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Stem Cell Research, 2002.
A critical survey of the ethical arguments both for and against stem cell technology.
2,379 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the validity of both the arguments for and against stem cell technology, based on Ronald Dworkin?s ethical writings on ?The Sanctity of Life? and John Rawls? ?Theory of Justice.? It puts forward the argument that because of the potential for stem cell research to benefit millions of people, the ban on creating stem cells for research should be lifted and that the government should extend federal funding for this potentially life-saving research.
Outline
Overview of Stem Cell Technology
Arguments for Stem Cell Research
Argument Against Stem Cell Technology
Evaluating the Moral Arguments
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Aside from regenerative medicine and curing disease, stem cell research also has the potential of helping humans better understand human developmental biology. This has several important implications regarding questions like the causes of premature birth, genetic diseases and infertility, to name a few. Many proponents of stem cell research argue that harvesting cells from embryos is ethical because an embryo is not a human being. Ethicists Helga Kuhnse and Peter Singer contend that early embryos do not have the mental capacity of a human being. As such, the rights of an insentient embryo should not be allowed to prevail over the rights of, for instance, a patient with Parkinson?s Disease (Kuhnse and Singer 1990)."
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Stem Cell Research, 2002.
This paper describes the medical use of stem cells, how they are acquired, opposition to research, current research and limitations.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the many uses of stem cells, especially in the area of juvenile diabetes, Parkinson?s disease and cell regeneration. This paper explains how the fertilized human egg develops into stem cells and their various biological sources and how they are acquired for use in research, including the NIH guidelines. The author believes that stem cell research is so new that the scientists can only guess at what it will be able to achieve as well as what it will not be able to do.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Acquisition of Stem Cells
Opposition to Stem Cells Research
Limitations of Stem Cells Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Early research into the use of stem cells focused on two separate approaches. One involved the ?control of gene expression?, or determining when genes were active or inactive. The other involved the generation or new cells. Some recent research has combined the two approaches, looking at the possibility that gene manipulation could be combined with cell growth, further broadening the potential applications for gene therapy."
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Isolation of Esherichia coli Bacteriophages from Sewage, 2002.
This paper is a laboratory experiment using sewer water, which contains a large concentration of E.coli, to locate the bacteriophage to be isolated.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper reports on an experiment in which, using sewage water to locate the E.coli bacteriophage, the bacteriophage was isolated from the original culture and placed in an enriched medium to grow and reproduce. The author continues that each one of the plaques represents a viron from the original culture, and, by counting the plaques, they were able to determine the concentration of bacteriophages in the culture. The author reports that findings among the different lab groups differed significantly, but this could be explained by the fact that the experiments were performed on separate days a week apart.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"E.coli was grown for 48 hrs in TSB tubes at 37degrees C by the lab assistant. (Sewage from the Cheney Sewage Works.) The sewage was then centrifuged and the bacteria containing portion was filtered using a 100 mL filter apparatus. I picked up my E.coli and filtered sewage from the lab assistant. Next, I gathered 7 plates of triptocase soy agar. These were labeled 1x10^-3 to 1x10^-9 and placed into the incubator to bring their temperature up to that of the bacteria/phage solution to be added later. 9 Eppendorf tubes were labeled 1x10^-1 to 1x10^-9, these were then set aside. Sterile saline was then gathered and using a Beckman autopipetter. I transferred 900 uL of sterile saline into each Eppendorf tube."
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Genetic Causes of Cancer, 2002.
This paper examines a new area of research that has begun to discover genetic links to cancer.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper reminds us that even though cancer causes many deaths throughout the world, most causes of this devastating disease are unknown. Current research is now looking at genetic causation, which may lead to cures. The author discusses in detail cancer classifications that have a genetic link: Breast cancer, colorectal, mutations in tumor suppressor genes, childhood carcinomas and many other cancers. The author comments that there appears to be a lack of a genetic link between minority and white populations; therefore, the higher rates of cancer among minorities may be due to familial causes: Environment, occupation or environment.
From the Paper
"A gene mutation in BNC1 has been identified in glioma, a brain cancer; the inactivation of the gene may advance the malignant nature of tumors. Glioma is the leading killer of children with cancer. Brain tumors spread faster then other tumors. BNC1 may also be involved in the development of other tumors. An additional gene has been found that may be involved in multiple forms of cancer. The gene, MMAC1 or PTEN is found along chromosome 10. Two research teams working on separate cancer types found this gene. The brain tumor with involvement of this gene is glioblastoma multiforme, which is responsible for 5,000-6,000 deaths per year. As stated above, this gene is also seen in cases of breast cancer. The mutation was also found in melanoma, kidney and prostate cancer. The non-mutated form of the gene seems to act as a tumor suppressor, and the gene may determine malignancy in tumors as well. A rare genetic disorder called Bloom?s syndrome combines chromosomal instability and a high rate of neoplasia. Increased recombination along with mutation may cause the increased rate of neoplasia. A study on twins gives information on genetic links to cancer. Results of this study suggest a genetic link for the following cancers: colon and rectum in males, female breast cancer and in situ cervical cancer, prostate cancer, and total cancer. The only cancer listed without a heritable link was lung cancer in both males and females."
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Genetic Patenting, 2002.
Examines the ethical controversy of genetic patenting.
2,462 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
Every since Watson and Crick discovered DNA?s structure in 1953 there has been a mad rush to discover it?s function. The paper explores the discovery of scientist J. Craig Venter, whose groundbreaking system is responsible for locating and sequencing 85-90 percent of all human genes. Venter's discovery led to the National Institute of Health patenting gene fragments and the paper examines the controversy surrounding the issue. It discusses whether DNA, part of the human genome, should be allowed to be patented and also, how the information should be used. The paper also looks at the benefits of making DNA sequencing public property.
From the Paper
"A major concern for many is how new DNA technology can be used against them. In a world full of real or imagined discrimination, genetic discrimination is a looming threat. Nineteen states now have laws governing privacy of genetic tests. Still, 25 percent of the individuals participating in a study at Georgetown University believed they had been discriminated against (Sternberg, 1996). Many Americans may be reason to fear, including those who themselves discriminate. More that 15 million Americans have one or more birth defects, 80 percent of them genetically caused (Cary, 1995). There are diseases numbering greater than 3,000 that are genetically coded (Platt, 1997). Discrimination may be on the job or by insurance companies who refuse to cover an individual based on a pre-existing condition. Martha Volner of the Alliance of Genetic Support Groups feels insurance companies do not need genetic information to discriminate. Enough history both personal and family is given to the insurance agency to negate the use of genetic tests (Sternberg, 1996)."
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Human Cloning, 2002.
This paper discusses the need for a moral and ethical system to govern reproductive biotechnologies with emphasis on human cloning.
3,910 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates both sides of the arguments around human cloning and an ethical and moral system that effectively deals with the various implications involved. The author feels that, because of the uncertainties involved with the technique of human cloning, the potential risk is more significant than any perceived benefits. This paper presents extensive background material to help understand reproductive biotechnologies and human cloning including a glossary of terms.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Introduction to Reproductive Technologies
History of Cloning
First Mammal Cloning
Syllogistic Argument
Moral and Ethical System for Human Cloning
Glossary of Terms
From the Paper
"A final claim about the negative impact of human cloning is its adverse affect on the human gene pool. If human cloning were to progress to a wide enough scale, it might cause a reduction in human diversity. While the consideration of human cloning en masse is currently not a foreseeable scenario, nevertheless, the government should ensure the protection of the human race by establishing laws that prohibit human cloning."
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Nanomedicine, 2002.
This paper discusses nanotechnology as it relates to medicine. The writer gives an overview of the nanobot and concrete examples of how a nanobot could be used inside the body.
1,007 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
As modern science learns more about the human body and the functions of its various systems, material science is delving into the molecular level. The marriage of these two fields is considered to be nanotechnology. This paper gives detailed descriptions of this modern technology and the ways in which it can help medicine in the future.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is a Nanobot?
A Nanobot Example
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Communicating with nanobots inside the body could be a little tricky; the easiest way to communicate seems to be acoustically. It's easy enough to get a message in, say with ultrasound, but picking up a message from the nanobot might be a challenge. The nanobot is so small that any acoustic signal it would transmit would be attenuated within a few microns of flesh. Some suggest that the nanobots should first be instructed to build a large scale transmitter at a specific location just under the skin, which the doctor could then monitor. The nanobots would have inter-nanobot communication capabilities and then could relay messages to the transmitter. In this way, the tasks of the nanobots could be changed in a sequential matter as needed (Hall)."
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The Role of Natural Selection in the Theory of Evolution, 2002.
This paper discusses various theories of evolution, then focuses on Charles Darwin's theory. Specifically, the paper explores how his idea of natural selection fits into the scheme of species development.
2,388 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
The writer explores the topic of species development and the ways in which different theories of evolution have arisen from different mechanisms proposed to be behind the changes in species. Darwin's theory of natural selection answers the question of species develop over time.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Various Historical Theories
Darwinian Evolution
Variation
Natural Selection
Survival of the Fittest
Difficulties of Darwin?s Theory
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Darwin based his natural selection on the idea that if there were no checking factor, all organisms have to potential to breed their population to quantities that vastly outweigh the numbers actually seen. Since this does not happen, there must exist some factor that limits the population of the species. He explains, in depth, the geometric progression of population growth. Perhaps the most basic example is that of bacteria; each bacteria can divide into two identical bacteria in a matter of hours. We would start with one, which would divide into two, which would divide into four and so one. In a matter of days, millions of bacteria would exist. Animals and plants have the ability to breed in a similar geometric fashion. Yet something keeps populations in check. There are a myriad of reason why a population would be kept in check. The overall title to these checks Darwin assigned was Natural Selection."
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The Hazards of Microbiological Research, 2002.
This paper looks closely at the dangers of acquiring infectious diseases through work in laboratory.
1,659 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
In clinical and research laboratories, cultures of microorganisms are accumulated in large amounts which are transferred between containers and are manipulated in the process of testing and evaluation. The paper shows the risk presented to employees through this type of exposure. The writer looks at how a worker can contract a disease, what precautions have been enacted, and what are the federal agencies who regulate these safety standards.
From the Paper
"A need to understand the risks led to guidelines being developed by the CDC which addressed handling the agents based on their infectious severity and the form in which they might be encountered. The guidelines were established to be a combination of strategies including knowledge of the hazard, safety equipment, and basic facility design to prevent accidental or unintentional contamination or contact with agent(s)leading to the possibility/probability of infection."
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Genetically Modified Seed, 2002.
A look at the controversy over the use of genetically modified seed.
1,713 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 23 sources, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concepts of genetically modified (GM) seed and the controversy that lies in the illegality of commercially growing GM seed within the European Union that hasn?t been approved by EU regulators. It uses as an example the venture between AstraZeneca Plc and the Dutch cooperative Cosun in manufacturing GM seed.
Outline:
The Corporation
The Controversy
How Did this Happen?
How Do GM Products Get Approval?
What Regulation Exists?
Where does Zeneca Agrochemicals Fit in with these Accusations?
Fallout?
Sources
From the Paper
"Regulations do exist for testing GM seed; different for the sale in both the United States and Europe. In Europe, before any genetically modified crop can be used in food, it is evaluated by an independent scientific advisory committee that reports to the EU government. Each EU member state may then examine the crop with their own expert committees. All member states then decide together and the permit comes from the state where the crop was first assessed. Any food product that is not genetically pure (within 1%) in Europe must be labeled as such.(20)"
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Charles Darwin, 2002.
This paper discusses the life and work of Charles Darwin.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the events that led to Darwin?s theory of evolution and explains what Darwin means by natural selection. This paper illuminates that Darwin made his observations, which became the basic material for his major work on evolution, during his trip to the Galapagos Islands. The author points out that Darwin?s theory of natural selection involves natural variations occurring in the same species.
From the Paper
"Darwin?s theory involves natural variations occurring in this bird species. While they are the same species, some individuals have slightly different traits. One individual bird is born with a longer beak than the others. This bird is better able to retrieve insects from the ground. This bird lives better, lives longer and creates more offspring. These offspring continue to have the longer beak that allows them to eat better from the ground. These birds are better able to survive than birds with smaller beaks. The end result is that the area where the food is insect life becomes populated by birds that are best suited to this environment."
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Natural Health Practices in Veterinary Medicine, 2002.
This paper looks at the use of non-medical alternatives in the treatment of animals.
730 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of health interventions by Veterinarians. The writer draws several parallels between the use of natural health practices in humans and animals. Nutrition therapy includes the use of whole, fresh ingredients, vitamin therapy uses nutritional supplements to help with recovery from illness, herbal remedies such as echinacea and peppermint are used to help restore balance and acupuncture is used to balance energy and relieve pain. According to this writer the key to the use of non-medical alternatives in veterinary medicine is in their correct application, often in conjuntion with traditional medicine.
From the Paper
"Acupuncture is another natural health method that can be applied to veterinary practice. It is the use of needles inserted superficially into the skin to balance energy, and it is often used in cases where a patient is disabled by pain. Used to relieve the symptoms of arthritis in older dogs, acupuncture can greatly increase an animal?s mobility without the potentially harmful side effects of pain relieving medication, such as lethargy, digestive difficulty, and loss of appetite (Zucker, 2000). Another use of acupuncture with animals is in the case of chronic injury; older pets can injure joints if they fall, and acupuncture can relieve this chronic pain and give greater mobility (Pitcairn, 1995)."
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Genetic Technology, 2002.
This paper argues in favor of using genetic technology within limits.
1,410 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the argument of bioethicists in favor of a complete ban on genetic testing and then states that many Christians are opposed to this ban. The author believes that limits can be set by using a treatment-enhancement distinction and presents a three part arguement. The author believes that while there is a great deal of peril that can be associated with the use of genetic technology with proper and careful restraints on the use of genetic technology, we will be able to use it as a form of medicine to relieve pain, disability and death.
From the Paper
"There are two major variants of the level playing field conception. The first view is the social structuralist view, which requires that something be done to counteract the opportunity-limiting effects of bad luck in the social lottery as far as limitations result from ongoing effects of unjust social structures ? with the emphasis on unjust institutions, not necessarily natural difference among persons. The second view is the brute luck view, which requires that persons should not have lesser opportunities due to how they fare in the social lottery, regardless of whether this inequity originated in unjust institutions ? with the emphasis on those factors beyond one?s control. The most glaring difference between these two views is that under the social structural view, there are no direct implications for natural inequities (not institutions), while the brute luck view does."
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Human Cloning, 2002.
A discussion of the history and ethics of cloning technology.
1,956 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the topic of human cloning and outlines its history from the discovery that sheep with short legs could be bred, to the advanced technology and knowledge available today. It looks at different processes of cloning and the laws laid down to prevent human technology from advancing. It examines the rationale and ethics of those pro cloning with discussion of the scientific breakthroughs it can provide with skin for burn victims, brain cells for the brain damaged, spinal cord cells for quadriplegics and paraplegics etc. It also presents the other side of the argument, how human cloning and genetic manipulation intrude upon the profound nature of the inherently unknowable and represent the bottomless depths of human arrogance and irresponsibility.
From the Paper
"It was not until 1984 that a Danish scientist, Steen Willadsen, reported he had made a genetic copy of a lamb from early sheep embryo cells, a process now called ?twinning.? Other scientist eventually used his method to ?twin? cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys. He later joined Grenada Genetics to commercially clone cattle, and did this from differentiated cells. In other parts of the world, scientist began cloning a cow from embryo cells, and in 1990, the Human Genome Project began. Four years later, scientist Neal First produced genetic copies of calves from embryos. They grew to 120 cells, and in 1995, Ian Wilmut replicated Neal First?s experiment with differentiated cells from sheep, but he put embryo cells into an inactive state before transferring their nuclei to sheep eggs. "
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Gene Therapy, 2002.
A detailed examination of the manipulation of genes for medical benefits.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
Gene therapy - the medical term for the manipulation of genes - promises to allow the curing of diseases and growing of organs, thus saving thousands of lives every year. This paper looks at the history of gene therapy, views of both sides of the gene therapy controversy and its potential uses for the future.
From the Paper
"While it looks very promising on paper there are many concerns about gene therapy and what it will mean to mankind, physically, emotionally and economically(Risk, 2002). Clinical trials have been halted in the US after trials in France caused several deaths in young people from causes other than the disease they started out with (Schieszer, 1996). One 18 year old died of a severe gene reaction that occurred when the gene therapy was started and others have developed leukemia where there was none there to begin with(Schieszer, 1996). Gene therapy is uncharted territory in every sense of the word and there are many things that are not known about the long term effect of using it. Medical scientists are working to discover all the things that might go wrong but there is a huge financial push to get the therapy through the various hoops and approved for use(Schieszer, 1996)."
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Genetic Engineering, 2002.
A paper which argues that restraint should be used in the field of genetic engineering to prevent the endangering of life forms.
2,568 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
Today the advancements in science have made possible the selective study of the individual segments of the DNA of a particular species, to isolate them and to infuse them in the DNA of a totally different organism. The paper shows that genetic engineering can be viewed as a breakthrough in the study of organisms that effectively disintegrates the distinctions that exists in the different species of the world. The advancements in recombinant DNA technology have expedited the research in genetics. This paper analyzes the subject of genetic engineering and in the process analyzes its pros and cons and its future implications.
From the Paper
"Genetic engineering is a fast growing field, which is rapidly removing the species boundaries. Genetic engineering appears to be the solution for all genetically inherited disorders. With the rapid advent of biochip technology we are in for a paradigm shift in medical diagnosis. Gene manipulation is nothing short of altering the fundamental life code and unless sufficient care is exercised it may lead to disastrous consequences. With all the proposed advantages genetic engineering is still a debatable subject with the scientific fraternity sharing mixed opinion on the subject. Unless we are very sure about the safety and the precautions of interspecies transfer of genetic material there is every chance that we might end up endangering ourselves and other forms of life on earth. Leaving alone the other issues the very thought of playing with nature is quite unsettling."
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