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Popular vs. Scholarly Scientific Writing, 2007.
This paper compares popular and scholarly scientific writing by using articles on the possibility of atavisms or evolutionary throwbacks.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the examination of a popular press article and another article from a scholarly journal reveals some fundamental differences in the ways in which the authors and the publications pursue the specific question of atavisms and the general matter of science. The author points out that, whereas the scholarly articles are cautious, highly specific and backed by applied research, the popular press discussion of atavisms is written with more attention to capturing and retaining the interest of the reader. The paper states that popular articles tend to do a better job of contextualizing the scientific data being presented and the implications of the research being conducted. The author concludes that both of these types of science writing have their place although each would benefit from incorporating techniques from the other.
From the Paper
"To counter this historical attitude, Le Page (2007) presents a series of recent studies and findings on the subject that indicate that evolutionary atavisms can take place, if only rarely and under certain circumstances. The examples used are always specific and detailed, and the author attempts to provide a human context for research with direct quotes from researchers and reactions from the public and scientific community. Once Le Page sets up this division, the conflict of the article between accepted biological wisdom and new, contrary evidence, he can start to present possible solutions."
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The Extinction of the Dinosaurs, 2008.
An analysis of whether or not dinosaurs could have become extinct because of the biblical flood.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the extinction of the dinosaurs and assesses the validity of the arguments put forward by creationists in favor of a biblical explanation for their demise. In particular, the paper discusses whether or not it is plausible to believe that the extinction of the great beasts was occasioned by the flood of the story of Noah's Ark. The paper looks at the biblical time-frame and explores whether or not dinosaurs and humans could possibly have existed contemporaneously. Finally, the paper looks at the plausibility of a great Ark existing and at whether the biblical flood could have ever taken place. The paper concludes that there is just enough evidence available for it to be unwise to dismiss the biblical explanation for the demise of the dinosaurs.
From the Paper
"For one thing, critics of the Ark thesis state that supporters of its existence - such as John Woodmorappe - fail to consider how some creatures ostensibly not on the life-saving vessel (terrestrial snails, to cite one example) could have survived the relentless deluge. Further, critics charge that animals and other living beings which managed to survive the Flood could not possibly have been cared for adequately in any Ark - no matter how big. For instance, those who favor an evolutionary explanation for the earth's past (which necessarily means dismissing biblical accounts of why some creatures persisted into the modern age while others died out) point to the apparent logical improbability of being able to house, feed and sustain thousands of different species in a cramped, confined area; as far the critics are concerned, the example of modern industrial farming simply does not suffice as an explanation for how such an enormous task could have been undertaken (Morton, para.4-5)."
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Destruction of Rainforests, 2008.
This paper discusses the environmental problem of the destruction of the rainforests.
1,046 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the destruction of the tropical rainforests is one of the biggest global environmental problems that one faces today. Although the rainforests are 'local' and confined to certain areas of the world, their destruction is, nevertheless, a global problem, and this is so for several reasons. The writer explains that first, the rainforests are the lungs of the planet. They absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. Rainforests are also sinks, storage reservoirs of natural substances, in particular of carbon. Finally, the writer notes that rainforests are the only habitats of literally thousands and thousands of plant and animal species. The writer discusses that mist developing countries are attempting to improve and develop their economies and deal with population growth and the rainforests represent valuable natural resources and opportunities for export and foreign revenues. The writer concludes that deforestation can be fought by taking into consideration a broad range of issues and applying a broad range of policies and the sustainable management of forestry as well as agriculture. Further more conservation targets must be set, not just for the rainforests but also for the protection of the species diversity they contain.
From the Paper
"Industrial development is also the reason for deforestation in the Amazon, as the region contains mineral deposits of gold, diamonds and other minerals as well a huge supply of fresh water that could potentially supply much hydroelectric energy. Mining is an environmentally devastating economy in itself and requires additional clearing for road or rail development in order to transport the mined minerals. A cattle ranching is also a source of deforestation exclusive to Latin America, although according to Myers it has been on the decrease. One of the ways to deal with deforestation in the Amazon is to focus on more sustainable means of agriculture and less destructive logging methods as well as reforestation. Extractive reserve is an example given by Chasmer and Perry-Globa, (1998) for a way for more sustainable economic development of the Amazon. Rubber tappers collect small amounts of latex from rubber trees each day, which they sell. The trees are not destroyed. These activities can be extended to other forest products in the Amazon: nuts, fruits and vegetables. However, the biggest problem with preserving the rainforest I countries such as Brazil is the fact that these countries must balance conservation with the need for economic development and foreign capital."
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Aids As a Man-Made Virus, 2008.
This paper looks at Aids and examines the possibility of its existence as a man-made virus.
1,539 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the 1980s it became apparent that AIDS was present throughout the social order and that a disease that had the potential of destroying mankind had finally emerged. AIDS was initially thought to be the result of homosexual encounters, drug addiction or connected to different social cultures in some manner. The writer points out that by 1983 a vast number of theories began to be published that suggested that AIDS was a man-made virus that was intended to control both the world's population and the population of specific cultural groups. However, as time progressed it became evident that AIDS was also emerging in the heterosexual population, providing evidence that AIDS was non-discriminatory with regard to race or sexual orientation. The writer concludes that regardless of the social groups that were targeted or the people that were ultimately affected by the virus, the fact remains that there are those within the social order that have too much power over their fellow human beings and that their insistence of controlling mankind may lead to the complete destruction of all people.
From the Paper
"The theories cite different methods of creating the virus, as well as varying means of ensuring that it was spread throughout the population. What is evident, however, is that the timeline in each of the theories for the development and dispersement of the virus remains the same and that there is nothing related to the composition of the AIDS virus that could have been created by anything other than man. Therefore, regardless of the choice of man made AIDS theories that are accepted by individuals within society, it is apparent that the evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that people within the social order had a hand in the existence of the most frightening disease known to man - AIDS.
"Douglass contends that the evidence that AIDS is a man made virus is overwhelming. Douglass cites a memorandum from the World health Organization (WHO) in which WHO officials called on scientists to discover if there could be a man made virus that would have the same effect on the human race that species specific virus' had on some animals."
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Child Asthma Treatment, 2008.
This paper discusses recent treatment trends in chronic childhood asthma.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. The writer maintains that treatment is based on as many factors as possible and also is based on a holistic view of the child since asthma may be a possible risk factor and linked with psychosocial development. The writer points out that assessment must be focused on what triggered the asthma episode, and treatment is always aimed at control, but control denotes giving the child long-term control over his/her life. The writer concludes that treatment for asthma is on a continuum and is aimed at control or management.
Outline:
Introduction
Asthma as a Current Issue
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Treatment
Summary
From the Paper
"Treatment of asthma is not directed at cure but at control. Control of asthma leads to reduced and infrequent symptoms and allows the child to have an active life as well as quality of life. The optimal management of asthma requires adequate evaluation of the child and his or her environment. Asthma control is achieved through assessment based on specific criteria. The nurse practitioner must be able to identify the symptoms of asthma accurately because symptoms often are mistakenly prioritized. Wheezing, for instance, is commonly regarded as the most common characteristic of asthma. However, coughing is present even in hidden asthma, and frequent coughing or respiratory infections indicate the likelihood of asthma. Coughing which follows running or crying may indicate asthma as well as a recurrent night cough. Recurrent night cough is common, as asthma is often worse at night. Chest tightness and shortness of breath are symptoms of asthma that may be observed alone or in combination with other symptoms. Other common symptoms are nasal flaring, fatigue or irritability."
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Time of the Day, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of the time of day as it relates to research in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
884 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that developers of research designs need to take all relevant processes into account if their results are to have validity. The writer notes that many researchers conducting functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests fail to take the time of day into consideration. The writer points out that this can lead to error given that cortisol levels are different throughout the course of a day. This is important because cortisol can cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to receptors in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. The writer explains that this can then have an impact on the neural activation/deactivation process, meaning the BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) in the MRI study and produce results that will not be properly interpreted unless the time of day is included as a variable.
From the Paper
"Higher levels of cortisol are associated with stress, and cortisol levels vary throughout the day just as levels of stress will vary throughout the day. Because cortisol can cross the blood-brfain barrier and bind to the hippocampus, levles of cortisol can have an effect on the neural activation and deactivation of the BOLD levels and so alter the results of the MRI. Time of day thus becomes an element in the process so that the clinician knows what time of day the examination was made and how high the levels of cortisol might be at different tiemns of the day."
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Darwinian Challenge to Aristotle, 2008.
This paper looks at the Darwinian challenge to the Aristotelian world view and discusses why it is taking so long to resolve.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer notes that according to Aristotle, one of the greatest influences on the development of Western civilization, the natural world is unchanging, eternal and purposeful. The writer points out that this epistemology dominated Western civilization for the two thousand years leading up to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The writer discusses that Darwin's contribution was to make the theory public, to promote it and to provide extensive empirical evidence to back it up. At the heart of the theory is the revelation that nature is not immutable, but subject to change. The writer concludes that continued resistance is to be expected, but not to be overly feared; it is the inevitable death throes of an ideology that is giving way to one that is simply a fitter adaptation to the natural world and its demands on the human species.
From the Paper
"With evidence mounting at every turn and only minor modifications being made to evolutionary theory (thanks to work mainly in molecular biology) many in the scientific community are astounded that a strong current of anti-Darwinism still persists anywhere, let alone in a modern nation such as the United States. Religious fundamentalism and intelligent design proponents have challenged the Darwinian world view since it upset the Aristotelian roughly one hundred fifty years ago. The scientific consensus is strongly in favor of evolution and the empirical evidence support the claims of evolutionary biology. Why does a current of opposition to the Darwinian world view still persist? It persists because two millennia is a long time for a cultural meme such as the Aristotelian world view to become entrenched and self-supporting. The Darwinians shouldn't be surprised that there is still resistance to their position after more than one hundred years--they should be amazed that after such a short historical period, the Darwinian world view is successfully subduing Aristotelian resistance wherever it is found."
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Front Temporal Dementia, 2007.
A literature critique of front temporal dementia (FTD).
3,086 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 146.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the literature on the topic of front temporal dementia to see what has been investigated to date and what results have been found, as well as suggestions for future research and for new areas to explore, in order to refine the issue further and to gain more insight into causes, diagnosis, and treatments that might be effective. The paper examines the many aspects of FTD and points out the differences in onset and also in treatment. The writer believes that the discovery of the connection to mutations in the tau gene has opened up a wide variety of possibilities for further study, but notes that there are FTD subtypes that certainly do not have a link with the tau gene and may have a different cause and may also have to be treated differently.
Outline:
Introduction
Prevalence
Diagnosis
Chemical Processes
Therapy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Front temporal dementia (FTD) takes place in those parts of the brain preferentially affected by the problem of dementia, which is itself caused by differing pathological processes leading to damage in the frontal and/or the temporal parts of the brain. These areas are largely responsible for such clinical manifestations as behavior, emotional response, and language skills. Damage in these areas can give rise to forms of frontal dementia and language disorders such as semantic dementia and primary progressive aphasia. This damage is linked to dysfunctions of the tau gene or tau protein and can lead to a classification based on specific clinical symptoms or particular lesions or even a mixed classification."
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Liver and Gall Bladder, 2008.
An overview of the physiology of the human liver and hepatobiliary system.
1,682 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the liver and hepatobiliary system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The relevant physiology in relation to these organs is also discussed as well as pathological disorders associated with each.
Outline
Anatomy
Physiology
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary
From the Paper
"The liver is a vital organ for altering the activity of foreign substances such as drugs and toxins. This is accomplished mainly through an enzyme system called the cytochrome P450 complex in the liver cells. Drugs and toxins within the bloodstream are filtered through the liver cells and metabolized. The liver cells detoxify the blood by adding groups to the substances that makes them inactive or more water- or fat-soluble, where they can be safely excreted through the urinary system or digestive system. Alternatively, these substances can be broken down by certain enzymes, rendering them inactive. Some drugs, however, utilize the catabolic nature of the liver in order to convert less active or initially inert drugs into their active metabolites. "
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Anatomy and Physiology, 2008.
This paper studies hepatic portal circulation and fetal circulation.
1,534 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the hepatic portal system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The fetal circulation, in conjunction with the portal system as well as the important anatomic shunts, are also discussed along with changes to this special type of circulation after birth. The writer also looks at the relevant physiology in relation to these circulation circuits as well as pathological disorders associated with each. The writer concludes that the fetal circulation bears many differences from adult circulation, particularly the presence of two distinct circulation systems, shunts that divert blood from less metabolically-demanding organs, a relatively high right heart blood pressure and relatively high tolerance of fetal circulation towards low oxygen tension.
Outline:
Anatomy
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary
Physiology
From the Paper
"The hepatic portal system is a significant part of the circulation of the upper gut. It is an unusual system in that it drains blood from the small and large intestines and shunts it elsewhere. The blood, instead of returning to the heart, is diverted to the liver where a variety of metabolic processes are accomplished. This blood, while partially oxygen-depleted as it leaves the intestinal tissue, supplies the liver cells with oxygen and is also nutrient-rich, providing them with the necessary substrates to produce energy and synthesize the different building blocks for the rest of the body."
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Biotechnology and Nutrition, 2008.
An analysis of food safety and food labeling issues for genetically modified foods.
1,181 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper highlights the major statistics regarding biotechnology and the agricultural industry. It then examines governmental and organizational involvement in biotechnology, both locally and internationally. The paper focuses on biotechnology issues as they relate to food safety, food labeling and guidelines for genetically modified foods.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Biotechnology and Nutrition
Statistics
Definitions
Governmental Agencies
Food Labeling
From the Paper
"The bottom line consideration is one between scientists and those who make public policy and the unknown variable of the long term health risks of consuming genetically modified foods (Underwood, 2003). As Greger (2000) points out, however, there is often a disparity between what consumers consider important information and what scientists have to offer. Underwood (2003) states the solution is to develop a sense of trust by having scientists and governmental agencies admit the unknowns and risk elements, thus allowing individuals, states or countries to weigh the benefits against the risks for themselves and make an informed decision."
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Kidney Development, 2006.
An examination of the development of the kidney organ.
1,252 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 0 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the cell growth and organ development in humans, as well as, in frogs. The writer discusses the various growth periods which occur in an organism and looks at how organs evolve into fully functioning elements of the body. In addition, the paper shows that through scientific research it has become evident that with the DNA of all people there can be identification of the cells in the body, leading to an understanding of how those cells work throughout organ systems.
From the Paper
"Taxonomy serves to classify organs and the taxa is the relationship among all elements within the organ system (Huggett, 2004, p. 5). The kidneys are constructed with tubules (Haldane & Huxley, 1927, p. 116). The tubules are created through capillaries within an area called a tuft (Haldane & Huxley, 1927, p 116). As the tubules extend from this tuft they are connected into the core of the kidneys. The tuft itself continues to function within the body as a filter. The kidneys are then comprised of capillaries and glomerulus (Huggett, 2004, p. 5). Their primary function is to dispel fluids from the body when they are no longer needed. Fluid that is drained through the tubes of the kidneys the cells that exist within them are tasked with collecting elements within the fluids that assist in body functioning and that are unwanted (Huggett, 2004, p. 5). For example, a positive element would be blood, while a negative one would be acids."
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Canadian Forest Management, 2008.
This paper discusses the need for sustainable forest management policies in Canada.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Canadian forests have been significantly depleted due to poor management practices centered solely on production and monetary gain. The paper shows how forests need to be managed in a sustainable fashion, allowing the industrial exploitation without endangering the many other vital roles this natural resource plays.
From the Paper
"Almost one half of Canadian landscape is covered in forests that extend from the one coast to the other (Dufour, 267). According to the 2001 inventory, the Canadian landmass covered in forests was 402.1 million hectares (National Resources Canada, 2001). However, the distribution of forested areas varies between the provinces with British Columbia, Quebec and Ontario having the most forested area. In this light, it is not surprising that forestry plays an important role in the Canadian economy. In fact one fifth of the world's forest products are exported from Canada (Dufour, 268). The forest industry provided over 750 000 direct and indirect jobs in 1991 with this number steadily increasing during the next decade. In the same time period the income for forestry doubled: from $17 billion in 1991 to $34 billion in 2001. (Dufour, 271)."
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Aquaculture and Marine Coral, 2008.
An overview of the cultivation and sustentation of coral for aquarium hobbyists.
1,146 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how although it is not known to what extent the use of aquaculture will assist in the preservation of coral reefs, it is certain that aquaculture will help promote the health and longevity of corals when kept in a personal fish tank. It looks at how the aquaculture process facilitates appropriate animal husbandry methods that are already widely used in facilitating and improving the health of other domesticated plants and animals.
Outline
Introduction
Coral Reefs and the Marine Aquarium Hobbyist
Applications of Aquaculture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To be sold as a piece of authentic aquacultured coral, the organism must have propagated a minimum of two times in captivity, suggesting that the size of the organism has reached a size sustainable for harvest two or more times since the original parent colony was harvested from the ocean (Pillay & Kutty, 2005). This process has been likened to that of houseplants, where a houseplant has grown large enough to divide a minimum of two times before the successive harvested generations are considered to be domesticated. "
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Community Ecology, 2008.
This paper explores the effects of logging and fires on temperate deciduous forests.
2,114 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that a large part of temperate deciduous forests have been removed by logging, land clearing and fire suppression. The paper examines various theories that look at the effects of logging versus fire in the disturbances of temperate forests. The paper details the effects of fire and logging on tree, understory and wildlife diversity.
From the Paper
"Reviews on the fire effects on tree, understory and wildlife diversity are as follows. Thonicke and Cramer (2006) suggest that a fire model be used as a simulator to determine the patterns of how the fires would dominate long-term vegetation composition. Accordingly, the immediate effects are historical in terms of the range of impact on canopy conductance and litter moisture in Brandenburg (Germany) forests. Yet, burnt areas would not excel and "fire changes had no implication for vegetation composition in Brandenburg but reduced vegetation carbon would be gained" (Thonicke and Cramer, 283). With the fire model (LPJ Dynamic Fire Model), the spread is more likely to change climate conditions along with carbon for long-term best effect in natural vegetation from precipitation patterns."
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Invasive Plants in North America, 2007.
An examination of invasive plants and their effect on the ecological stability of the United States.
2,668 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the spread of invasive plant species, specifically in the United States, and explains the nature of some of these invasive species. The writer discusses how these plants are introduced to the United States, their negative effects on the environment, and methods of control. The The writer also discusses the leading hypothesis for how nonnative plant species become invasive, known as the "escape-from-enemy" hypothesis. The paper concludes that more education and awareness is needed in order to fight these invasive species which have the potential to destroy native ecosystems.
From the Paper
"Invasive plants are a major, if not well understood, threat to ecological stability in the United States if not the world. Some nonnative species that are introduced into a new habitat are entirely innocuous and have no detrimental effects. Others are ill-suited to the new environment and quickly expire. Some, however, are exceptionally well-suited for their new place in the world and quickly overcome all of the native species. The kudzu vine and the zebra mussel are examples of such aggressive, invasive species. Unfortunately for those environmentalists and social agencies interested in preventing the spread of invasive species, the attributes of a successful invasion are not well understood (Wolfe 705). Understanding how nonnative species become invasive must be one of the first priorities in the fight against their spread and the subsequent destruction of ecosystem stability."
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