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Protein Folding, 2004.
An analysis of the process of protein folding by which a protein assumes its functional shape or conformation.
1,828 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of proteins and protein folding to the human body. The paper explains that, during the different stages of protein folding that include primary, secondary, tertiary and sometimes-quaternary structures, the protein becomes susceptible to incorrect folding by binding with other molecules. The paper explores these ?misfoldings?, which may cause diseases such as Alzheimer?s disease, cystic fibrosis, and many cancers. The paper states that researchers continue to try and comprehend the reasons and methods of protein ?misfolding? to further our knowledge of the diseases that are caused by it.
From the Paper
"Proteins are the biochemical molecules that make up cells, organs and organisms. (1) Like the larger structures, proteins also put themselves together, in a process termed "folding." Protein folding is the process by which a protein assumes its functional shape or conformation. All protein molecules are simple unbranched chains of amino acids, but it is by coiling into a specific three-dimensional shape that they are able to perform their biological function. The proteins fold into either alpha or beta helices with the assistance of chaperon proteins. (1)"
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Ketamine, 2004.
A look at the drug known as ketamine, its uses, and ways it can also be abused.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on the use of ketamine in the medical field and as a recreational drug. Also includes some history of the drug and its chemical breakdown.
From the Paper
"Chemically known as 2-(2-Chlorophenyl1)-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone hydrochloride (Merck Index), Ketamine is commercially sold as Ketalar. Ketamine is a fast-acting general anesthetic and painkiller used primarily in veterinary surgery and a lesser extent in human medicine. It was thought to be a very unique drug because of its three main characteristics. Ketamine is sleep producing or hypnotic, it relieves pain or analgesic, and gives the patient short term memory loss or amnesic. It is often given to children and the elderly because it does not depress breathing or circulation. However in more recent times Ketamine has grown to be a problem among the youth of America and become a problem recreational drug."
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Spontaneous Generation, 2005.
A look at the early belief in spontaneous generation and how this belief was eventually disproved by scientific means.
1,714 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the early belief in spontaneous generation, the theory that living things could originate from non-living matter. It then takes a look at the scientific experiments responsible for finally putting this belief to rest. The paper also describes a laboratory experiment, performed by the paper's author, that delivers results, which concur with the previous experiments mentioned.
From the Paper
"For many centuries people believed that living things could originate from nonliving matter. This belief is known as spontaneous generation, or abiogenesis. It was a commonly held belief in Ancient Rome, during the Middle Ages, and even until the late nineteenth century that spontaneous generation, or the sudden generation of complex life from nonliving matter, existed. (Evers, 1999) Scientists began to question this theory as early as the second half of the seventeenth century, but it was not until almost 200 years later that Louis Pasteur definitively disproved spontaneous generation and changed the course of scientific thought. While it is still debated whether any forms of abiogenesis, or the generation of even simple or microscopic life from nonliving matter, could be possible (Wilkins, 2004), it is certain that spontaneous generation involving complex life forms is not possible."
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Creating Orally Active Prohormones, 2003.
This paper is a detailed history of the processes and discovery of steroids.
1,121 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper uses explanations and many technical chemistry terms. It is written using a lot of chemistry terminology, but maintains a coherent voice. The paper covers how steroids used to be administered, why newer steroids are given the way they are, and what the advantages are to the different types of drugs and delivery methods.
From the Paper
"The new technology in prohormones hitting the market are Lipophilic ester and ethers, and are being touted as the first truly effective solutions to the poor oral bioavailability of many such supplements. And there is a tremendous amount of promise with this technology if properly applied. Supplement manufacturers have been looking for a solution to problems with oral dosing for some time, and they knew they had a true advance on their hands in this area. Chemists went through great lengths not to just drop powder into a capsule, but to develop a series of ether-modified, oil-solubilized, softgel-encapsulated prohormones."
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Determination of Heating Value of Fuels, 2003.
Determination of the heat of combustion of naphthalene, using the Parr bomb calorimeter.
1,498 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This is a technical report on a laboratory experiment determining heating value of fuels. Test sample is naphthalene, and the calibrating substance is benzoic acid. The oxygen bomb calorimeter used is the Parr type.
From the Paper
"The experiment aims to determine the heat of combustion of naphthalene using data obtained from the Parr bomb calorimeter.
Three 1-g portions of naphthalene were weighed using the analytical balance. Benzoic acid is the calibrating substance used for the experiment. The heat capacity Csys of the system is calculated using the theoretical value of benzoic acid and the nickel fuse wire. This Csys is equivalent to the heat capacity Ccal of the calorimeter; this value will be used in determining the heat of combustion of naphthalene.
The heat of combustion of naphthalene is accepted at
?5156.95 KJ/mol. The experimental value ?3787.445097 KJ/mol has an error of 26.56%."
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The Ring Method, 2003.
Examines surface tension measurements of pure water, ethanol solution, and 1.5N NaCl using a Pt-Ir ring on a Du Nuoy tensiometer.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper is a technical report on a laboratory experiment on surface tension measurements using the Du Nuoy ring. Samples are pure water, ethanol solution, and 1.5N NaCl. Calculations for the correction factor and other necessary values are included in the discussion.
From the Paper
"The Du Nuoy ring is the most commonly used apparatus for surface tension measurements. The group used pieces of paper to determine the weight needed to depress the lever arm to zero. For the experiment proper, the ring was thoroughly cleaned and flamed to red heat for a few seconds. The vernier was turned to zero reading and the lever arm made to just touch the zero indicator. The ring was made to contact the surface of the liquid and was carefully submerged until good contact is established. This was then slowly recovered from the liquid by careful downward movement of the platform and of the thumbscrew. It is important that the lever arm is kept at the zero indicator until the ring is detached from the liquid."
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The Capillary Method, 2003.
Examines surface tension measurements of pure water, NaCl solutions, and HOAc solutions using the capillary rise technique.
2,048 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper is a technical report on a laboratory experiment on surface tension measurements using the capillary rise method. Samples are deionized water and varying concentrations of NaCl and of HOAc. Calculations are included in the appendix.
From the Paper
"Increasing concentrations of HOAc solutions tend to lower surface tension of water, while NaCl solutions increase surface tension of water. The former results to a condition called positive surface concentration, where the solute tend to concentrate slightly in the neighborhood of the surface; the latter is due to negative surface concentration, where the solute molecules become less concentrated in the neighborhood of the surface."
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Oxygen, Radon, and Lead, 2002.
An examination of the elements oxygen, radon, and lead.
2,972 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 140.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a scholarly examination of the elements oxygen, radon, and lead, including who discovered them and when, how they are isolated from the environment, and some of their commercial applications. An analysis of what the impact of the loss of these elements on life and society is also provided.
From the Paper
"Dmitri Mendeleyev's discovery of the Periodic System can be traced to when he first began his scientific work in 1855. At this time, the central axiomatic assumption of chemistry was the notion of a chemical ?element.? Tennebaum says that this notion was associated with the idea that researchers cannot differentiate or divide substance down indefinitely, without encountering some kind of a limit, boundary or, ?singularity? (Tennenbaum, 1994, p. 3). In the specific practice of chemistry up to the time of Mendeleyev, the exploration of this area took the form mainly of what are called chemical separation methods as distillation, precipitation, electrolysis, centrifugation, and so forth (Tennenbaum, 1994, p. 4). It was through this type of exploration that chemists that chemists had discovered about 64 elements at the time of Mendeleyev?s initial research. The French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, on the other hand, adopted the view that these chemical elements are ?singularities? (moments of change, in a search not for ultimate building blocks, but for what he called the ?principles'' of matter."
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Madame Marie Curie: Early Martyr to the Atomic Age, 2004.
A comprehensive analysis of Madame Marie Curie's life and contributions.
1,658 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a scholarly biography of Marie Curie and an assessment of her unique contributions to humanity, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Albert Einstein said she was "the only person to be uncorrupted by fame" (Davis 1986:1). Marie Curie (n?e Maria Sklodowska) was born September 12, 1897, in Paris and died there on March 17, 1956 (Marie Curie 2004). While many people suggest that it takes 35 years to become an overnight success, Marie Curie was successful from the outset and while her personal life was marred by tragedy, her professional career has been widely recognized as being an early example of the contributions women in the scientific community could make given the opportunity. According to Lydia Davis, Curie ?was a proud, passionate, and hard-working woman who played an important role in her time because she had the ambition and the means to do so, and who has played an important role in our own time too, since there is a direct relationship between Marie Curie-Sklodowska and atomic energy. It was also atomic energy that caused her death? (1986:2)."
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Equine Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, 2004.
An explanation of the causes and treatments of NSH.
1,406 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
A research paper on Equine Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathryroidism (NSH). Discusses causes of the disease, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The paper includes many references from medical and veterinary journals, Internet sites, and research on the topic. The writer also interviewed some experts in the field to gain an understanding on this disease.
From the Paper
"Calcium and phosphorus, two very important minerals, make up approximately 70% of the total mineral content in the equine body. Most people, including young children, have seen the milk commercials on television that inform their viewer of the important role that calcium plays in creating strong, healthy bones. Calcium plays this role in many species and is especially important in large breed animals such as the horse, who is often asked to perform hard work and athletically challenging tasks. In addition to creating strong bones in the equine body, calcium is also important for several metabolic functions such as nerve conductions and muscle contractions. Without a sufficient amount of calcium, the horse?s bones would grow weak and he would be at greater risk for injury. Due to the importance of these vital functions of calcium, the equine?s body closely regulates the levels of calcium in the bloodstream. Vitamin D and hormones such as the parathyroid hormone (PTH) play an important part in maintaining adequate calcium levels in the blood stream. When there is not enough calcium in the horse?s diet the PTH begins to break down calcium from the bones, which store 99% of the body?s calcium, and moves it into the bloodstream. When there is a long-term deficiency of calcium in the equine?s diet, significant re-absorption of bone can occur, which can lead to decreased bone strength and density, or abnormal bone formation. Many racetrack injuries, laminitis, and tendonitis have been attributed to inadequate calcium in the diet of young racehorses. Even if there is adequate calcium, a large concentration of other minerals such as phosphorus will decrease the absorption of calcium. Thus, there must be a balanced ratio of these minerals. If improper Ca:P levels in the diet continue for an extended period of time, serious problems such as nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism will develop.
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Firefighting and Carbon Monoxide, 2004.
This paper discusses the problem of carbon monoxide when fighting fires and devices that prevent the inhalation of carbon monoxide by firefighters.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while many poisonous vapors may be present during a fire, carbon monoxide has characteristics that make it particularly dangerous because it causes oxygen deprivation. This author suggests that the solution for firefighters is a piece of equipment called a SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus), which includes a face mask, bottled air supply, a regulator to control pressure, and a harness to carry the apparatus on the firefighter?s back. The paper stresses that fire departments must replace all their breathing apparatus at once so they are standardized, and every firefighter has the same level of protection.
From the Paper
"When SCBA devices were first developed, they were sold as units. Today, however, most departments buy each piece of apparatus separately. This means that each firefighter has his or her own face mask, which reduces the chance of contagious illnesses being spread because multiple users used the same mask while one of them was coming down with something. In addition, departments need to buy extra masks in case masks get damaged. They also need extra bottles, because one bottle per firefighter may not be enough air, making a bottle exchange necessary. This makes it even more important that components be compatible with one another."
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Water Pollution Treatments, 2004.
An explanation of the various methods of water pollution treatment.
2,678 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are are two major types of water pollution treatment: physical and chemical. The paper goes on to explain the various methods of physical treatment, including filtration and air- or steam-stripping. Chemical treatments are for killing microbes in the case of bacterial pollution, but they may be used for altering the chemical makeup of the water to render it less harmful in the case of chemical pollution.
Contents
Three Major Problems
Sediments
From the Paper
"Chemical treatments, generally, are for killing microbes in the case of bacterial pollution, but they may be used for altering the chemical makeup of the water to render it less harmful in the case of chemical pollution. Often, this sort of treatment is used to remove metal compounds from the water. Various materials such as dissolved iron or aluminum salts may be added to help the material to be removed either float or settle, again, depending on how it is to be ultimately removed.
Often, organic chemicals in water can be chemically destroyed by adding ozone or hydrogen peroxide. The ozone may also kill harmful bacterial, or chlorine may be added to do this. But of course, excess chlorine itself is harmful to aquatic life, so sulfur dioxide may then need to be added to make the ?pure? water safe for discharge. Finally, chemicals may be added to water in a treatment system to help create thicker ?sludge? so that the remaining water may be more easily removed."
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The Biochemistry of Lead Poisoning, 2003.
A look at the chemical mechanisms and biological effects of lead poisoning.
1,395 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper describes lead poisoning, focusing on the chemical processes that take place as lead (II) displaces zinc (II) from ALAD and inhibits hemoglobin synthesis. The technical details of the inorganic and biochemical processes at play are explored and discussed, as well as the mechanisms of various lead poisoning therapeutic strategies. This paper also contains several referenced illustrations and figures.
From the Paper
"The protein ALAD, also know as porphobilinogen, is crucial in heme biosynthesis (2). ALAD, a ZnII metalloenzyme, consists of A and B subunits each of which contain a zinc atom when functional. The functionality of the A and B sites has been determined experimentally by displacement of zinc. When magnesium displaces zinc at the A site ALAD is marginally active. Furthermore, when magnesium replaces the zinc in the B site no change in the activity of the enzyme is observed (3). Thus the A site is key to the activity of the enzyme. However, when PbII displaces the active ZnII ion present in the A- site, the enzyme is rendered useless."
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Ionic Liquids, 2004.
Provides information about ionic liquids and their unique properties.
4,075 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 175.95
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Abstract
This work provides information on the properties of ionic liquids and explores how these unique properties can be used to conduct experiments that would not be possible without ionic liquids. The paper also examines the future potential of ionic liquids.
From the Paper
"One of the principal driving forces for research in this area is the need to find replacements typical solvents because they are environmentally damaging. This is because they are used in large amounts and they are volatile. Ionic liquids are different from conventional liquids. They are not composed of molecules, polar like water or acetone, or even non-polar like benzene. These liquids are composed of ions. This class of compounds came into being since the 1980s. Since these are liquids, they have the potential to behave as solvents. Which means that potentially there are a million possible solvents that can be created. By combining different anions and cations, it is possible to create a huge library of different ionic liquids each with specific properties. There are at best, 300 organic solvents that are in use in chemical and pharmaceutical industry, today."
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Magnesium Chloride, 2004.
A discussion of the pros and cons of the use of magnesium chloride as a de-icing agent.
1,228 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how magnesium chloride has become the de-icer of choice in snowy regions such as Colorado and how supporters of the product claim that magnesium chloride is an environmentally safer option for de-icing than some of its predecessors, namely, sodium chloride. It examines how the use of magnesium chloride in liquid and modified cold-pressed form has been shown to be highly effective as a tool for de-icing in Colorado. It also looks at how supporters of the use of magnesium chloride in Colorado have stated that the de-icer has proven beneficial to the environment, while others claim the use of magnesium chloride has been shown to possibly increase electrical outages and pole fires, as well as corrosion.
From the Paper
"Another environmental issue facing Coloradoans resulting from the use of magnesium chloride is corrosion. The use of sodium chloride or rock salt in the past presented a much greater problem in this respect. Magnesium chloride however, is also by nature corrosive; however proponents of its use point out those chemical agents are added to it to minimize the corrosive effects (Pavek, 2002). Highway departments in the state of Colorado have noticed that the use of magnesium chloride as a de-icer has reduced much of the major corrosion on trucks and equipment, as well as steel enforced bridges compared to sodium chloride (Pavek, 2002). However, some reports are also indicating that aluminum components and electrical components in their vehicles are actually showing increased evidence of corrosion at a more rapid rate (Pavek, 2002)."
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Napalm, 2004.
An analysis of the impact of napalm on the 20th century.
1,158 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how napalm, a chemical made by thickening gasoline with the aluminium salt of naphthenic and palmitic acid, was first developed in the United States during World War II and was used in the Korean War and then the Vietnam War. In particular, it examines how its use in the Vietnam War has had the most impact on the 20th century. It looks at how the widespread use of napalm contributed to ideas on the strategies of war and how the impact of napalm in the Vietnam War changed how the public viewed the war, which led to changes in the way the public was viewed in a war situation.
From the Paper
"The first impact of Napalm is the effect it has had on the strategies of war. One text titled The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy, describes America?s approach to war as always being an attempt to reach total war (Weigley). This means not just fighting the forces of the opposing country, but fighting the country itself to cause their surrender. In more modern times, the recent war on Iraq can be given as an example, where American forces do not only fight against the soldiers of Iraq but bomb heavily to limit their ability to fight. With this approach, the goal is to maximize damage to the opposing country so they surrender quickly and the damage to American forces is minimized. If this approach is what America was attempting, Napalm became a way of achieving it in the Vietnam War."
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