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The 1991 Persian Gulf War.
This paper discusses Saddam Hussein's many legal violations which led to the 1991 Persian Gulf War and occurred during this war.
5,870 words (approx. 23.5 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 225.95
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Abstract
This paper states that never before in history has a man violated as many legal obligations as Saddam Hussein; therefore, 1991 Persian Gulf War has become one of the most significant international events of all time. The author points out that the most obvious violation made by Saddam Hussein was in waging a war of aggression against Kuwait. The paper relates that Iraq violated many treaties such as the United Nations and the Pact of the League of Arab States, all of the Security Council's Resolutions and many laws of war, neutrality and belligerent occupation including carrying out a sneak attack, missile terror attacks against civilian populations, the mistreatment of prisoners of war and finally environmental terrorism.
From the Paper
"Another violation of the laws of wars committed by Iraq in the Gulf War was the mistreatment of the prisoners of war. All of the United States armed forces that were taken prisoner by Iraq were mistreated to some degree which is more violations by Iraq under the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. CNN aired footage on January 20, 1991 of American and other prisoners of war that claimed that there was definite mistreatment of them at the hands of the Iraqi's. This mistreatment goes against Article 13 of the Geneva Convention that states, "Prisoners of war must at all times be humanely treated....Likewise, prisoners of war must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of violence or intimidation and against insults and public curiosity." The fact that these prisoners of war were shown on CNN, the worldwide news program situated at the center of the Gulf Crisis, shows that article 13 was violated since the prisoners were not protected against public curiosity."
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1991 Persian Gulf War: Causes and Consequences, 2002.
This paper examines the causes and explores the consequences of the War in the Persian Gulf of early 1991.
1,677 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
According to the writer, the basic cause of the war between Saddam Hussein's Iraq and the Allied Coalition led by the United States was Iraq's armed seizure of Kuwait in early August 1990. The paper traces the history of this occupation, then discusses the consequences which are explained in the paper as a military triumph by the United States and its allies and the removal of a serious threat to their vital interests.
From the Paper
"A more immediate reason for Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was Iraq's financial situation at the end of the Iran-Iraq war. Iraq had prevailed against Iran largely because of financial assistance from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the other Gulf emirates. According to Hiro, Iraq emerged from the war with foreign debts to non-Arab nations of about $50.5 billion (three times its GDP), plus Gulf loans and credits of another $45 to $55 billion, including a debt to Kuwait of $14 billion. Iraq's ability to repay these debts was hampered by the declining world price of oil. At a series of meetings among the leaders of Arab countries in early 1990, Saddam Hussein demanded relief from this debt burden in form of lower oil production by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait which had exceeded their OPEC production quotas and tens of billions of dollars in cash payments from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the other Gulf states. At the final meeting between Iraq and Kuwait on July 31, 1990, Friedman said he demanded "$10 billion plus some territory and drilling rights." According to Friedman, the August 2, 1990 invasion was the equivalent of "a debtor canceling his debt by robbing the bank.""
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The Second Persian Gulf War: The Unfinished War, 2000.
This is a look at the causes of the Persian Gulf War and its effects, as well as reasons why it is not finished, in a sense.
2,785 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 134.95
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Abstract
In this paper I look at the causes of the Persian Gulf War. What Kuwait did to provoked the Iraqi invasion? Why Iraq felt it was necessary to invade Kuwait? What could the United States and other Arab Nations have done to prevent the invasion? Then I briefly write about the events of the fighting in the Persian Gulf War. Finally I evaluate the United States? policy towards Iraq since the War. Has it had an effect? Have we achieved any of our goals? What else can we do?
In my paper I conclude that the Persian Gulf War was necessary under the circumstances. Furthermore, I write about how our policy has failed towards Iraq and how it needs to be more aggressive. This paper is eight pages long and uses footnote rather then a bibliography. The paper is very informative, yet very opinionated.
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The Persian Gulf War, A War Without Formal Declaration, 2002.
Looks at how the United States government engaged in the Persian Gulf War and several other wars after WWII without officially declaring war.
1,208 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the history of U.S. military engagement since the end of WWII, with particular emphasis on the Persian Gulf War of 1990. It points out that Congress has not formally declared war since December 11, 1941, against Germany and that, during the course of the last several decades in United States history, the citizens of the U.S. have been continually forced into war without a formal declaration of war supported by the U.S. Congress. The paper then discusses the War Powers Act, which has made it possible for Congress to avoid making actual declarations of war while still permitting major military engagements such as the Persian Gulf War.
From the Paper
"Congress has not formally declared war since December 11, 1941 against Germany in response to a formal Declaration of War by Germany against the U.S. (Paul, 2002). When Congress does formally declare war, a task that requires small effort on the part of representatives, an enemy is clearly defined and the task at hand is readily made clear. A clear cut victory is also expected as was the case of the Declaration of war against Germany and Japan. During the course of the last several decades in United States history, the citizens of the U.S. have been continually forced into war without a formal declaration of war supported by the U.S. Congress. The most recent example prior to 2003 of this was the war started in the Persian Gulf. Such action taken by the president of the U.S. exemplifies the pomposity and overbearing authority the president has placed upon himself over the citizens of this country."
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The Persian Gulf War, 2002.
A discussion of U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991).
2,546 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes and analyzes the United States foreign policy decisions and military events which led to, perpetuated and ended American involvement in the Persian Gulf War, including the military strategy employed by Iraq and the United States during that war. It examines how the Persian Gulf War was precipitated by the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990 and the determination by the United States that its vital interests were thereby threatened.
Outline
Background to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990
Pre-Gulf War Military Buildup and Diplomacy
Military Strategy of Iraq and the United States
War Termination
Conclusion
From the Paper
"American satellite photographs alerted United States intelligence to Iraq's buildup of forces north of the Kuwaiti border which reached over 100,000 troops by late July 1990. The administration of George Bush dismissed these moves as saber-rattling. American Ambassador to Iraq April Glaspie told Hussein on July 25, 1990: "we have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreements with Kuwait" (Bennis and Moushabeck 395). These mixed signals violated the first rule of an effective policy of deterrence, which Craig and George said was that any threat to an opponent must be "credible and sufficiently potent in the eyes of the aggressor to prevent him from attempting the undesired course of action" (190). "
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Causes of the Persian Gulf War, 2002.
A comparison of the conflicting accounts of the Persian Gulf War by Iraq and Kuwait.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the regional causes for the Persian Gulf War between Kuwait and Iraq. It describes the history of Kuwait, and the alliance between Kuwait and Iraq during the Iran/Iraq War. The paper explains the reasons for the Persian Gulf War: The unending border argument, the quarrel over the oil deposited on that border, and the weakening of the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait after the Iran/Iraq War.
From the Paper
"From August 2, 1990 until February 26, 1991 Iraq and Kuwait fought in the Persian Gulf War. The two countries disagreed on many issues and causes. The causes of the Persian Gulf War between Iraq and Kuwait were the two countries' continuing boundary dispute, their feud over the oil deposited on the ill-defined border, and the continuing deterioration of the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait after the fallout of the previous Gulf War between Iraq and Iran."
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The Persian Gulf War, 2000.
The paper examines the causes and effects of the Persian Gulf War of 1991.
1,023 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly analyzes the causes leading up to war in the Persian Gulf fought between Iraq and Western Allies in 1991. The paper then looks at the repercussions of the war, including the American public turning on President Bush due to the large amount of Iraqi casualties.
From the Paper
"When it came time for war, President Bush noted the significant advantage a war that we can easily dominate and win would be the chance to weaken Iraq?s military strength. Hussein?s reaction to the outbreak of war was to strike back with words, threats, terror weapons, and ploys to break the unity and resolve the United Nations coalition. He decreed a holy war against the United States, called on all Muslims to unite against the satanic enemy, and warned that in this ?mother of al battles? the Americans would drown in ?pools of their own blood?. He made good on his prewar pledge to attack neutral Israel, firing thirty-nine Soviet made Scud surface to surface missiles at Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Most fell harmlessly, none contained the poison gas warheads Hussein had threatened to use, and after he first days many were destroyed in flight by American patriot antimissile missiles."
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The Persian Gulf War, 2005.
This paper offers an analysis of the events leading up to the Persian Gulf War.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the events leading up to the Persian Gulf War of 1990 and examines the players involved. The paper offers reasons for Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The paper explains the history of Iraq and the success of coalition forces there.
From the Paper
"The Persian Gulf War was a turning point in the twentieth century. It was the first major international conflict to be fought as the cold war was ending and it featured an unprecedented level of international cooperation. For the first time since World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union found themselves on the same side in a military conflict. Indeed the world at large united in its condemnation of Saddam Hussein's invasion of neighboring Kuwait."
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The First Persian Gulf War, 2004.
A comprehensive analysis of why and how the United States fought the first Persian Gulf War.
3,347 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a summary and critique of Peter Cipkowski's book, "Understanding the Crisis in the Persian Gulf," and an analysis of how well the war was prosecuted, from the perspective of Dr. Philip Crowl, concerning what questions a nation must ask when considering going to war. A summary of the research follows in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Much has been written about the military successes enjoyed by the U.S.-led coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm. The levels of strategic planning and professional prosecution of the air war campaign in the Persian Gulf provided the opportunity for many military analysts to make their claims concerning how well the Allies performed. As with any comprehensive historical analysis, this research will examine the events of Operation Desert Storm with a view to establishing how the political strategy was developed. While many Korean and Vietnam veterans would take exception to Peter Cipkowski's assessment that the war in the Persian Gulf captured worldwide attention as the first large-scale Allied military engagement since the Second World War, no one would likely argue with his observations about the importance of these events for the Western nations of the world today."
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The Persian Gulf War, 2001.
This paper discusses the 1990 Persian Gulf War.
1,590 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper is an overview of the conduct of the Persian Gulf War. The author looks at the alliances that were created, the power struggles that influenced the outcome of the war between governments and within the U.S. Government in particular. Operation Desert Shield's different personalities and the affects they had on U.S. government policy and in turn, on the outcome of the war, are also discussed in detail. The background to the controversy is presented, including Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the response of the international community and Middle East personalities and politics are also important to one's understanding of the War.
From the Paper
"The United States drafted a four-phase offensive plan in the autumn of 1990: ?Phase one would be an air attack on Iraqi command, control and communications?.Phase Two would be a massive, continuous air bombardment of Iraqi supply and munitions basics, transport facilities and roads?.Phase Three would be an air attack on the entrenched Iraqi ground forces?.the fourth phase consisted of a Marine amphibious landing on the Kuwaiti coast and an Army frontal attack directly into the Iraqi defensive positions? (Summers, 195). General Powell accepted the first three phases and wanted a better ground campaign. On November 8, 1990, Bush approved a war during the winter of 1991 with Iraq. On January 16, 1991, the U.S.-led coalition began its air campaign against Iraqi forces in Kuwait and Iraq. It would be a short time before Iraq would face the combined air, naval and ground forces of the U.S. and its allies. On February 24, 1991, a force of 620,000 soldiers, Marines, and airmen from nearly forty nations launched the most massive attack across a 400-kilometer front against an Iraqi force. The revised ground assault strategy included a Marine amphibious assault group off the coast of Kuwait."
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The Causes of the Persian Gulf War, 2000.
An American perspective on the three main motives of the war.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the American perspective on the motives of the the Persian Gulf War. This author discusses the war beginning with a complete history on the state of Iraq that lead to its war with Kuwait and America.
From the Paper
""Two dozen U.S. and British aircrafts bombed five radar and other anti-aircraft sites around Baghdad with guided missiles yesterday in the first major military action of the Bush administration. It was the largest airstrike against Iraq in two years and hit sites near the Iraqi capital, a significant departure from the low-key enforcement of no-fly zones in the country's south and north. The U.S.-led alliance declared the zones off-limits to Iraqi aircrafts after the Persian Gulf War. President Bush, speaking at a new conference in Mexico alongside the Mexican President, Vicente Fox, called the raid 'routine.' But it was widely interperted in Washington and other world capitals as presaging a get-tough attitude by the new administration toward a country that has vexed U.S. policymakers for more than a decade. 'Saddam Hussein has got to understand we expect him to comform to the agreement that he signed after The Desert Storm,' Bush said..." (Ricks A1)"
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U.S. Involvement in the Persian Gulf War, 2000.
An analysis of foreign policy decisions, diplomacy and military events leading up to, during and after the 1990-91 war between the Western allies and Iraq.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 114.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper summarizes and analyzes the United States foreign policy decisions and military events which led to, perpetuated and ended American involvement in the Persian Gulf War, including the military strategy employed by Iraq and the United States during that war.
The Persian Gulf War was precipitated by the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990 and the determination by the United States that its vital interests were thereby threatened. American foreign policy, because it sought to maintain a balance between Iraqi and Iranian power in the region, sent Iraq mixed signals which failed to deter the invasion, but many other factors lay behind Saddam Hussein's decision to invade. Thereafter, the United States effectively built up its forces in..."
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Persian Gulf War, 2001.
Allied strategy. AirLand battle theory. Role of media. Iraqui defeat. Outcome of war.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 102.95
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From the Paper
"The Persian Gulf War, fought and won by the United States and the thirty-two allied nations of the UN coalition, was decided in a flurry of combat. Forty-three days of war in the air and one-hundred hours of fighting on the ground combined to topple the Iraqi forces in one of the swiftest and safest wars in the history of mankind. Of course, the pistons within the U.S. war machine had been firing for many months- years- before the conflict over Kuwait began.
Ultimately, the modern, global incarnation of the David and Goliath match-up would not see the giant fall; Iraqi Scud missiles proved themselves not nearly as accurate as the well-aimed rock in David?s fabled sling. The military might of the U.S. and the all..."
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Bush and the Persian Gulf War, 1992.
A look at the ways in which the president "sold" the war to the American public.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 89.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the ways in which the George Bush Administration "sold" the 1990-91 Gulf War to the American public. The study will include consideration of the reasons that Bush chose to mislead the American public and to convince them that the war was in the nation's best interests.
There is no doubt that just prior to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Bush's popularity was low and that public perception of his leadership qualities were similarly diminished. As Shogan writes, Bush had realized that his invasion of Panama had boosted his poll ratings, but since the doubts about that military action had begun to be aired, the polls had once again dipped. As Shogan writes, prior to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, "the most striking measure of how little impact the public believed Bush was having on the government he headed was that..."
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The Persian Gulf War and International Law, 1991.
The paper examines the global response to Saddam Hussein's 1990 invasion of Kuwait: War crimes history and theory, practical & legal issues of trying Hussein, role of Israel and the United Nations and the U.S..
6,750 words (approx. 27.0 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 217.95
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From the Paper
"On August 2, 1990, the Iraqi forces of President Saddam Hussein invaded and swiftly occupied the neighboring emirate or principality of Kuwait. The optimistic hope that the largely bloodless Eastern European democratic revolutions of 1989 marked an "end of history" and the beginning of new era of peace and democracy was quite brutally dashed. By invading Kuwait, Saddam was challenging the world. He was in effect asserting that in spite of lofty rhetoric about the rule of law, naked force could still have the final word.
Saddam was asserting this principle, the principle of force, quite apart from any question about the rights or wrongs of his previous diplomatic dispute with Kuwait. It may well be that Iraq had some merit in its claims that were the immediate pretext for the war: Iraqi rights to a waterway into the Persian Gulf, ... "
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Military Strategies of 1991 Persian Gulf War, 1993.
Analyzing the goals, tactics, technology, political aims, leadership, air power, views on Kuwait and planning of the Iraq vs. U.S.-led coalition.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 217.95
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From the Paper
" Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the strategies of both the U.S..led coalition forces and the Iraqi military, as utilized in their respective campaigns during the Persian Gulf War. The method used in this analysis will be one of comparing and contrasting the strategies of both sides. In addition, an effort will be made to understand the rationale that led to the selection of these specific strategies. It will be seen that air power played a vital role in contributing to the success of the coalition campaign. By contrast, the lack of effective air power was a decisive factor in the failure of the Iraqi effort. The Persian Gulf War was chosen as the basis for this analysis because it provides an excellent case study in the contemporary use of strategic planning and warfare techniques. When Iraq.."
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