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Healing Touch, 2007.
This paper discusses the therapy of human touch.
1,043 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
In this paper the writer notes that there is a contest going on between conventional and alternative methods of treating sicknesses. The writer points out that conventional or traditional medicine relies on pills and other forms of mechanical intrusion into the ailing body, while alternative or holistic medicine aims at restoring the ailing body's balance by filling up its depleted energy field. The writer discusses that opponents have come up with views of the healing touch method as mere superstition, which cannot be outwardly proved, but notes that it continues to gather advocates among the public. The writer explains that the healing touch is an alternative method of addressing and correcting human illness, especially psychological illness, by intruding into the patient's depleted energy field and manipulating it. The writer concludes that the healing touch should be recommended but should not replace what is strictly within the proven or commonplace jurisdiction of traditional or conventional medicine.
Outline:
Introduction
Body
Summary and Recommendation
From the Paper
"A typical session starts with the patient sitting or lying down and the practitioner moves his hands over the patient's body without needing actual contact. The practitioner senses rough areas in the energy field. He is able to make an assessment or "diagnosis" in a few minutes. Many patients feel the sweeping motion made by the practitioner with his hands as a kind of warmth or pleasant vibration. The practitioner should desire the patient's well-being in order to produce the effect. Dr. Krieger said that the healing that follows is not a new concept. The touch somehow changes or improves the body's hemoglobin levels and this leads to the restoration of health. She insisted that the body's energy field is an electromagnetic phenomenon."
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Fertilization Techniques, 2007.
This paper examines the most common infertility techniques that are available today.
2,252 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that there are a number of methods that have been developed with varying degrees of success to help women who have difficulty becoming pregnant. The writer points out that these include some of the most contemporary technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and various other procedures. In essence, the writer explains that assisted fertilization refers to technologies and techniques that can be used to enhance sperm-egg interaction. This paper outlines some of the most prevalent and contemporary of the infertility techniques in use today. The writer concludes that the suggestion is that reproductive cloning will advance, in a similar fashion to the acceptance of techniques like IVF, and that new techniques will be developed to improve upon existing methods of infertility assistance.
Outline:
Introduction
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
GIFT: Gametic Intra-fallopian Transfer
Other Techniques
New Techniques and Reproductive Cloning
From the Paper
"There are a number of advantages to this procedure, including the fact the embryo can be fertilized inside the oviduct in its natural environment. The process also takes only about an hour and can also be performed on an outpatient basis."
"There are a number of variations to both GIFT and in vitro fertilization that are important to note. These include blastocyst transfer, or the transfer of a more mature embryo; as well as the use of donor eggs from another woman and the use of a surrogate mother and the transfer of frozen embryos."
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Fertilization Techniques, 2007.
The writer discusses the beginnings of fertilization techniques and looks at the various processes available.
2,326 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer notes that in the past few decades, several advanced current-day fertilization techniques for women that have difficulties conceiving children have emerged at the forefront of medical technology. The writer points out that medical professionals are now able to prescribe a few different treatment options for women that are unable to get pregnant naturally. If treatment has not resulted in pregnancy after four to six menstrual cycles, fertilization techniques may be considered. The writer concludes that it appears that different techniques have roots in in vitro fertilization, which is predicted to see improvements over the next few years. The writer maintains that the future of human fertilization appears bright.
Outline:
Introduction
In Vitro (test tube) Fertilization
Third Party Donor
Gametic Intra-fallopian Transfer
Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Currently, in due to improvements in ultrasound imaging, surgery is no longer necessary for most in vitro fertilization patients. Technological progress has allowed for the use of a sonographically-guided needle to replace the surgical procedure which previously was used to recover eggs. This procedure, called Transvaginal Oocyte Retrieval, requires neither hospitalization nor general anesthesia. Instead, the woman undergoes about two weeks of intensive preparation, including hormonal therapy with fertility drugs. Blood tests and ultrasound scans of the ovaries are used to determine the optimal time to retrieve the eggs from the ovary, and at the proper time, an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia will allow the female's eggs to be visualized by ultrasound and retrieved from the ovary by placing a needle through the vaginal wall. The woman experiences pain similar to a pap smear and is able to return home and resume normal activities. The embryologist places the sperm with the eggs when they are ready for fertilization, maintaining them in a laboratory dish in a nutrient mixture which acts as a substitute for the environment that would otherwise have been provided by the fallopian tubes."
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Sodium Pump, 2007.
This paper examines the activity and importance of sodium pumps to the body.
1,387 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the Na+-K+-ATPase (Sodium Pump)The Na+-K+-ATPase, or sodium pump is a highly-conserved integral membrane protein existing in almost all cells in higher organisms. The writer further explains that a human at rest contains cells that consist roughly of 25% cytoplasmic ATP which is hydrolyzed by sodium pumps. Approximately 70% of ATP is consumed to fuel sodium pumps in nerve cells. In the body, the autonomic nervous system heart cells are regulated through these receptors to modulate certain ion-kinetic structures to influence ion movement. The writer concludes that the sodium pump is involved in cell junction maintenance, thus ensuring that the heart cells stay connected with one another. The writer also notes that without this sodium pump, the body cannot function and the heart never develops.
From the Paper
"Description of the structure of this molecule is still uncertain, but information is available to define the amino acids involved in ATP and cation binding. The sodium pump, which is located within the outside membrane of the cell, grabs sodium and releases it on the other side of the membrane, repositioning itself to do so, then grabs potassium and releases it within the cell: Within the cell, ATP is bound to the empty pump, the N/A+ ions approach the pump, are bound to the pump until the pump is loaded with (3) Na+ ions, ATP is hydrolyzed, the pump phosphorylated, the pump reorients in the membrane and the Na+ ions start to fall off outside of the cell. As the Na+ ions are released, (2) K+ ions approach the pump, are bound and dephosporylation takes place. The ATP is bound to the pump, a conformational change takes place when the K+ is in the cell and they are delivered into the interior of the cell and the pump is ready to start again. Although it is difficult to explain the structure of this "pump," based on primary amino acid sequence, it probably possesses 8 or 10 transmembrane domains."
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The "Bodies" Exhibit, 2007.
A description of the "Bodies" exhibit that uses plasticized corpses to display human anatomy and physiology.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the "Bodies" exhibit, one of several traveling science exhibitions illustrating human anatomy through a remarkable use of real human cadavers. The paper explains that the exhibit includes whole plasticized corpses placed in athletic poses that show off the inner workings of the human body, as well as body parts, for a more in-depth analysis of organs and systems. The paper is of the opinion that in spite of its coldly scientific vibe, the exhibit is well-managed, inspiring and highly informative.
From the Paper
"In addition to the general goriness of the exhibit, the source of the bodies has cause considerable controversy. Unlike von Hagen's, the bodies in the Seattle exhibit were those of people who died of natural causes but were unclaimed by friends or relatives (Doughton). Because they were unclaimed, the bodies were donated to a medical hospital and were later plasticized for Bodies. Dr. Sui Hongjin, a protege of Dr. Hagens, was in charge of the plasticization technique used on the bodies on display in the exhibit (Doughton)."
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Breast Cancer Mortality, 2007.
This paper discusses female breast cancer mortality in New Jersey counties and looks at the relationship with certain environmental variables.
3,331 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that today, breast cancer remains the focus of a growing amount of research around the world and new, improved diagnostic techniques, drugs and treatment are constantly improving survival rates. Nevertheless, the writer points out that the incidence of female breast cancer remains unacceptably high in many regions of the country, especially New Jersey. To identify recent trends in the incidence of female breast cancer generally and in New Jersey specifically, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed literature and an analysis of the statistical rates by race for the state and its counties. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion. The writer concludes that the the research is clear in showing that virtually every county in New Jersey is considered high-risk for increased rates of breast cancer by virtue of their geographic proximity to nuclear reactors, as well as the potential environmental toxins that go hand in hand with high concentrations of humanity.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Environmental Factors
Table 1 - Breast Cancer Statistics - New Jersey
Table 2 - Female Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality by Race, New Jersey and the U.S. 1989-1993.
Table 3 - Cancer Death Statistics for the State of New Jersey by Race
Summary of Breast Cancer Trends Identified in New Jersey
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Other environmental factors may relate to socioeconomic conditions. While the National Cancer Institute and other medical organizations agree that women age 50 years and older should obtain a routine mammography every one to two years, estimates of breast cancer screening utilization show that participation in mammography screening is typically lowest among groups of women with whom social workers often work; that is, older, low-income, rural, and racially and culturally diverse women. Studies have investigated a variety of factors predictive of women's decisions about breast cancer screening, including socioeconomic factors, and to a lesser extent, psychological and cultural variables; the results of these studies generally indicate that older and ethnic minority women, women with inadequate insurance coverage and no regular source of medical care, women that are less educated, women that live in medically underserved areas, and women that report strong religious values, attitudes, and beliefs about breast cancer, are less likely to obtain breast cancer screening and are at greater risk of dying from breast cancer than are white women who are younger, educated, have health insurance and access to medical care, and that do not express strong beliefs about breast cancer."
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73008.doc, 2007.
This paper reviews, chapter by chapter, the book "Lessons from the Future" by Stan Davis.
1,495 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Stan Davis' "Lessons from the Future" is a collection of essays, mainly selections or essay excerpts from his previous work. The author points out that, in most of Part One ("Ideas"), Davis breaks down the process of thinking, especially the need to identify the question and the ideal area for future direction, which helps the individual focus his or her thoughts. The paper relates that, where privacy was the greatest concern for the information economy and pollution was the greatest threat in the industrial economy, ethics will cause the most problems and necessitate new solutions in the bioeconomy.
From the Paper
"Explaining the "architecture" of information, Davis outlines form and function in relation to information. The form of information includes the shape and how it is structured. The function part refers to the activities carried out for the sake of information. Information in the current economy comes in the four forms of data, text, sound, and image. These inputs make the senses of sight and hearing more important than the others. Davis suggests that, in the future bioeconomy, the other senses may play a greater role."
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Positive Risk-Taking, 2007.
This paper examines research regarding a gene related to thrill-seeking behavior.
6,238 words (approx. 25.0 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 177.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that there are scientists that now say that the 'thrill-seeking gene' has been discovered. The writer notes that, according to researchers, people who have this gene are somewhat more likely to be outgoing, adventurous types who like to bungee jump, skydive, and mountain climb. Some of the research suggests that people with this gene can also be prone to violence, but this is more due to environmental factors and not due entirely to the gene itself. The writer relates that the gene, known to scientists as D4DR, is found on a specific chromosome and thought to be the cause of thrill-seeking behavior. The writer concludes that scientists have been fascinated with this type of issue for many, many years, but this is not necessarily a good thing in some respects, as there are sometimes reasons why specific issues should be left alone instead of changed or addressed by science.
Outline:
Introduction
The Research
The Opposite of Thrill Seekers
Personality Theories
Other Influences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the studies performed in Israel and the United States, people were asked to fill out a personality questionnaire. After they had completed the questionnaire, they had their blood drawn and genetically analyzed. The analysis showed that people who had questionnaire answers that were more excitable and exploratory also had the longer version of the thrill seeking gene. Those whose answers were more reflective and reserved had the shorter version. It may not actually be the gene, but the size of the gene that is relevant in relation to thrill seeking behavior."
"Circumstances surrounding the person's upbringing and adult life could also have a definite effect on how the person displays their thrill seeking tendencies. According to researchers, the person could turn out to be a war hero, an extreme skier, or a violent murderer, depending on the circumstances they are in and the outlets that they can find in which to express their desire for thrill seeking behavior."
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Vision in Goldfish and Humans, 2007.
A comparative analysis of the use of vision in humans and goldfish.
984 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the similarities and differences between the way that humans see and the way that goldfish see. It examines how adaptation behavior in both humans and goldfish has developed the vision that they have overall as a species today and how, although they may see very differently from one another as a species, there are specific reasons for the type of vision that each species has.
From the Paper
"Vision that is seen in the goldfish may not seem important to many people, but it is actually quite fascinating in that it is much more developed than most people would expect it to be for the size and apparent intelligence of the creature. Overall, goldfish have developed full-spectrum vision so that they will be able to see the micro-flashes of static electrical charge and bio-luminescence that appear when a creature hunting with sonar sends sound waves through waters rich in micro-fauna in order to search for its prey (Schaerer & Kirschfeld, 2000). This full-spectrum vision has also proved to be very effective in sensing many and various tell-tale signs that come from the bow-wave that a rapidly moving predator makes as it cuts through the water (Schaerer & Kirschfeld, 2000)."
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Malaria, 2007.
This paper discusses the ancient and global disease malaria.
1,455 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that malaria was once thought to have nearly disappeared, but in recent years has made a comeback in some areas due to lack of pesticide control of mosquitoes, the carriers of the disease, and to mosquitoes becoming resistant to the pesticides. The author points out that malaria can be difficult to diagnose in many cases because of the diversity of symptoms that can differ between adults and children and because the disease can lie dormant for months or even years. The paper relates that the disease can build up immunity to the treatments, which may be one of the most difficult obstacles to overcome in finally eradicating the disease.
Table of Contents:
Detection of the Disease
Types of the Disease
Symptoms
Treatment
From the Paper
"Malaria has been known as a deadly disease for centuries. Two authors note the origin of the name fits where it still exists most commonly today. They write, "The origin of the name malaria, meaning 'bad air,' stems from the Roman period in Italy when the Romans first associated the disease with the stench of swamps." Malaria is spread through the blood, specifically by mosquitoes that carry the disease and spread it when they bite a victim. The insects are also exposed to the disease when they bite a victim (human or other) that carries the disease. Mosquito spraying ..."
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Thermodynamics, 2007.
A look at thermodynamic principles and how they can be used as a guide to explain living systems.
1,685 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that thermodynamics can be used as a guide to explain living systems because living systems are simply a manifestation of components of non-living systems, with atoms, elements and an injection of micro-electricity guiding the process. The author points out that this relatively simple assumption has guided years of research and allows scientists to create explanations, which employ thermodynamics to define the development and more importantly the creation of life. The paper relates that a conflict occurs when the biological systems lean in the direction of complexity, as all living systems do, and the human mind then falters in his or her ability to apply thermodynamic laws to living systems. The paper includes a formula and several long quotations.
From the Paper
"Within this driving force of potential complexity and also the inability of simple science to correct for unpredictability there is debate, the driving force of answers. Debate ensues among those who attempt to simplify matters into those which can be recreated and documented repeatable effects to create scientific truth and those who wish to make conjecture part of the scientific rule on this issue. Some would say that the groundhog example is explainable through science, and still others would contend that it is not the environment that determines the reality of the system, ..."
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Jellyfish, 2007.
This paper describes the characteristics of the marine invertebrates known as jellyfish.
2,482 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the life-cycle and reproduction, defense and feeding mechanisms and body systems of jellyfish. The paper looks at how they group themselves into "swarms" or "blooms" and the problems when keeping them in captivity. The paper discusses the severity of jellyfish stings and the different species of jellyfish that exist.
Outline:
Life-cycle and reproduction
Defense and Feeding Mechanisms
Body Systems
Blooms and Grouping
Captivity Sting Treatment
Species
From the Paper
"Jellyfish are marine invertebrates which are part of the Scyphozoan class, and in turn the phylum Cnidaria; "members of this structurally simple marine group possess one of two body forms. Sea anemones, sea whips, corals and hydroids are polyps growing attached to rocks or other hard surfaces of the sea. Jellyfish and the Portuguese man-of- war are free-swimming medusa. Both body forms display radial symmetry with body parts radiating from a central axis. This symmetry allows jellyfish to respond to food or danger from any direction" . Moreover, they have strange shapes and colors: they might look like a bell or an inverted bowl from 3 millimeters to 2 meters in diameter. Their bells contain small sense organs that respond to light and gravity."
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"The Natural History of the Senses", 2007.
This paper discusses "The Natural History of the Senses" by Diane Ackerman.
915 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Ackerman's book "The Natural History of the Senses" that spans an experiential history of all five senses. The paper explains Ackerman's premise that it is essential to use a multifaceted approach to understanding human sensory experiences. The paper discusses how human biology influences the way people experience the sensory world. The paper explains that cultural and social influences affect the ways in which these biologically generated impulses are experienced throughout history, in different areas of the world and from person to person. The paper asserts that one will never smell, touch, taste, hear, or see the world the same after reading "The Natural History of the Senses."
From the Paper
"Diane Ackerman, author of The Natural History of the Senses, seems to posses the ideal qualifications to author such an enterprising and all-encompassing work. According to the author's own website, Ackerman is a noted author of poetry, memoir, and nonfiction. Her education is grounded in both creative and academic training. She received an M.A., M.F.A. and Ph.D. from Cornell University. Previous to writing A Natural History of the Senses in 1990, Ackerman authored several volumes of poetry, and has written a kind of sequel after The Natural History of the Sense's success, called The Natural History of Love. She has authored a book for children on animal's senses, and even has a molecule named after her, called "dianeackerone.""
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Ethics Behind Stem Cell Research, 2007.
A review of the history of stem cell research, and a discussion regarding the ethical implications of this controversial topic.
1,588 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses stem cell research. The paper provides a brief background of the history of stem cell research and goes on to discuss how oocytes, originally obtained specifically for human embryonic stem cell research and not for reproductive or medical purposes, create an object of ethics research. The paper reports that the National Research Council-Institute of Medicine in the United States has set guidelines that are exemplary.
From the Paper
"Stem cell research dependant upon somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) presents risks for donors and so the women donor's welfare is a concern, but in actuality, the risks faced by these healthy women are equal to the risks other clinical research subjects face. If other research were to be scrutinized as much as these are and are to be found acceptable, then stem cell research donors should be able to fulfill the same scrutiny and find equal footing. The concerns of inducing service and recruiting where women are vulnerable, as well as reimbursing donors sufficiently should be considered, controlled, and informed consent be guaranteed. (Mertes 629)."
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Assisted Reproductive Technology, 2007.
This paper discusses assisted reproductive technology (A.R.T.)
2,712 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that assisted reproductive technology (A.R.T.) has received a great deal of attention in recent years. The writer explains that couples who have difficulty having children are now seeking out assisted reproductive technology to conceive children. The writer examines the developments and advancements in assisted reproductive technologies. The technologies examined include: Zygote intra fallopian transfer, donor egg or embryo, surrogacy/gestational carrier, in vitro fertilization (IVF), intra cytoplasmic sperm injection and gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT). The writer concludes that the research indicates that there are many alternatives available to infertile couples and that IVF and GIFT remain among the most popular and successful types of reproductive technologies.
Outline:
Introduction
Zygote Intra fallopian Transfer
Donor Egg or Embryo
Surrogacy/Gestational Carrier
In Vitro Fertilization
Intra cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Gamete Intra fallopian Transfer
Future Technologies and Conclusions
From the Paper
"In addition to egg donation, embryos can also be donated. In most cases embryos are donated by couples that have undergone IVF and still have some additional frozen embryos; couples can choose to donate these embryos, have them used for medical research or have them destroyed. When the embryos are donated they are given to couples that have problems creating their own embryos."
"The author also points out that as it relates to having to use donor eggs, there are certain emotions that a woman may experience. The author asserts that these emotions are similar to the emotions that a man may experience when he discovers he is sterile. Relying on a donor egg or embryo also means that the woman will have no genetic link to the child."
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BIOLOGY, 2007.
A review of biology as a cross-interdisciplinary study.
1,395 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at biology. According to the paper, biology covers the entirety of human history as well as the study of all life on the planet Earth. This paper focuses on what and how resources within biology are actually used. The paper assesses their validity based upon their credibility and support within the specific fields.
From the Paper
"There are several types of journals about biology. The two most prominent types are peer-reviewed journals and main-stream journals. In the first case, peer reviewed journals are very scientific in nature and not suited for laymen. They are usually published by professional associations of scientists such as the American Biology Society, and the Public Library of Science. Such literature is usually published on an annual, bi-annual or monthly basis and contains articles that are written by professionals within the field that detail their research. All articles within such journals are peer-reviewed and thus have credibility because they are reviewed for accuracy. Peer reviewed journals take on two particular forms, the first are ones that discipline specific, these journals are usually published through professional associations that specialize in such arenas. For instance, the American Ecology Society publishes a monthly peer-reviewed journal on topics that have to do with ecology. Another type of peer-reviewed journals is national level journals that look at the compilation of research across a spectrum of biological disciplines. Such journals such as the one published by the Public Library of Science, tend to be a panoramic view of the biology discipline, with articles that have to do with the complete breath of research within biology in general. The PLOS Biology journal is published three times a year and is a collection of the most important research within the national trimester. "
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