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The 1958 Commune Movement in China, 2002.
This paper discusses the formation of the People?s Communes in China which represents a stage in the continuation of the progressive collectivization of the Chinese countryside.
3,985 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 158.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the emergence of communes in the Chinese countryside in the late 1950s as a ?natural? step in the process of transformation demanded by the Great Leap Forward. The paper states that, although the cooperativization in 1955-56 resulted in the ?loss? of land for the peasants, they retained their homes, small private plots and some animals. The author reports that under the impetus of the slogan ?build socialism more, faster, better and more economically?, far-reaching changes in working styles and methods were made throughout China.
From the Paper
"An example of the attempt to introduce the peasantry to factory-style production and technique is the oft-cited movement for the construction and operation of ?back-yard furnaces?. These enterprises aimed to produce a crude form of pig iron using primarily scrap metal, with the hope that through the development of local skills and initiative, farm implements and other tools could be produced locally. The first orders for the construction of these small brick blast furnaces came in May 1958 from K?o Ch?ing-shih, the First Secretary of the Shanghai City Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). But later, and at a time when the experiment was being looked upon with some derision, Mao himself accepted responsibility for advocating the idea (2)."
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Socialist Construction in China 1956-1958, 2002.
This paper explores the years of 1956-1958 in China, years that have come to be known as the period of ?socialist construction?.
3,329 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 139.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how these years in China marked a transition from what had proved a reasonably stable and successful period of ?socialist transformation? between 1953 and 1956, to the gradual dawning of a greater impatience with the pace of revolutionary change, culminating in the relative disaster of the so-called Great Leap Forward in 1958.
From the Paper
"The Chinese Communists, however, had not only the theories of Marx, but also the legacy of Soviet interpretations of that theory. By the 1930s, Soviet Marxists were beginning to regard this principal theme in Marx?s work as no longer relevant to their society. Once the fundamental material pre-conditions for a socialist economy had been established ? and they argued that this was the case ? then contradictions between productive forces and relations of production would be a thing of the past. Contradiction would be replaced by correspondence. Some conservative elements within the Chinese leadership in 1957 were perhaps motivated by this same sort of conviction that base and superstructure corresponded in some essential way, and that a harmony of development rather than contradiction would exist between the two. The history of the development of such an orientation begins in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. During these years, completion of the construction of a new fully socialist economy was announced by Stalin, together with his well-known fabulous claim that there were no longer any exploiting classes in Soviet society (3)."
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China?s Great Leap Forward, 1958, 2002.
This paper looks at the year 1958 in China when the Communist Party made a fateful decision to take Chinese society to a new level.
3,242 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
The writer looks closely at the events that began in May 1958, when the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Liu Shao-ch?i, announced a ?Great Leap Forward? (dayuejin) in which China would ?overtake Britain in iron and steel and other major industrial production in fifteen or more years?. The paper traces the disastrous effects of this decision.
From the Paper
"The movement launched as the Great Leap Forward did not have the backing and support of the whole Party, but was initiated and promoted by its chairman, Mao Tse-tung, with the blessings of a largely radical faction within the Party. Because of the opposition he had encountered from his own colleagues within the Party leadership, Mao had spent January of 1958 travelling around China gathering the support instead of provincial party secretaries and cadres. The leading provincial cadres of East China met in Hangchow and, at the end of the month, those of South China met in Nanning. At both conferences Mao gained support for his ?Sixty Points on Working Methods? and was followed in March by a similar demonstration of support for his line at a conference in Chengtu."
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China?s Great Leap Forward of 1958, 2002.
This paper discusses the theoretical and ideological underpinnings of China?s Great Leap Forward of 1958.
2,430 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the significance of the ?Great Leap Forward? of 1958 within the broader perspective of the Chinese revolution. This paper reviews the ideological significance of the Great Leap Forward in terms of both the identification of the goals and aims of those who claimed leadership of the revolution. The author explains the interdependence of ?pure? and ?practical? ideology and the concept of ?thought? and ?theory?.
From the Paper
"Since 1953, the CCP took great care in making the distinction between the universality of theory and the particularity of ?thought?. ?Marxism-Leninism? was considered the guideline for all action; but, although clearly related, ?Marxism? was regarded as the basis for theory and so offered a ?world view? (shijie guan), Schurmann?s ?pure ideology?. ?Leninism? contributed a systematic body of thought concerning the practical application of Marx?s ?universal truths? in relation to social revolution and revolutionary organization, namely practical ideology. This recognition of and stress on duality persists during the period of the Great Leap Forward, although the two components of CCP ideology assume different names."
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Understanding China, 2006.
This paper examines the rich history, economy and culture of China as depicted in John Bryan Starr's "Understanding China: A Guide to China's Economy, History and Political Structure."
1,414 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews "Understanding China: A Guide to China's Economy, History and Political Structure" by John Bryan Starr. This paper discusses China's ancient culture and its emergence as one of the foremost powers in the modern world. This paper focuses on China's recent admission to the World Trade Organization and as well as its economy which is set to become the largest in the world within the next few years. The writer of this paper examines China's political history and contends that in spite of the country's numerous transformations, the structure of the government is today fundamentally identical with what it was under the later imperial dynasties. Today, there is no emperor at the top, but instead a small committee of the leading members of various political parties who hold much the same position. Although there had been significant changes in China's economy, few political changes transpired. The communists still hold a monopoly of power and although its economic policies scarcely seem to be communist anymore, it does not intend to relax its political grip.
From the Paper
"Starr contends that China remains one of the most self-contained and hence inscrutable countries in the world. It has an ancient culture of major historical importance, and has been emerging as one of the foremost powers of the modern world. It is the third largest country in the world and certainly the most populous, with about one-fifth of the world's total population. Modern communications make it as easy to reach Beijing from London or New York as it is to get to Singapore or Nairobi. Yet China remains little known and poorly understood; few foreigners learn its language or study its history and culture. Although foreign trade and tourism have increased dramatically in the last decade, they are only very slowly leading to any changes in foreign perceptions of China."
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USA and China Hostilities, 2008.
This paper addresses the issues of America's trade imbalance with China and China's industrial spying.
1,396 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses America's trade imbalance with China that is fueled by China's failure to prevent copyright infringement and the sale of counterfeit goods as well as China's artificial currency devaluation. The paper also looks at the issue of Chinese spies stealing industrial secrets from American and European firms. The paper provides suggestions for improvement and argues that America needs to peacefully use their economic position to force China to compete fairly. The paper asserts that America should use legal, diplomatic and media pressure to force China to behave ethically.
From the Paper
"The United States and China have a long history of hostility and distrust. In recent years this hostility has centered on several economic issues. These include America's trade imbalance with China, a deficit fueled in part by a huge Chinese market in pirated American intellectual property and brand name knock-offs. Further, U.S. and European firms claim that Chinese industrial spies have stolen technology for products ranging from computer chips to cruise missiles."
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Doing Business with China, 2006.
This paper examines "Big Dragon China's Future: What it Means for Business, the Economy, and the Global Order" by Daniel Burstein and Arne de Keijzer who both contend that China is well on its way to becoming the world's largest economy.
2,496 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Burstein and de Keijzer's "Big Dragon China's Future: What it Means for Business, the Economy, and the Global Order" in which both authors predict that by the 2030s China will be the world's largest economy. This paper discusses the various companies that have suffered due to the shifting politics of foreign policy between China being in favor one day and out the next. This paper also details the views of Jeffrey Garten, a writer for "Harvard Business Review" who sees China as enticement for foreign investors, yet stresses caution should be used in developing any business relationship with China. This well-written paper covers several areas regarding China's economy including a U.S. initiative supporting China's membership in the World Trade Organization, expansion of U.S. public-private partnerships to invest and help solve particular problems in China and development of China's policy mutually with U.S. allies. "Big Dragon" profiles many individual Chinese entrepreneurs and others who are bringing a new China into being. This paper also focuses on Zhang Wei, one of China's more successful entrepreneurs, who went from government researcher to heading a company employing 400 in only three years. Despite the differences between practices in China and other countries, many corporations are willing to take a big gamble on China, seeing that their future is dependent on their performance in China.
From the Paper
"Over the course of his history, Zhang has captured the essence of the Chinese business world of "catch-as-catch-can". His corporation has various types of holdings, often-different one from the other. Zhang has bridged the gap across the Pacific with the United States with his position of "master franchise holder in China" of an American company, Fun World. What makes this situation particularly unique is that it is one of the first companies in China "to buy an interest in a U.S. company." At the time Big Dragon was written, Zhang was "negotiating an arrangement that would shift manufacturing of all the equipment for the centers to China." Zhang hopes to take the U.S. company over altogether, including the export of the concept to "other countries and selling the franchisees Chinese-made equipment." Zhang has encountered some problems along the way, problems that are compounded by China's culture and lack of laws, which govern specific business issues. One is that franchisees have stolen the company name and have opened their own centers."
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China and Taiwan: Compromise or Confrontation, 2002.
Discussion of the relationship between Nationalist China and Communist China.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the hostile relationship between Nationalist China and Communist China in terms of past conflict, disparate ideologies, and the present dispute over the status of Taiwan.
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The Future of China, 2002.
Discusses the rise of criminal syndicates in China and their affect on China's political and economic progress.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
Few would dispute that China has acquired considerable economic and political powers in the region. Despite achieving progress, liberal economic policies in China have caused many social ills including the rise of criminal syndicates. This paper examines the recent rise of crime in China placing it in the context of economic and political progress and argues that the latter is cohesive enough to outweigh crimes in future China.
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China and the WTO, 2002.
This paper discusses China?s inception into the World Trade Organization (WTO) and addresses the question of whether or not China's markets have expanded since its entry.
7,925 words (approx. 31.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 250.95
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Abstract
On December 11, 2001, China officially became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), opening the country?s doors to change and a new economy. This paper looks at the long journey it took in order to achieve this goal and the future prospects of such a step. The paper begins with an historical overview of China's economic structure and how this culminated into a decision to enter the WTO. It discusses the obstacles that China experienced in joining the WTO and the cost of the membership. It provides a table of China's commitments to the WTO and looks at what they expect to get in return. The economic impact of such a move is discussed and how this has influenced China's market structure and financial market reform.
Introduction
History of China?s Economic Structure
The Decision to Enter the WTO
Obstacles in Joining the WTO
The Cost of WTO Membership
China's Key Commitments to the WTO
What China Gets in Return
Economic Impact on China
China?s Commitments
Foreign Investments
Changes Made and Lessons Learned
China?s Market Structure
Financial Market Reform
Trade and Foreign Direct Investment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"On December 11, 2001, China officially became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), opening the country?s doors to change and a new economy. One year after China?s entry into the WTO, the country reported great success, showing better-than-expected economic growth and fulfillment of its WTO commitments, despite its shaky world economy. The excellent performance of the Chinese economy was clearly demonstrated by its eight percent growth rate in gross domestic product, as well as the significant growth in trade and inflow of foreign direct investment. As a result of its inception into the WTO, financial experts forecast that China will become the fifth trading country with an import-export volume worth US$600 billion and one of the most attractive areas for foreign direct investment, which exceeded US$50 billion in 2002 alone."
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China's Role In WWII, 1999.
Examines the U.S. policy toward China, the China-Japan conflict, internal Chinese conflicts and military, political and economic weaknesses.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 12 sources, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
This research paper discusses the role of China in the origin, course and the outcome of World War II. Because of internal Chinese divisions, weaknesses in the Chinese Nationalist government and the priorities accorded to other theaters of war, China never played the role envisaged for it by some Allied leaders and war planners; nevertheless, events there served to enmesh Japan in an unsustainable military adventure on the Asian mainland and to weaken its overall war effort.
From the Paper
"CHINA'S ROLE IN WORLD WAR II
This research paper discusses the role of China in the origin, course and the outcome of World War II. Because of internal Chinese divisions, weaknesses in the Chinese Nationalist government and the priorities accorded to other theaters of war, China never played the role envisaged for it by some Allied leaders and war planners; nevertheless, events there served to enmesh Japan in an unsustainable military adventure on the Asian mainland and to weaken its overall war effort.
1937-1941
World War II began at different times for different nations. For Britain, France, Poland and Germany, it began in 1939, for Italy in 1940, for Russia in June 1941, for the United States with the Pearl Harbor attack and the German declaration of war in ..."
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Human Rights in China, 2002.
An overview of human rights abuse in China and how it must be overcome for China to be recognized as a truly civilized country.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper will look at the sensitive issue of human rights abuses in China. Since the process of globalization has also reached China, and if it wants to be considered a legitimate world power, it must take a positive step towards becoming a truly civilized country. Improving its human rights record must be one of its most important objectives.
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of China Entering WTO, 2002.
Discusses the possible advantages and disadvantages to the people of China if China were to join the WTO.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
Summary: This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Chinese entering the World Trade Organization. By understanding the different elements of this type of major deal in trade, we can see how this might affect the lives of the Chinese on a world basis. The effects of internationalization of this country has been an issue in recent times, and this deal would have significant affects on China.
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China's 1959-1962 Famine, 2006.
A paper explaining China's hidden famine of 1958-1962.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 195.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the hidden famine of 1958-1962 in China and argues that it was the result of Mao's 'great leap forward' error of trying to collectivize agriculture while attending to industrialization, bogus Soviet advice, the Communist failure to respond to what was obviously severe famine, and disaster's social imprint. The famine showed the timelessness of rural/urban networks, rumour, subversive sentiment, and government cover-up and failure. The famine's gravity was hidden from the outside world till the late 70s, though 40 million Chinese had died.
From the Paper
"In 1958-1961, and the succeeding year, millions of Chinese died in a severe famine created by the Great Leap Forwards and made worse by Beijing's failure to respond. Effort was made to hide the famine from urban Chinese and the world, despite signs that all was not well in the countryside. Between the spring of 1959 and December of 1961, at least 30 million starved to death with the rate of births per annum not returning to previous levels till the mid-1960s."
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China and Human Resources i, 2002.
This paper critically discusses the role of human resource (HR) practitioners in China both before and after China's entry into the WTO.
4,900 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 261.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that private enterprise will be of key focus, where the issues surrounding HR and HR development suggest that there are numerous new business strategies that have entered the Chinese private business. The author examine these changes and note how and why these changes are managed effectively in the Chinese economy.
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China's Entry into the WTO, 2004.
A discussion on the benefits of China's accession to the World Trade Organization for China and its trading partners with a focus on the United States.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the benefits of China's entry to the World Trade Organization. It examines how findings indicate that China will benefit from new export markets and increased foreign investment and how the main efficiency gains from WTO membership for China will be in the protected and non-traded sectors, which will feel the impact of import competition or the arrival of new foreign-backed competitors. It looks at how China's market access commitments will provide U.S. businesses the opportunity for significantly greater market access to a broad range of goods and services in sectors that are of key importance to U.S. businesses. It also shows how East Asian economies could also benefit significantly from China's membership, since Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan (China) all provide intermediate goods and quality consumer durables that could gain market share in China.
Outline
Introduction
Expected Benefits
Stability in External Economic Relationships
Access to China?s Market
China Revitalized
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are seven types of trade regime commitments in China?s WTO accession agreement that have a wide variety of positive implications for China?s operation as a free market economy (World Trade Organization: analysis of China's commitments to other members, 2002). Some commitments require a specific action from China, such as reporting information about China's import-licensing requirements to the World Trade Organization. Other commitments are less specific in nature, such as those that confirm China's general obligations to adhere to WTO principles of nondiscrimination in the treatment of foreign and domestic enterprises. China's market access commitments will provide U.S. businesses the opportunity for significantly greater market access to a broad range of goods and services in sectors that are of key importance to U.S. businesses."
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