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The Black Bear, 2002.
A complete description of the black bear, the smallest member of the bear family, and its scarce existence in the United States.
3,310 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of the black bear's reappearance in the state of New Jersey. It gives a description of the bear's eating and hunting habits and looks at the problem of poaching and extinction facing this species. The paper describes the growth pattern the bears follow, its reproduction rate and relation to its offspring. It also looks at wildlife control problems facing the authorities.
From the Paper
"The black bear, ursus americanus, has made a comeback in the state of New Jersey. The black bear is the smallest and most widely distributed member of the bear family. (Barker 143) It has several color phases and is usually black and shiny. Their weight normally is about 200 to 300 pounds, although 600-pound specimens have been reported. Their total length is 4 ? to 6 ? feet. The male is solitary most of the year, but during mating season, he may choose one or more females to be with. The cubs are born in January or February while the mother is hibernating. Usually two cubs are in a litter but sometimes only one is born and, as many as five can be born, which is rare."
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The Climate of the U.S.A. and Canada, 2002.
A discussion of the climate of the U.S.A. and Canada, with respect to climate classifications, its effects on farming and other activities.
2,405 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how climate governs the entire ecological structure of the planet earth. The author examines how climate, in relation to the topography and latitudinal location, determines the vegetative types, the hydrology, soil, agriculture and various human activities.
From the Paper
?Climate represents a long term average of various weather features such as temperature and precipitation. The World Meteorological Organization uses 30-year averages to define climatological "normals" for these various features. Climate determines how resources such as water and vegetation are distributed and, until the onset of technology, climate also determined where people lived and worked. Many factors, such as topography, proximity to large bodies of water, and latitude affect a particular location's long-term climate. It is important to note that because a region's climatology is a 30-year average, significant year to year variability is likely. For example, a particular location may have a dry, warm winter one year and a record snowfall the next year.?
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Pros and Cons of Stem Cell Transplantation, 2002.
This paper examines the controversial issue of stem cell transplantation and considers the views regarding the use of stem cells along with the debate that is currently in process.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the pros and cons of stem transplantation by using rational examination of ideas based on logic and current research rather than emotion. Pope Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum is also used in order to give a basis to the theological arguments.
From the Paper
?The use of human material for extermination is very emotive subject. There are many personal feelings that surround the issues which, are complicated by social conditioning, religious beliefs and personal or societal needs and the personal moral framework. In many countries one of the debates that is currently raging is the use of human stem cells for research.In Germany there is research going ahead, but with imported stem cells and against the wishes of the Green Party and the National Ethics Council, in the United States there is disapproval of the research, and in the United Kingdom the research is approved for the purposes of finding cures for serious currently incurable conditions such as Parkinson's and diabetes."
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The Hearing Process, 2002.
A discussion on the biological processes of hearing, hearing loss and the diagnosing, treating and managing of hearing loss.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
The following paper provides the reader with facts and information on how sound is produced, its characteristics, the ways in which humans process it and how in turn we can prevent hearing problems by treating infections in the ear and using ear plugs in increased noise levels.
From the Paper
?We are all familiar with the three structural parts of the ear, i.e., the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. In the process of hearing, we already know that it is in the outer ear that sound waves collect and from there are moved to the middle ear by vibrating against the eardrum or tympanum membrane. In the middle ear, these sound waves are changed into a mechanical type of vibration by the tiny bones there. And in the inner ear are special so-called ?hair cells? that perceive these mechanical vibrations from the middle ear and trigger an impulse that is send to that specific part of the brain that hears. (GSLC) These ear parts are so organized as to transmit sound waves to the brain. Five steps are, thus, involved in the hearing process. which are the air conduction through the external ear to the eardrum; the bone conduction through the middle ear to the inner ear; the water conduction to the Organ of Corti; the nerve conduction into the brain; and finally, the interpretation by the brain of the message received through the sound waves?.
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"Jewish Bioethics", 2002.
This paper reviews the work "Jewish Bioethics" by Fred Rosner.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
This review examines how Rosner sees the moral connections and constraints between modern medicine and Jewish philosophy. It gives references from the Talmud, specifically to the patient-doctor relationship and how that is of the highest importance. It also discusses various ethical questions and gives brief interpretations.
From the Paper
"Dr. Fred Rosner collaborates with Rabbi David Bleich in Jewish Bioethics to bring together nine reknown medical and rabbinic experts from the field of medical sciences and Jewish Law. They address many of the questions and ethical considerations regarding the advances in medical science today (Rosner, 1979). Some of the issues discussed are euthanasia, defining the precise moment of death, ?test tube? procreation, abortion, sex-change operations, cloning, genetic engineering, and medical experiments on human subjects. According to Jewish Law, medical science must subordinate itself to the ethical and legal imperatives of the faith (Rosner, 1979)."
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The Master Gland Tumor and its Effects, 2002.
A quick glance at the function of the pituitary gland, possible tumors which develop and treatment available.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed discussion about pituitary tumors. The writer takes the reader on an exploratory journey through the pituitary gland and its functions. The reader is then led in a discussion about the various pituitary tumors and their symptoms. The paper finishes with an outline of various treatments that are available.
From the Paper
"It is a small gland located in the brain but the size should fool no one. The pituitary gland is referred to as the master gland in many medical discussions because of the many important functions that it is responsible for handling. One of these most important functions is to coordinate the signals that are sent to produce hormones, which help to control and respond to brain functions, stress and other things. The ability to focus and pay attention as well as the hormones that allow one to grow and develop sexually is all tied to the pituitary gland. In addition a person's energy level through metabolism and the bodies ability to defend itself is all related to the functions of the pituitary gland (Gland, 1993)."
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Polymers, 2002.
A look at the uses of polymers and biological macromolecules.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
An examination of the Van der Waal equation of state in a Virial expansion and a look at how Polymers are being used today in every walk of life. This paper shows how polymers are well-defined aggregates of very simple organic molecules. It defines these matters and looks at their uses in biochemistry.
From the Paper
"From thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases, the Pressure of an ideal gas is described as sum of the transfer of collision energy of gas molecules on the walls of the container. The inter-atomic interactions depend upon the density of the system. Inter-particle interactions, primarily attractive forces, reduce the overall pressure of the system. This interaction is called internal pressure. By rewriting the Van der Waal equation of state in a Virial expansion, we obtain an equation for Pressure p: (Atkins, 1987)
p = RT/(Vm ? b) - a/Vm2
a/Vm2 is the internal pressure of the gas; a and b are constants for each gas and Vm is the molar volume of the gas, R is the Gas Constant."
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Eugenics, 2002.
A study of the "pseudo-science" eugenics which aims to improve the quality of human population through selective breeding.
1,865 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
A presentation of a case against eugenics. The writer tries to prove that most of the arguments put forward by the supporters of eugenics were racially motivated and based on false or doubtful premises. The possibility of the pseudo-science making a comeback is also discussed.
From the Paper
"The ?father? of modern eugenics is believed to be Sir Francis Galton, an English scientist and a cousin of Charles Darwin, who first coined the term eugenics in 1883. (?Eugenics,? Britannica, 2002). Galton believed that arranged marriages between men of distinction and women of wealth would produce a gifted race. Galton propounded his theory of eugenics until his death in 1910. Even before eugenics was so infamously used as an excuse by the Nazis to carry out a systematic extermination of the Jews, the Gypsies, the handicapped, and the ?feeble-minded,? it had found a ready audience, most notably in the USA. The influential American Eugenic Society (AES) was founded in the US in 1926. It campaigned for sterilization laws that were passed by more than half the states for compulsory sterilization of the insane, retarded, and the epileptic citizens of the country in the 1930s. Restrictions were also placed on the immigration into the country by people of ?inferior? stock such as Greeks, Italians and Eastern Europeans through the efforts of eugenecists. (?Eugenics,? Britannica, 2002)."
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Personality - Permanent?, 2002.
A look at the nature-nurture argument on personality formation.
840 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
An examination of which environmental factors may influence the development of one's personality or whether these traits are a product of one's upbringing. The paper looks at various factors and concludes that both nature and nurture are jointly responsible for the outcome.
From the Paper
"It has been a long controversy about how nature and nurture imply to personality traits and human behavior. Nature means that genetic factor and the system of organs control the personality, while nurture means the personality is a result of conditioned circumstances where a person is brought up. It includes the personality of other people, like family, includes the teaching, and lessons a child gains during his/her mental development process."
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Cherubism, 2002.
The following paper discusses Cherubism, a rare, hereditary disease characterized by enlargement of the jaw bones (maxilla and mandible) on both sides of the face (bilateral) and a deformity in the setting of the eye sockets.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the symptoms of Cherubism, a disease with unusual growths within the jaw and swelling of the face. It also discusses the causes, origins, treatment and future of this disease.
From the Paper
?The facial changes are brought about by overgrowth of fibrous tissue around the jaw bones. The disease starts to appear in the 3rd or 4th year of life and continues to grow until the person affected reaches the age of 15-20. Typically, the disease occurs early, when the afflicted person?s primary teeth fall out and are supposed to be replaced by mature teeth. Instead, after the primary teeth fall out, the bone cells do not do their proper job, causing masses of soft tissue to develop in the jaw area. The disease, however, has been known to recede during adolescence. The size of the jaw stabilizes and progressively becomes smaller. In moderate cases, the deformity disappears altogether. Cherubism is a disease that has been around for a long time, yet little is known about the rare disease. Advancements in the study of cherubism are progressing slowly, yet consistently.?
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Striped Bass, 2001.
A look at issues surrounding the seafood striped bass.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This seafood research paper outlines some basic facts about striped bass, one of the most succulent fish served in the United States. Basic information about striped bass, including market information, use in menus, potential parasites, commercial fishing information and seasonality is included.
From the Paper
"Striped bass is also known as striped bass, striper, linesider, bass, rockfish, rock, sewer trout and Fr. bar raye. The scientific name for striped bass is Morone saxatilis, and the fish appears in some early scientific literature as Roccus lineatus. Striped bass is a member of the medium- to large-sized, perch-like fishes, and inhabits coastal marine, brackish, and fresh waters in both temperate and tropical regions. This fish species was successfully introduced in into both a large number of inland lakes and reservoirs, and the Pacific coast. Striped bass now are resident from Ensenada, Mexico to British Columbia."
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What is the Sound of One Cell Thinking?, 2002.
This is a review of an article on stem cell research.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper is an analysis of an article by John Carey and Ellen Licking, "The Stem-Cell Debate Just Got Thornier" that appeared in the February 11, 2002 issue of "Business Week." The paper uses information from the article to define stem cells, and to give an overview of the debate over research using human embryos. The issue of virtual embryos and some of the controversial issues surrounding the possible use of any of this research to cure many diseases such as Parkinson's, leukemia or the regeneration of lost limbs.
From the Paper
"Stem cells are present in the early stages of embryonic development, and have the ability to develop into any other sort of cell. This makes them useful tools in healing degenerative diseases where extra heart, brain, or other cells are needed. Until recent developments, it was believed these cells could only be harvested from human embryos, which sparked a great deal of ethical debate. Many people believe that human life begins before birth, and do not approve of the idea of grinding up little humans and injecting their cells into sick adults. Federal research money is given only to programs that use existing cell lines and forbids harvesting new stem cells. Cloning is also in line to be chopped, which will further prevent scientists from creating ?bred for the slaughter? embryos from which to harvest identical stem cells for their patients."
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Dinosaur Extinction, 2001.
This paper examines the current theories and explanations surrounding the extinction of dinosaurs.
1,630 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the numerous theories that have been presented over time regarding the reason for dinosaur extinction. The author discusses explanations such as a sudden catastrophic event, like a meteor hitting the earth or a volcanic eruption, and also slow, environmental causes like global warming or shifting plate tectonics.
From the Paper
"First, around the time of the mass extinction of the dinosaurs there was a global climate change. During this time, the environment changed from the warm and mild one present in the Mesozoic era to the cooler one of the Cenozoic. Second, evidence exists to support a massive terrestrial disturbance at the end of the Cretaceous period that included soot in the air, acid rain, the emission of poisonous gases, and a cooling similar to that of a nuclear winter. This terrestrial disturbance caused periods of darkness on the earth as well as a global greenhouse effect. Third, the dinosaurs were only one species that became extinct during this time. According to scientific evidence, approximately 60 percent of all species below the line of the K-T boundary did not exist above that line."
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Apoptosis and Development, 2001.
An involved paper on genetics. The author delves into the scientific language of cell migration and organism development.
2,017 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 17 sources, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
This is a deep paper on genetics. The author delves into the scientific language of cell migration and organism development. Although apoptosis is an important mechanism in the development and homeostasis of many organisms, little is known about the mechanisms underlying apoptosis. Investigation into apoptotic genetics has yielded promising results, yet more research needs to be undertaken. This research may eventually yield insights into treatment of diseases linked to apoptosis, such as cancer and AIDS.
From the Paper
"A developing organism undergoes many dramatic changes, including cell migration, proliferation and cell death. Apoptosis, a form of cell death, is characterised by nuclear condensation, plasma membrane alterations and the lack of an inflammatory response. Apoptosis is the fate of many cells in development and is necessary for normal development in a large number of organisms. The genes ced-3 and ced-4 regulate initiation of apoptosis in C. elegans. The mammalian homolog of ced-3, once thought to be Interleukin-1-Beta converting enzyme (ICE), is still under investigation. In C. elegans, ced-9 regulates genetic inhibition, while bcl-2 does the same in mammals."
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Limb Regeneration in Animals, 2000.
A look at how to use a polar coordinate model to understand regeneration.
2,132 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This is a detailed and illustrated paper about the different types of regeneration in plants and animals, and how this can be represented in polar co-ordinates.
From the Paper
"In order to understand the process better, several models have been developed to explain how the tissue forms itself to grow new appendages or connect grafted segments together."
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Human Root Caries, 2000.
A discussion of a research study concerning human root caries.
1,892 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the original paper ?Human Root Caries: Microbiota of a Limited Number of Root Caries Lesions,? by doctors P. Schupbach, V. Osterwalder, and B. Guggenheim, which researched the microbiota of root caries lesion of different grades of severity. This paper includes a review of the methods used in that study, a discussion of the results, and a comparison of the study with other papers that were read and abstracted on this subject.
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