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Psychoneuroimmunology, 2006.
Explores the existence of a mind/body relationship as demonstrated in psychoneuroimmunology (PNI).
1,525 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a medical/scientific discipline, which studies the relationships between psychological states of the human mind and the response of the immune system to these particular states. The author presents specific PNI research focuses: the physical interactions between the immune system, the nervous system and the neuroendocrine system, the psychosocial components that influence immunity and its effects on the body, and the influence of immunity on psychological disorders and behavior. The paper then describes the connections between the central nervous system,the immune system and the brain. The author concludes the PNI research may discover many new approaches to the science of medicine, which hold the key to preventing and curing diseases via the mind/body connection.
From the Paper
"In regard to the connections between the central nervous system and the immune system, the process seems to involve several pathways. The most direct is related to the primary (the thymus being the central gland of the lymphatic system and bone marrow) and secondary lymphoid organs (being the spleen) that are intermeshed by noradrenergic nerve fibers. The function and effects of these noradrenergic never fibers on the functions associated with the immune system vary greatly and are dependent on the kinds of cells and receptors that make up the cell surfaces which affect certain immune functions."
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Visual Perception, 2008.
This paper discusses perceptual principles with reference to the film "Yellow Submarine".
1,681 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that sensory information is organized and interpreted by perceptual processes. The paper discusses how a study of visual perceptual processes is crucial in the comprehension of how people understand and interact with their environments. The paper then looks at perceptual principles of relative size and relative height and examines how the film "Yellow Submarine" demonstrates correct and incorrect usage of these cues through its variety of visual displays.
Outline:
Abstract
Topic Discussion
Application
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Sensation refers to the process by which the nervous system receives and represents incoming stimulus energy while perception is the organization and interpretation of this energy into meaningful units. Perception takes the sensory information to a new level, incorporating top-down knowledge with the incoming information from the receptors to give environmental information and assist actions within the environment. Visual perception can be described perfectly by the statement "There is more to life than what meets the eye." When light, the stimulus for vision, enters the eye, the retina contains photoreceptors that receive this information and transmit it down a chain that eventually leads to the primary visual cortex. Along the way, this information is interpreted and changed in such a way that what hits the photoreceptors is not necessarily what is seen. "
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Coliphages, 2007.
Looks at an experiment to isolate coliphages from sewage.
1,570 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that virtually all bacteria strains have viruses specific to them. The paper then describes an experiment that takes coliphages from sewage and, after enrichment and filtration processes, exposes the E.Coli R10 strain to the phages to obtain the phage specific to the strain. The paper further explains that the bacteria strains are grown on agar plates in the presence of coliphages, and strains W3104-A on plates K12 and W3104 and R12-B on plate K12 developed resistance. The paper then reports that the W3104-A strain is further tested and retains its resistance.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Method
Isolation and Enrichment of Coliphage from Raw Sewage
Filtration of Coliphage Mixtures
Dilution and Plaque Preparation of R10A and R10B E. Coli Strains
Mutation and Isolation of Phage-Resistant E. Coli Strains
Sensitivity of Phage-Resistant Mutants to Bacteriophages
Results
Discussion
Table: Colonies of Bacterial Strains Response to Coliphages
From the Paper
"Bacteria have the ability to develop resistance to viruses [6], so as it can be expected some strains (namely W3104-A and R12-B) developed phage-resistant colonies. It is known that certain genetic elements called "episomes" are instrumental in creating phage-resistance in E. Coli strains such as K12 [8]. As indicated in table 1, there were numerous contaminations; this was certainly due to many of the unfiltered cultures that were used. This was done because of time constraints and shortage or missing supplies in the lab."
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Homeostasis, 2008.
A detailed presentation of homeostasis, a dynamic process in the human body that balances fluids and electrolytes.
3,295 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that disorders of homeostasis, fluid, and electrolyte balance occur in every setting, with every disorder, and with a variety of changes that affect healthy people. The paper also describes body fluids and electrolytes and the process of regulation of body fluid through osmosis. In addition, the paper discusses issues of homeostasis in the kidneys, skin, lungs, and the gastrointestinal tract.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Body Fluids
Electrolytes
Regulation of Body Fluid Through Osmosis
Diffusion
Diffusion
Filtration
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Electrolyte Balance
Kidneys
Skin
Lungs
Gastrointestinal Tract
Laboratory Tests for Evaluating Fluid Status:
Osmolality
Osmolarity
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Kidney Functions
Heart and Blood Vessel Functions
Lung Functions
Pituitary Functions
Adrenal Functions
Parathyroid Functions
Baroreceptors
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Antidiuretic Hormone and Thirst
Osmoreceptors
From the Paper
"The hypothalamus manufactures ADH, which is stored in the posterior pituitary gland and released as needed. ADH is sometimes called the water-conserving hormone because it causes the body to retain water. Functions of ADH include maintaining the osmotic pressure of the cells by controlling the retention or excretion of water by the kidneys and by regulating blood volume.
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The Effects of Chemicals on Daphnia Heart, 2005.
Describes an experiment that looks at the effects of chemicals on heart of a Daphnia.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper describes an experiment, which stimulates the hearts of Daphnia by using caffeine, nicotine, epinephrine, ethyl, a diluted salt solution and various pH 10 solutions. The author reports measuring the heart rates of the Daphnia and discusses the changes in heart rate for each of the stimuli.
Table of Contents:
Materials and Methods
Result Analysis
Discussion
Graphs
From the Paper
"Giving Nicotine to the second Daphnia, caused a drop in its heart rate (graph 2). Since nicotine is a widely used drug which is a depressant, it lowers the beating of the Daphnia heart. The Daphnia that acquired epinephrine, experienced a jump in heart rate (graph 3). Epinephrine, otherwise know as adrenaline, is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. It stimulates autonomic nerve action, which is why a rise is heart rate was observed."
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Signal Transduction Pathways, 2005.
Describes a lab experiment designed to investigate how cells respond to external signals at a molecular level.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in a lab intended to investigate how cells respond to external signals at a molecular level, a genetic transformation of yeast cells was performed, and -galactosidase gene fusion was used to assess yeast promoter activity. The paper then explains that the yeast mitotic cell cycle is very similar to the cell cycle of other eukaryotic cells and is commonly broken down into the four standard phases: G1, S, G2, and M. The paper also explains that the -factor induces arrest of yeast cells in G1 and transcription of genes involved in mating, which in turn causes a change in cell shape, and increases transcription and translation of genes involved in cell fusion. It is the presence of -factor that begins transcription of Fus1 promoter attached to the LacZ gene on the pBH315 plasmid.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
From the Paper
"A mutation in the G protein could mean that it is active most of the time, thereby activating the kinase complex, and initiating transcription. The Y pBH315-a strain also showed almost double the number of budded cells compared to unbudded. A mutation in the intracellular signaling proteins could have been the culprit here. When such high numbers of budded cells show up in the strains, one can assess that such mutations have a high sensitivity to the factor, so that they show and increase in transcription and translation of genes involved in cell fusion, and therefore have many budded cells."
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Transection Effects on Dictyostelium Discoideum, 2006.
An experimental design studying the transection effects on Dictyostelium Discoideum placed on an apgar plate during the slug stage.
1,616 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper describes an experiment that was designed to determine the fate of Dictyostelium that had been transected while in the slug stage and placed inside an agar plate for a one week period with no nutrients. The paper aims to gain knowledge, through the experiment, on the life cycle of Dictyostelium, particularly in the slug stage and how they will communicate with their individual cells and themselves as a whole after being transected.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"Cell-autonomous mechanisms play an important role in initial cell-type choice and the subsequent regulation of cell-type differentiation (Gomer and Firtel, 1987). Although further research is still required on differentiation and aggregation, it is known that cells lacking the protein Spn arrest as tight mounds before breaking up into smaller aggregates (Brown J. and Firtel R., 1999). Dephosphorylation of a specific Spn substrate(s) is a limiting step in the differentiation of prestalk cells. Spn may be required for the initial formation of prestalk cells andor ALCs, which induce neighbouring cells to adopt a prespore fate. The production of a prespore cell induction factor by prestalk cells has previously been proposed by studies of the heterotrimeric G-protein subunit Ga4 (Hadwiger J. A. and Firtel R. A., 1992)."
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Consequence of Magnesium Chloride on Wound Closure, 2008.
An experiment carried out to determine how Plantaria behaves when cut.
1,719 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper describes an experiment designed to determine the fate of Planaria that had been cut in half, while immersed in varying concentrations of MgCl, as Magnesium has been shown to relax smooth muscles, inhibiting wound closure. The experiment had fatal results for the Planaria that were in the two highest concentrations of MgCl. It should also be noted that the experiment had to be halted after just five days, due to another student mishandling and spilling the Planaria. The data gathered leading up to the halt of the experiment showed that Planaria which are in the highest concentrations (provided that the concentration is not high enough to be fatal) of MgCl will have the slowest rate of regeneration and wound closure.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
From the Paper
"The class of Turbellaria contains the phylum Platyhelminthes, and the family Planariidae to which Planaria belong to. Planaria are free-living flat worms that can be found in marine, aquatic, and terrestrial environments. The planarian has very simple organ systems. It consists of a small brain, perceptual organs and digestive system that comprises of a mouth, pharynx, and an intestine (Pitt-Bradford, 2002). However, it is a planarian's morphogenesis that can be mysterious and is of interest. Planaria have highly robust regeneration systems with the ability to re-grow lost body parts (Brooks and Rodney, 1999). When part of its body is excised, each piece of the part has the ability to regenerate itself (Reddien and Alvarado, 2004). During regeneration, muscle contractions in the Planaria close the wound, followed by the spreading of epithelial cells. Regeneration in planarians depends on a population of adult stem cells called neoblasts that have the potential to turn into any type of planarian cell (Reddien et al, 2005). By studying this process, one can expand their scientific knowledge and perhaps develop ways of helping out other people and animals that have lost their limbs by finding a way of having their body regenerate the missing appendage back."
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Polymerase Chain Reaction-Derived Homeotic Genes, 2007.
Describes a procedure to isolate the morphology-controlling homeotic genes of Caenorhabditis elegans.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper describes an experiment in which DNA was extracted from the organism Caenorhabditis elegans to be amplified and electrophoresed. The author reports that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in the experiment to amplify the DNA and after electrophoresis was finished, a photograph of the gel was obtained. The author also explains that the migration distance of the bands was measured and a graph of the molecular weight of the bands was created. The paper states that this process allowed the isolation of homeobox genes, which are of great importance in many different organisms for patterning and segmentation.
Table of Contents:
Keywords
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
C. Elegans Preparation
RNAse Treatment and Protein Precipitation
DNA Precipitation, Drying and Rehydration
Preparation of PCR Reactions and Running of Reactions in Thermocycler
Homeobox PCR
Casting an Agrose Gel
Loading, Running and Staining the Agrose Gel
Results
Discussion
Figures and Tables
From the Paper
"When it comes to unlocking the mysteries of organismal development, it all comes down to genes. However when genes are to be analyzed, a little is often not enough. This is where polymerase chain reaction (PCR) comes into play. PCR is a powerful and fast method, for which the ultimate desired outcome is the amplification and quantification of DNA "from a minimal initiating amount in vitro.
In order for PCR to occur, template DNA is first denatured. Annealing primers, or often degenerative primers which use every possible codons for unknown DNA sequences."
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Polycomb Regulation of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation, 2006.
A discussion of polycomb regulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation and its potential as a cure for degenerative diseases.
3,470 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 13 sources, APA, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the functioning of embryonic stem (ES) cells, with particular focus on polycomb regulation. It maintains that ES cells are of great importance as they have the flexibility to give rise to any cell type in the body. It also adds that they can also be kept in an undifferentiated state and selectively induced to form any specialized cell types, which could potentially replace cells lost or damaged by disease. The paper points out that such knowledge has immense significance as it can help people who are suffering from various degenerative diseases or other tragedies. The paper includes charts, graphs and illustrations. It concludes that future studies are required to delve further into the not fully understood mechanisms by which ES cells self-renew, while maintaining the ability to differentiate into virtually all adult cell types.
Outline:
Experimental Procedures
Cells and Cell Culture
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and DNA Microarray Analysis
Gene Expression Analysis
Future Experiments
From the Paper
"Polycomb silencing mechanisms were first discovered in Drosophila as functions essential for the regulated expression of homeotic genes during development (Lewis, 1978). The Polycomb gene of Drosophila is a member of a large class of genes required for the segment-specific repression of homeotic selector genes (Paro & Hogness, 1991). PcG and their complexes are essentially conserved from insects to mammals. PcG genes do not constitute a family, but a diverse group originally defined by the fact that loss of function of each member has similar consequences in depression of the homeotic genes. Molecular analysis has shown that most PcG gene products act together to form multi-protein complexes (Berger, 2006)."
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The Regeneration of Planaria, 2008.
This paper describes an experiment where transected planaria were exposed to 0.05%, 0.01% and 0.001% magnesium chloride (MgCl) concentrations.
1,418 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that magnesium chloride (MgCl) plays a role in wound closure of flatworms, so it was hypothesised that the higher concentrations of MgCl would decelerate the healing process, preventing the two planaria head halves from reattaching and thereby leading to the generation of two complete heads. The paper discusses the results and relates the purpose of the experiment that is to help people recover lost limbs and regenerate nervous tissue.
Outline:
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"Planaria are free-living flatworms that can be found in marine, aquatic, and terrestrial environments [1]. The planarian is a member of the phylum Platyhelminthes, and class Turbelleria which is known for having simple organ systems. It consists of a small brain, perceptual organs and digestive system that comprises of a mouth, pharynx, and an intestine [2]. Planaria are known for having a highly robust regeneration system [3]. When part of its body is transected, each piece (as little as 50mm3) of that part has the ability to regenerate itself [4,5]."
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Yeast and Fermentation, 2007.
This paper examines the growth and contamination of yeast used as a fermenting agent in varying environments.
1,312 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses an experiment that examines how yeasts adapt to various competitions and how they fare against several changes in their surrounding environment. The paper explains that this experiment will determine the factors that affect the growth of yeast positively and negatively. The paper includes tables and graphs with the results of this experiment.
Outline:
Introduction
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"Yeast is an excellent system in biology as it is a eukaryote whose genome can easily be influenced and controlled. Yeast also share similarities with their competitive prokaryotic counterparts, bacteria, such as fast growth, and wide dispersal of their cells. A species of yeast, more specifically Saccharomyces cereviseae was the first eukaryote whose genome was fully sequenced (Goffeau et al., 1996). The S. cereviseae is also a commonly used yeast in the fermentation of various products such as beer, by the break down of complex organic substances like glucose, into the simpler alcohol. Therefore it is only natural that people have been so interested in yeast and its invaluable properties in fermentation. Much ongoing research exists that tries to exploit the process of brewing for fast fermentation and maturation in producing malt beverages using yeasts (Masschelein C.A. et al., 1994)."
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C. Elegan PCR and Gel Electrophoresis, 2006.
An description of the methods and results of an experiment in W. MacGinnis and R. Krumlauf's article, "Homeobox Genes and Axial Patterning."
1,639 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper presents and describes an experiment in which DNA was extracted from C. Elagens to be amplified and electrophoresed. The paper discusses information retrieved from W. MacGinnis and R. Krumlauf's article, "Homeobox Genes and Axial Patterning." The paper focuses on discussing the methods and results for the experiment.
Table of Contents:
Materials and Methods
C. Elegan Preparation
RNAse Treatment and Protein Precipitation
DNA Precipitation, Drying and Rehydration
Preparation of PCR Reactions and Running of Reactions in Thermocycler
Homeobox PCR
Casting an Agarose Gel
Loading, Running and Staining the Agarose Gel
Taking a Picture of the Gel
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"From the final results, it is apparent that the C. Elegans do possess homeobox genes. Since many of the bands had high molecular weight, they contained hundreds of base pairs, a sign indicating the presence of homeobox genes. The homeobox genes are of great importance as they encode proteins that tell the cells in the various segments of the developing embryo, what kind of structures to make (McGinnis W. and Krumlauf R.). There are however, many organisms that do not contain homeobox genes. Such organisms are not complex in a segmental way, such organisms that do not have segmentation have no need for genes to create structures that they no not need."
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Genetically Modified Crops, 2007.
This paper discusses the risks vs. the benefits of genetically modified foods.
1,371 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the world-wide debate about genetically modified (GM) crops and explains the advantages and disadvantages of these products. The paper looks at the regulation of genetically modified foods in the United States and Europe and how GM food growth is drawing a political backlash. The paper discusses the powerful opposition of Greenpeace to genetic engineering. The paper concludes that as long as environmental organizations generate fear and doubt among politicians, retailers and the public, it will be almost impossible for the technology to break through, despite its benefits.
Outline:
Introduction
The Science of Genetic Engineering
Genetically Modified Foods and Hunger
Genetically Modified Foods and Biodiversity
Research for the Common Good
Growth of Genetic Engineering
Greenpeace
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The world wide debate about genetically modified crops has been a heated one, pitting biological progress against environmental conservation. The genetically modified foods issue involves complex factors including politics, international trade, and social and cultural norms. Advocates of GM foods say that the increased yields and decreased price of using genetically modified seeds can help to alleviate world hunger. However, progress is being hampered by over cautious environmentalists and consumers, mostly in Europe and Japan. These wealthy areas of the world can afford to take precautions that the starving people of the world cannot, but the preference of consumers in wealthy countries of whole, natural, organic foods is influencing impoverished countries."
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Pets and Lifestyle, 2008.
This paper is a research project to study the relationship of pet ownership and a healthier lifestyle and life-satisfaction.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper states that the hypothesis for this study is that pet owners would have a healthier lifestyle and a higher life-satisfaction rating than non-owners. The author reports that the participants of this study consisted of a group of 100 students who elected to take this survey for class credit. The author relates that the results of this study did not support this hypothesis suggesting that there was no significant relationship between pet ownership and lifestyle choices or life-satisfaction. The paper concludes that the reason this study contradicts previous studies, which revealed a positive relationship between pet ownership, health, and well-being, is that the sample was young, lived with other people and was not random.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Method
Participants
Materials
Procedure
Results
Figure. Correlation of Pet Ownership and Life-Satisfaction
Discussion
From the Paper
"To gather data for this study, an online survey was prepared and put on the SONA Systems website. This survey consisted of several multiple-choice questions regarding pet ownership, health, and lifestyle choices. The survey also asked for demographic information, such as age and gender. One example question is "how would you rate your life-satisfaction?" And the responses available included: very satisfied, fairly satisfied, unsure, fairly unsatisfied, and very unsatisfied. The same format was used to ask questions regarding behaviors such as smoking, drinking, and fast food intake."
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Human Pair Bonding, 2008.
An analysis of human pair bonding in terms of physical and psychological attraction.
2,368 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 41 sources, APA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the biological perceptive of male to female pair bonding. It particularly discusses human pair bonding in relationship to hormone production, as well as olfactory and visual information. The paper looks at a few of the many subjects and variables that affect attraction between the sexes, both physically and psychologically.
From the Paper
"Moreover, large eyes, small nose, small chin, prominent cheekbones, narrow cheeks high eyebrows, large pupils and large smile were correlated with attractiveness in females (Cunningham, 1986). Females with greater eye height, smaller nose area, greater cheekbone, and a wider smile were positively correlated with intelligence. Greater eye height and width, smaller nose area, wider cheekbones, higher eyebrows, wider pupils and wider smiles were seen to be more sociable. Assertiveness was correlated with only greater eye height, smaller nose area, and a wider smile (Cunningham, 1986)."
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