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Phase Changes of Water, 2005.
A write-up for an experiment regarding phase changes in water from solid to liquid to gas.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a chemistry experiment, which studied phase changes in water from solid (ice) to liquid (water) to gas (steam). The paper describes the experimental method, gives the results, and analyzes the data in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory and the effects of pressure on boiling water.
From the Paper
"In this lab, the heating curve generated when ice makes the transition between solid to liquid to gas was investigated. The boiling point and current atmospheric conditions were compared at the locations where different students..."
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Charles' Law, 2005.
A write-up of a chemistry laboratory experiment based on Charles' Law.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This is a write-up of a chemistry laboratory experiment looking at Charles' Law, which states that at constant pressure, temperature and volume are directly proportional to each other. The paper describes two experiments: (1) a gas is heated and its temperature and volume change noted and compared; and (2) a candle is burned in an inverted test tube set in a pan of water. The paper describes that as the oxygen in the tube is used up, water rises in the tube, and when there is no more oxygen left the flame is extinguished.
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Chemistry at Home, 2005.
An examination of the electrolyte properties of substances commonly found at home.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper is a write-up of a chemistry experiment looking at the electrolyte properties of substances commonly found around the home, including salt, sugar, baking soda, isopropyl alcohol, Windex, calamine lotion, coffee, liquid soap, vitamin C, lemon juice, soda pop and antacids. The electricity conducted by each of these solutions was recorded.
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Boyle's Law, 2005.
A discussion of Boyle's Law and its application to chemistry.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper is a write-up of chemistry experiments exploring Boyle's Law. The paper looks at changes in pressure accompanying changes in volume of the gases propane and butane. Graphs are plotted of the results to see if the gases obey Boyle's Law of the volume being inversely proportional to the pressure when the temperature remains constant.
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Acids and Bases in the pH Scale, 2005.
An overview of acids and bases from a chemistry and biology perspective.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a detailed overview of acids and bases in the pH scale, including the history, characteristics, types, and Ka values with chemistry and biology applications. The paper covers seven main parts: the history starting with the Romans; the definition of both an acid and a base; the characteristics of acids and bases; types of acids and bases; how to determine an acid number; the relationship between acids and bases to the pH scale; and aqueous and self-ionization solutions. I. Introduction A. What do acids and alkalines have in common? 1.To test whether temperature affected the acidity of different liquids. 2. The complexity and fascination of such project. 3. If different types of liquids were utilized, then temperature would certainly make a difference, however minimal. II. History A. The history of acids have dated back centuries. 1. The Romans first coined the term acidus. 2. Lavoisier's work with acids. 3. Predecessors, such as Arrhenius. III. Definition of acid A. The definition of acids have been controversial at times. 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. The Bronsted definition 3. The Lewis definition IV. Characterizing acids in general B. The nature of acids 1. Sourness 2. Dissolving in water V. Types of Acids A. Strong acids 1. Fundamental characteristics. 2. Dangerous 3. Larger Ka values B. Weak acids 1. Fundamental characteristics 2. Smaller Ka values 3. Equilibrium watch VI. Characterizing Bases. A. Bases are the opposite of acids 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. Characteristics B. Strong and weak bases VII. Acidity A. Acid number has a lot of relation to everything else 1. Determining acid number 2. Acid numbers importance B. pH is the epitome of research 1. Aqueous solution 2. Self- ionization 3. Definitions
From the Paper
"What do acids and alkaline truly have in common? The history of the understanding of an acid is relatively old. Dating back to the Roman Empire days, came the word that we derived acid from, acidus, meaning sour. Around the 1800s, French chemists erroneously believed that all acids contained oxygen, including the famed Antoine Lavoisier. Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in the mid 1800s and a Nobel laureate, did a few experimentations with acids, and came up with concocting a definitive, chemically sound definition of an acid. Later on, in the 20th century, the partners Bronsted and Lowry initiated theories about acids using and published the acid-based concept. The most pragmatic research of acids and bases came from the American chemist Gilbert Lewis. Ever since then, the idea of acids and base has been widely recognized, although the definitions of such terms have been rather controversial."
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The Chlorination of Drinking Water, 2005.
This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of chlorinating drinking water.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the direct application of gaseous chlorine from pressurized steel containers is generally the most economical method for disinfecting large volumes of water. The author points out the types and sources of water pollution extend far beyond the ability of this single treatment process; therefore, American consumers should be aware that additional pollutants may continue to be present in their drinking water despite the best efforts of water treatment experts to make it safe. The paper suggests that taste or odor problems can be minimized through proper dosages of chlorine at the treatment plant with a residual concentration maintained throughout the distribution system to ensure a safe level at the points of use.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Analysis
Background and Overview
Current Applications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Healthcare practitioners have long recognized that small amounts of toxic substances can sometimes have beneficial effects for humans, and this would seem to be the case with chlorine as well. As a chemical, chlorine is a toxic, corrosive, greenish yellow gas that is irritating to the eyes and respiratory system; it is two and a half times heavier than air. The substance becomes a liquid at -34C (-29F) and was first prepared from hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele; chlorine was widely regarded as a compound until research by Sir Humphry Davy showed (1810) that it cannot be decomposed and that muriatic (hydrochloric) acid is comprised of hydrogen and another true element that he named chlorine."
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Metabolic Myopathies, 2005.
Examines the biochemical aspects of muscle glycogenoses.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
Carbohydrates and fatty acids are major energy sources for muscle activity. Glycogen is stored in muscle tissue to allow quick conversion into glucose or pyruvate for use during times of exertion. However, these storage systems do not always function the way they should. Muscle glycogenoses is a group of glycogen storage diseases affecting muscle tissue. This paper details the various types of muscle glycogenoses, their respective pathways, and the physiological effects.
From the Paper
"The blockage prevents patients from being able to adequately store properly packaged glycogen. The glycogen produced in the pathway lack adequate branching and results in liver and spleen symptoms. Further down the glycogenesis pathway, normally the resulting glycogen can be directly reprocessed into glucose through Acid Maltase. Glycogenosis Type II affects this Acid Maltase enzyme. Glycogen which enters the lysosome to be broken down to glucose never leaves the cell. Instead this metabolic error accumulates glycogen in the lysosomes critically affecting cellular functions."
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Stepwise Purification of Lactate Dehydrogenase, 2005.
A biochemistry paper which outlines the purification of lactate dehydrogenase using many standard biochemistry techniques.
1,857 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by purifying beef heart and ends with a highly-quantitative analysis of the results of attempting to isolate the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. It contains every aspect of a detailed biochemistry lab report. The paper contains complex quantitative analysis with supporting statistics. It also has scanned photographs of the gel electrophoresis.
From the Paper
"Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a crucial enzyme that regulates lactate levels throughout the mammalian body. Proper LDH function is essential for a number of important biochemical pathways, including the Cori Cycle and glycolysis among others. Without it, the glycolytic cycle would come to a halt due to diminished nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) reserves, and the buildup of lactate would ultimately result in lactic acidosis-a potentially fatal affliction."
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Golgi in Prion Protein Pathogenesis, 2005.
An NIH-style paper presenting information on prions, pathogenesis and potential treatments.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
The paper is written in NIH standard format style. It details a completely novel, potential experiment in determining prion protein pathogenesis by use of the Golgi. The paper outlines the specific aims, the materials and methods, expectations, and future work in a logical order. The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not the Golgi Apparatus is instrumental in facilitating the distribution of infectious prion proteins from infected neurons. It is hypothesized that constitutive exocytosis from the Trans end of the Golgi Apparatus is a vector through which infectious prions exit an infected neuron. It is also hypothesized that chemical inhibition of exocytosis may decrease formation of pathogenic PrPSc from healthy PrPc.
The paper includes figures.
From the Paper
"Steps toward understanding the nature of these dreaded pathogens are extremely important. Many lives may depend on the development of a treatment, since it is unknown how many people may be carrying PrPSc. The death inflicted by prion illnesses is a slow, excruciating, unimaginably frightening ordeal. In addition, infectious prions are extremely resilient, able to withstand temperatures that carbonize meat, sterilizing doses of UV radiation, and standard autoclaving (4). The pathogenic PrPSc protein poses health risks to not only those who consume and work with beef, but also to physicians, nurses, and technicians who may be exposed to potentially-contaminated neurological tissue."
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Wanted: Fossil Fuel?s Replacement, Nuclear Energy, 2005.
The pros and cons of nuclear energy.
1,378 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper thoroughly describes the advantages and disadvantages between using nuclear energy and fossil fuels. Overall, the paper provides a positive view of nuclear energy and concludes that its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.
From the Paper
"The green, glowing substance illustrated on "The Simpsons", capable of destroying 155,200 people and giving frogs three legs, actually proves to be beneficial. A decrease in the conventional coal burning ways is more than important for conserving and consuming energy. The efficient, clean and safe solution for conservation appears to be nuclear energy. As the safest out of any major technological industry, nuclear technology's powers are nearly limitless. Of course, with no known method for storing radioactive waste, it is in constant, high debate because of the danger spent reactors pose. Leakage and moving tectonic plates in the main storage mountain, the Yucca, continue to be arguments for the opposing of nuclear energy. Still, in everyday use, the benefits of nuclear power outweigh the negative aspects and are a prime alternative to the rapid reduction of fossil fuels."
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Sun Safety Products, 2005.
A discussion about sun safety factors in sunscreen products.
1,304 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing a background on UV radiation. It then explains what the UV index is and why it is an important factor in determining the level of protection against the harmful sun-rays. Active ingredients in sunscreen products are explained and discussed. The paper concludes with a comparison of sunscreen products and a recommendation for the most effective one.
From the Paper
"It's important to check the active ingredients in sunscreens because the active ingredients are what tell you if it covers the entire UVA and/or UVB bands (9). The active ingredient doesn't have anything to do with the SPF rating of the sunscreen, the SPF rating is mainly used to tell you how long you can stay in the sun(9), the higher the number, the longer you can stay protected, although it doesn't make you immune to the sun, you still need to re-apply every few hours. The Sun Essentials article mentions that you multiply the number of minutes you can be in the sun before you turn pink by the number of the SPF you get the total minutes you are covered by the sunscreen(9). The SPF (Sun Protection Factor) doesn't tell you what UV bands it covers, you still need to use a product that contains Titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or avobenzone, which are the only products that cover the entire UVA spectrum and are also the only ones approved for use in the US (9.)"
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Trans Fatty Acids: A Death Sentence, 2004.
An explication and analysis of the biological and health implications of trans-fatty acids.
743 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are lipids that have been chemically manipulated to become more solid at room temperature. In particular, it looks at how they are broken down by the body and how they can be a cause of heart disease.
From the Paper
"Dietary fatty acids are emulsified by bile acids in the small intestine and transformed into chylomicrons which enter the bloodstream via the lymphatic system. Fatty acids are also taken up by cells, where they may serve as fuels for energy production. Chylomicrons can have two outcomes depending upon the body's need for energy, either being stored or oxidized. The oxidation of fatty acids produces acetyl-ScoA, which is the platform for cholesterol synthesis. Excess cholesterol can be stored or deposited on the walls of arteries, narrowing them. The stored fatty acids, as triacylglycerol (triglyceride) in white adipose tissue, also results in the formation of acetyl-ScoA, but through a different pathway."
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Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), 2005.
An analysis of the chemistry make-up of PVC and the controversies surrounding the health and environmental effects of the chemical.
2,296 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), a very strong and rigid plastic, which is found in a wide range of consumer products, such as packaging and plastic wrap. In particular, it looks at how PVC presents an array of problems from its production to its disposal.
Outline
History
Structure and Properties
Production
Health and Environmental Hazards
Alternatives to PVC
From the Paper
"It has been claimed by many groups that PVC is damaging to peoples health. This is especially true in the production phase of PVC. Many of the components and by-products in the manufacturing of PVC have been known to cause cancer or other health effects. The vinyl chloride monomer itself is considered a Group 1 Carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, a branch of the World Health Organization (IARC). More than 30 million pounds of VCM were emitted in 1974 from PVC product manufacturing solely in the US. Another big part of the reason that PVC could be so detrimental to ones health is the fact that it contains large amounts of chlorine."
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Antacids and Soil Acidity, 2005.
Science project that attempts to determine whether or not antacids help soil that is polluted by acid rain.
1,272 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author describes a science project in which she attempted to see if antacids had an affect on acid, in particular, acid in soil. In the research, the author hypothesizes, before conducting her experiment, that the antacid will decrease the acidity of the soil. After conducting her experiment, the author concludes that the data collected supports her hypothesis.
From the Paper
"The immediate purpose for this experiment was to determine the relationship between antacids and acidity in soil. As discussed in the discussion, I believe that the antacids would have an affect on the acidity mainly because antacids are neutralizers. The data that I collected did support my hypothesis. Although the data may have inadequacies because of the sources of error, it shows that the acidity of the soil did decrease in response to adding the antacids into the soil. The reason why I believe that the data is inaccurate in some parts is because after adding 35 g of antacids, the results turned back towards the acidic end of the pH scale. It wasn't until adding the 50 g of antacid that the results skyrocketed toward the base end of the scale."
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Horseradish Peroxidase, 2005.
Scientific review of journal article, "Determination of Safety Levels of Horseradish Peroxidase-Iodide System to Human Gingival Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts in Vitro" .
1,687 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper explains and reviews an article about the effects of the horseradish peroxidase-iodide system on metabolic activity, membrane permeability, and cell growth of gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. The paper provides background information on the subject of the article, details the results of the experiment under discussion, and explains the significance of the experiment in terms of future research on the subject.
From the Paper
"Collectively, these results demonstrate that of the three studied cellular indicators the effects of the complete HRP-I system were first observed as decreased metabolic activity and cell growth. Keratinocytes cell membrane permeability was altered only with concentrations of iodine and hydrogen peroxide as high as 25mmol/L in the complete HRP system in growth medium. The highest production of free iodine was measured to be by the HRP-I system in buffer compared to the growth medium. This is due to the presence of oxidizable free amino acids and antioxidants in the growth media. The highest concentrations of the HRP-Iodine system components which did not have any significant detrimental effects on the metabolic activity and cell growth of gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts with exposure time as long as 1 hour did not have detrimental effects on the metabolism of HGK and HGF cells if the exposure time did not exceed 5 minutes. The effects of the HRP system on cell growth and metabolic activity were observed at lower iodide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations than its effects on membrane permeability. Gingival fibroblasts were more prone to detachment than keratinocyte cell lines, but no differences in changes of growth or metabolic activities were observed between gingival fibroblasts and gingival keratinocytes."
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Celebrex, 2005.
A look at the pain medication called Celebrex.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the pain-killing medication, Celebrex, including its functional groups and solubility. This paper also talks about some of the diseases Celebrex helps control, as well as the medication's possible side effects.
From the Paper
"There has been much controversy the past couple of years about COX-2 inhibitors. These drugs are currently either being taken off the market or given strict caution labels. This is due to a higher risk of heart attacks and strokes. One of these COX-2 inhibitors that are coming up in discussion is Celecoxib. This drug is better known by its brand name, Celebrex."
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