories about dark energy from the quintessence theory and the topological defect theory to the cosmological constant theory. It explains that, by analyzing the equation of state of this energy and evaluating current theories, scientists can construe a plausible theory for the fate of the universe.
From the Paper
"Physicists started negotiating and theorizing about the possibility of a dark energy around the turn of the century. One generally un-disproved theory from that time is that which relates the equation of state to the ?cosmological constant?. The cosmological constant (often called lambda) was proposed by Einstein in 1917 to make the universe unchanging in his equations (5). He was generally unsure of this idea, and rejected this theory shortly after it was determined that the universe is perpetually growing. However, his idea of a cosmological constant is currently applied to the universe in a slightly different way, setting the equation of state constant (5)(4). The current theories of dark energy date back to 1998 when supernovae were discovered to be dimmer than expected."
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Fragile X Syndrome, 2003.
An overview of the genetic disease, Fragile X Syndrome.
3,634 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Fragile X syndrome, also known as Martin-Bell syndrome, one of the most frequently inherited forms/causes of mental retardation. It looks at how the disorder is derived from a genetically inherited, single-gene mutation and how individuals who have Fragile X syndrome have symptoms that are resultant from a mutated gene on the X chromosome. It provides a short introduction, the genetics behind the disease, the mechanisms of the protein production and lack of therapy, diagnosis and symptoms.
From the Paper
"The cause of Fragile X all boils down to a change in a single gene: an alteration in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. The mutation inactivates the FMR1 gene, which in turn interferes with the process involved in regulating FMRP protein content. This gene is located on the X chromosome, hence the name Fragile X syndrome. Current research indicates that the FMRP protein assists in cellular communication.3 The sex chromosome alleles for males and females are XY and XX, respectively. This establishes an understanding that Fragile X syndrome, involving the X chromosome, is a sex-linked trait. Since males and females contain either one or two X chromosomes, either can pass on the mutated gene to their offspring."
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The Mitsunobu Reaction, 2003.
An analysis of the chemical reaction known as the mitsunobu reaction.
1,228 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
The mitsunobu reaction, discovered in 1967, involves the stereospecific reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid in the presence of triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) to give an ester. This paper provides an overview of this chemical reaction and presents explanations via numerous diagrams and figures.
From the Paper
"In 1976, it was found that the formation of nitriles is also easily reached when cyanide is used as a nucleophile under Mitsunobu conditions.10 Recently, however, acetone cyanohydrin has been used as a source of hydrogen cyanide for this reaction (see figure 7). With a comparable yield and a less toxic reagent, acetone cyanohydrin is a suitable replacement for HCN.11 In this system, similar to other Mitsunobu systems, sterically hindered secondary alcohols tend to give poor yields."
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Epilepsy, 2002.
An overview of the disorder of epilepsy.
2,732 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at epilepsy and discusses the different types, symptoms, medication and social impacts as well as its treatment and aftercare. It includes basic understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease process and how drug actions and chemicals in the brain thought to contribute to the disease.
Outline
Disease Classification
Normal? Physiology and the Effects of the Disease
Treatment for the Disease
Patient Care
From the Paper
"The symptoms of Epilepsy, in my opinion and using the aforementioned evidence, definitely reflect the effects of the disease on the ?normal? physiological functioning of the body. The chaotic, unregulated neuronal discharge in the cortex seems to have, from a simplistic point of view, a direct and visible correlation with the chaotic events, muscular spasm and loss of involuntary functions e.g., Breathing, bladder control or swallowing. The complexities of diagnosis and detection of the areas of brain cortex responsible for the discharge are made somewhat easier by the use of EEG, this also simplifies diagnosis of each individual as well as identifying which strain they may have. Although Monton (1985) does state that EEG has its limitations and therefore requires clinical assessment to be used in conjunction with EEG for effective and accurate investigation and diagnosis."
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Lactase Enzyme, 2003.
A short essay outlining the biochemical nature of the lactase enzyme.
983 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay talks about the biochemical nature of the enzyme lactase. The paper includes a discussion of it's production, the reaction it catalyzes and the physiological effects of this enzyme. In particular the essay includes an explanation of the physiological effects experienced with a deficiency of lactase.
From the Paper
"Lactose is a disaccharide that is the principal carbohydrate found in milk and other dairy products. To digest lactose the enzyme lactase is required to catalyse the hydrolysis reaction to produce the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This enzyme is usually present at birth but often decreases in activity as the child matures. The condition where an individual has a deficiency of lactase is known as lactose intolerance and produces symptoms such as nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea"
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Lactase, 2003.
This is a short essay outlining the biochemical nature of the lactase enzyme.
1,032 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This essay talks about the biochemical nature of the enzyme lactase. It talks about it production, the reaction it catalyzes and the physiological effects of this enzyme, in particular the physiological effects of a deficiency of lactase.
From the Paper
"Lactose is a disaccharide that is the principal carbohydrate found in milk and other dairy products. To digest lactose the enzyme lactase is required to catalyse the hydrolysis reaction to produce the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This enzyme is usually present at birth but often decreases in activity as the child matures. The condition where an individual has a deficiency of lactase is known as lactose intolerance and produces symptoms such as nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.
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Kava-Kava (Piper methysticum), 2003.
A brief discussion of the medical and therapeutic benefits of the herb kava-kava.
1,036 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an explanation of the origins of the herb and describes its benefits. It looks at the traditional and modern uses of kava-kava and describes its chemical compound and make-up.
From the Paper
"Kava is a member of the pepper family and can be found growing in many areas of the Pacific. Kava is native and commonly consumed in areas from New Guinea to Hawaii except New Zealand, the Solomon Islands, Polynesia, especially in Samoa and Tonga, Fiji and in Micronesia. Current research suggests that it may have first been domesticated less than 3,000 years ago in Vanuatu, a group of islands in eastern Melanesia. The use of kava seems then to have diffused both westward to New Guinea and part of Micronesia and eastward into Fiji and then Polynesia."
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Gases and Divers, 2002.
A look at the effect of gases on divers under pressure.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
This ten-page undergraduate paper addresses the effects of various gases like Oxygen, Nitrogen, Helium, Argon, Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide on divers under pressure. Also discussed would be the concepts of partial pressure and the bends followed by medical problems associated to pressure changes. Laws pertaining to pressure will be discussed too.
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Chemistry and Military, 2002.
This paper begins by introducing the history of chemical weapons.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 15 sources, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
It proceeds to discuss the types of chemical weapons, their physical and chemical properties and the significance of their usage. The paper also discusses the cut in the US Budget within the context of chemical weaponry and the influence of threats post-Gulf War and September 11 period.
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Current Trends in the Environmental Testing Industry, 2002.
This paper examined the status of the National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference (NELAC) program in the US.
3,400 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 159.95
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Abstract
It also discussed its structure, and procedures, relating to its accreditation program through participating states and bodies. Other areas examined include on-site lab assessment procedure, lab accreditation process, fees, and lab quality systems. It also discussed the various methods used for environmental analysis, and finally addressed the growing issue of indoor air pollution in the United States.
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Chemistry and its Significance in Human Life, 2002.
This paper discusses the significance of the science of chemistry by focusing on the important scientific events of the past.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
Man needs to understand the laws that govern various chemical processes because this is the only way he can gain power over them and use them to the advantage of mankind. Various chemical discoveries have thus played a very important role in our lives and this paper explains how chemistry turned from a primitive science into one of the its most sophisticated branch and how human beings can benefit from it.
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Hydrochloric Acid, 2002.
This paper gives a detailed introduction to hydrochloric acid.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that how this acid is made and the hazards of using it. The author explains its industrial use, common use and medical use. The paper includes the chemical formula molarity and how it is used and reacts.
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Aluminum, 2002.
An overview of the metal Aluminium.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the metal aluminum, looking at its history, physical and chemical properties, natural occurrence, mining, processing, and uses.
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Kinesin Motor Proteins, 2002.
A study of the Kinesin motor proteins.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the function, biology and biochemistry of Kinesin and describers new discoveries that have been made.
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Protein Kinase C, 2002.
An explanation of the enzyme Protein Kinase C.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
A brief descriptive overview of the enzyme Protein Kinase C involved in the cell cycle and the different reactive features.
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The Periodic Table, 2002.
An explanation of the periodic table.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
A paper describing the history and makeup of the modern periodic table.
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