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Addiction, 2002.
A discussion of the physiological causes of addiction and how this knowledge may be utilized.
1,097 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in order to develop effective treatment programs for drug addicts, it is essential to maintain a basic knowledge of the physiological basis of their cravings. It evaluates how the ability to explain the neuro-scientific effects of drug use allows those that are responsible for prevention to provide potential users with deterrents that are less dogmatic and more circumspect. It looks at how neuroscience has developed a new understanding of the reasons for addiction and how behavioral neuroscience has taught us that humans, like other animals, crave certain pharmaceutical agents. Studies have enabled scientists to better understand the neuro-chemistry of pleasure and of cravings.
From the Paper
"Cocaine and amphetamines also increase DA availability at synapses of the mesolimbic circuit, causing the same addictive effect. Self-administration of psycho-stimulants declines when this system is damaged. The normal function of this system is to energize appetitive behavior ? that is ? to provide motivation for action. This function is integral to the brain, in that the chief end of the human brain is to provoke action by making these actions appetizing. The psycho-stimulant allows animals to bypass other brain functions that contextualize desire and appease the brain?s desire centers directly. These brain systems might normally motivate an animal to explore and to vigorously pursue courses of action. Therefore, the effect of self-stimulation is duo-fold: it not only taxes brain centers that are responsible for the creation of appetite, but are eventually pulled from their innate desires to better themselves through pro-active conduct. "
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Nutritional Substances, 2002.
Explains the benefits of carbohydrates, lipids, monosaccharides, protein and cholesterol to the human body.
918 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
When it comes to nutrition, terms like carbohydrate, lipid, monosaccharides, protein and cholesterol can sound almost like a foreign language. With all the conflicting reports of what affects ones body and what does harm, it is no wonder that people are so confused. The paper shows, however, that the importance of these substances is so vital that by understanding what they are, as well as how they are used by our bodies can certainly benefit our health and overall well being.
From the Paper
"By definition, a carbohydrate is group of chemical compounds that exist when hydrogen and oxygen (H2O) are then combined with carbon (Ed., Encarta). Carbohydrates are the largest group of organic compounds found in nature (Encarta). Humans, animals, plants and bacteria all use carbohydrates, and the uses for them varies depending on the organism using them. Plants use them for structural uses ? as in the cellulose and hemicellulose that are their main structural elements (Encarta). The cell coatings of the connective tissues in vertebrate animals have carbohydrates in them; both animals and plants use various forms of carbohydrates to store energy (Encarta). Chitin is a carbohydrate, and is the primary ingredient for the exoskeleton of invertebrate animals (Encarta)."
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Amino Acids, Carbohydrates and Protein Synthesis, 2002.
This paper explores the proper timing of amino acids and carbohydrates in regard to protein synthesis.
3,175 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to explore the proper timing of amino acids and carbohydrates in regard to protein synthesis. It does this by examining the causes of catabolism and what happens during this process, by looking at the building blocks and the types of proteins involved in the process and by studying the function of insulin and how it functions in relation to the intake of carbohydrates.
From the Paper
"The field of Biochemistry which ?studies the structure, synthesis and degradation of large molecules found in living cells, their metabolic regulation, and their expression (Spencer, 1997)? is known as molecular biology. These large molecules, or macromolecules, include DNA, RNA, proteins and carbohydrates, and their complexes."
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Nature vs. Nurture, 2002.
The paper looks at studies involving twins in order to compare the influences of nature and nurture.
788 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that studying twins has been one of the most fruitful methods for comparing the differences between nature and nurture. The paper analyzes studies involving identical twins and twins separated at birth. It also examines studies involving twins that show there is a correlation between genetics and intelligence.
From the Paper
"The most famous results of the twin studies have been those involving intelligence. Generally, we tend think of intelligence as something that is not genetically inherited, but cultivated through intense study. In the Enlightenment, thinkers believed that people began life as a totally clean slate and that anything could be impressed upon them through proper education, religious indoctrination, and a solid and respectable upbringing. This concept, often referred to as tabula rasa, or ?the mind before it receives the impressions gained from experience? seems soundly refuted by the Minnesota Study of Twins reared apart (Webster?s II 1177). Instead of finding support for the Enlightenment notion, the study found that twins? intelligence tended to correlate very strongly despite differences in upbringing, and subsequent studies have supported this conclusion."
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Stem Cell Research, 2002.
A critical survey of the ethical arguments both for and against stem cell technology.
2,379 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the validity of both the arguments for and against stem cell technology, based on Ronald Dworkin?s ethical writings on ?The Sanctity of Life? and John Rawls? ?Theory of Justice.? It puts forward the argument that because of the potential for stem cell research to benefit millions of people, the ban on creating stem cells for research should be lifted and that the government should extend federal funding for this potentially life-saving research.
Outline
Overview of Stem Cell Technology
Arguments for Stem Cell Research
Argument Against Stem Cell Technology
Evaluating the Moral Arguments
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Aside from regenerative medicine and curing disease, stem cell research also has the potential of helping humans better understand human developmental biology. This has several important implications regarding questions like the causes of premature birth, genetic diseases and infertility, to name a few. Many proponents of stem cell research argue that harvesting cells from embryos is ethical because an embryo is not a human being. Ethicists Helga Kuhnse and Peter Singer contend that early embryos do not have the mental capacity of a human being. As such, the rights of an insentient embryo should not be allowed to prevail over the rights of, for instance, a patient with Parkinson?s Disease (Kuhnse and Singer 1990)."
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Stem Cell Research, 2002.
This paper describes the medical use of stem cells, how they are acquired, opposition to research, current research and limitations.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the many uses of stem cells, especially in the area of juvenile diabetes, Parkinson?s disease and cell regeneration. This paper explains how the fertilized human egg develops into stem cells and their various biological sources and how they are acquired for use in research, including the NIH guidelines. The author believes that stem cell research is so new that the scientists can only guess at what it will be able to achieve as well as what it will not be able to do.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Acquisition of Stem Cells
Opposition to Stem Cells Research
Limitations of Stem Cells Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Early research into the use of stem cells focused on two separate approaches. One involved the ?control of gene expression?, or determining when genes were active or inactive. The other involved the generation or new cells. Some recent research has combined the two approaches, looking at the possibility that gene manipulation could be combined with cell growth, further broadening the potential applications for gene therapy."
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Isolation of Esherichia coli Bacteriophages from Sewage, 2002.
This paper is a laboratory experiment using sewer water, which contains a large concentration of E.coli, to locate the bacteriophage to be isolated.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper reports on an experiment in which, using sewage water to locate the E.coli bacteriophage, the bacteriophage was isolated from the original culture and placed in an enriched medium to grow and reproduce. The author continues that each one of the plaques represents a viron from the original culture, and, by counting the plaques, they were able to determine the concentration of bacteriophages in the culture. The author reports that findings among the different lab groups differed significantly, but this could be explained by the fact that the experiments were performed on separate days a week apart.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"E.coli was grown for 48 hrs in TSB tubes at 37degrees C by the lab assistant. (Sewage from the Cheney Sewage Works.) The sewage was then centrifuged and the bacteria containing portion was filtered using a 100 mL filter apparatus. I picked up my E.coli and filtered sewage from the lab assistant. Next, I gathered 7 plates of triptocase soy agar. These were labeled 1x10^-3 to 1x10^-9 and placed into the incubator to bring their temperature up to that of the bacteria/phage solution to be added later. 9 Eppendorf tubes were labeled 1x10^-1 to 1x10^-9, these were then set aside. Sterile saline was then gathered and using a Beckman autopipetter. I transferred 900 uL of sterile saline into each Eppendorf tube."
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Genetic Causes of Cancer, 2002.
This paper examines a new area of research that has begun to discover genetic links to cancer.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper reminds us that even though cancer causes many deaths throughout the world, most causes of this devastating disease are unknown. Current research is now looking at genetic causation, which may lead to cures. The author discusses in detail cancer classifications that have a genetic link: Breast cancer, colorectal, mutations in tumor suppressor genes, childhood carcinomas and many other cancers. The author comments that there appears to be a lack of a genetic link between minority and white populations; therefore, the higher rates of cancer among minorities may be due to familial causes: Environment, occupation or environment.
From the Paper
"A gene mutation in BNC1 has been identified in glioma, a brain cancer; the inactivation of the gene may advance the malignant nature of tumors. Glioma is the leading killer of children with cancer. Brain tumors spread faster then other tumors. BNC1 may also be involved in the development of other tumors. An additional gene has been found that may be involved in multiple forms of cancer. The gene, MMAC1 or PTEN is found along chromosome 10. Two research teams working on separate cancer types found this gene. The brain tumor with involvement of this gene is glioblastoma multiforme, which is responsible for 5,000-6,000 deaths per year. As stated above, this gene is also seen in cases of breast cancer. The mutation was also found in melanoma, kidney and prostate cancer. The non-mutated form of the gene seems to act as a tumor suppressor, and the gene may determine malignancy in tumors as well. A rare genetic disorder called Bloom?s syndrome combines chromosomal instability and a high rate of neoplasia. Increased recombination along with mutation may cause the increased rate of neoplasia. A study on twins gives information on genetic links to cancer. Results of this study suggest a genetic link for the following cancers: colon and rectum in males, female breast cancer and in situ cervical cancer, prostate cancer, and total cancer. The only cancer listed without a heritable link was lung cancer in both males and females."
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Genetic Patenting, 2002.
Examines the ethical controversy of genetic patenting.
2,462 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 121.95
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Abstract
Every since Watson and Crick discovered DNA?s structure in 1953 there has been a mad rush to discover it?s function. The paper explores the discovery of scientist J. Craig Venter, whose groundbreaking system is responsible for locating and sequencing 85-90 percent of all human genes. Venter's discovery led to the National Institute of Health patenting gene fragments and the paper examines the controversy surrounding the issue. It discusses whether DNA, part of the human genome, should be allowed to be patented and also, how the information should be used. The paper also looks at the benefits of making DNA sequencing public property.
From the Paper
"A major concern for many is how new DNA technology can be used against them. In a world full of real or imagined discrimination, genetic discrimination is a looming threat. Nineteen states now have laws governing privacy of genetic tests. Still, 25 percent of the individuals participating in a study at Georgetown University believed they had been discriminated against (Sternberg, 1996). Many Americans may be reason to fear, including those who themselves discriminate. More that 15 million Americans have one or more birth defects, 80 percent of them genetically caused (Cary, 1995). There are diseases numbering greater than 3,000 that are genetically coded (Platt, 1997). Discrimination may be on the job or by insurance companies who refuse to cover an individual based on a pre-existing condition. Martha Volner of the Alliance of Genetic Support Groups feels insurance companies do not need genetic information to discriminate. Enough history both personal and family is given to the insurance agency to negate the use of genetic tests (Sternberg, 1996)."
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Human Cloning, 2002.
This paper discusses the need for a moral and ethical system to govern reproductive biotechnologies with emphasis on human cloning.
3,910 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 171.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates both sides of the arguments around human cloning and an ethical and moral system that effectively deals with the various implications involved. The author feels that, because of the uncertainties involved with the technique of human cloning, the potential risk is more significant than any perceived benefits. This paper presents extensive background material to help understand reproductive biotechnologies and human cloning including a glossary of terms.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Introduction to Reproductive Technologies
History of Cloning
First Mammal Cloning
Syllogistic Argument
Moral and Ethical System for Human Cloning
Glossary of Terms
From the Paper
"A final claim about the negative impact of human cloning is its adverse affect on the human gene pool. If human cloning were to progress to a wide enough scale, it might cause a reduction in human diversity. While the consideration of human cloning en masse is currently not a foreseeable scenario, nevertheless, the government should ensure the protection of the human race by establishing laws that prohibit human cloning."
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Nanomedicine, 2002.
This paper discusses nanotechnology as it relates to medicine. The writer gives an overview of the nanobot and concrete examples of how a nanobot could be used inside the body.
1,007 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
As modern science learns more about the human body and the functions of its various systems, material science is delving into the molecular level. The marriage of these two fields is considered to be nanotechnology. This paper gives detailed descriptions of this modern technology and the ways in which it can help medicine in the future.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is a Nanobot?
A Nanobot Example
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Communicating with nanobots inside the body could be a little tricky; the easiest way to communicate seems to be acoustically. It's easy enough to get a message in, say with ultrasound, but picking up a message from the nanobot might be a challenge. The nanobot is so small that any acoustic signal it would transmit would be attenuated within a few microns of flesh. Some suggest that the nanobots should first be instructed to build a large scale transmitter at a specific location just under the skin, which the doctor could then monitor. The nanobots would have inter-nanobot communication capabilities and then could relay messages to the transmitter. In this way, the tasks of the nanobots could be changed in a sequential matter as needed (Hall)."
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The Role of Natural Selection in the Theory of Evolution, 2002.
This paper discusses various theories of evolution, then focuses on Charles Darwin's theory. Specifically, the paper explores how his idea of natural selection fits into the scheme of species development.
2,388 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
The writer explores the topic of species development and the ways in which different theories of evolution have arisen from different mechanisms proposed to be behind the changes in species. Darwin's theory of natural selection answers the question of species develop over time.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Various Historical Theories
Darwinian Evolution
Variation
Natural Selection
Survival of the Fittest
Difficulties of Darwin?s Theory
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Darwin based his natural selection on the idea that if there were no checking factor, all organisms have to potential to breed their population to quantities that vastly outweigh the numbers actually seen. Since this does not happen, there must exist some factor that limits the population of the species. He explains, in depth, the geometric progression of population growth. Perhaps the most basic example is that of bacteria; each bacteria can divide into two identical bacteria in a matter of hours. We would start with one, which would divide into two, which would divide into four and so one. In a matter of days, millions of bacteria would exist. Animals and plants have the ability to breed in a similar geometric fashion. Yet something keeps populations in check. There are a myriad of reason why a population would be kept in check. The overall title to these checks Darwin assigned was Natural Selection."
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The Hazards of Microbiological Research, 2002.
This paper looks closely at the dangers of acquiring infectious diseases through work in laboratory.
1,659 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
In clinical and research laboratories, cultures of microorganisms are accumulated in large amounts which are transferred between containers and are manipulated in the process of testing and evaluation. The paper shows the risk presented to employees through this type of exposure. The writer looks at how a worker can contract a disease, what precautions have been enacted, and what are the federal agencies who regulate these safety standards.
From the Paper
"A need to understand the risks led to guidelines being developed by the CDC which addressed handling the agents based on their infectious severity and the form in which they might be encountered. The guidelines were established to be a combination of strategies including knowledge of the hazard, safety equipment, and basic facility design to prevent accidental or unintentional contamination or contact with agent(s)leading to the possibility/probability of infection."
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Genetically Modified Seed, 2002.
A look at the controversy over the use of genetically modified seed.
1,713 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 23 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concepts of genetically modified (GM) seed and the controversy that lies in the illegality of commercially growing GM seed within the European Union that hasn?t been approved by EU regulators. It uses as an example the venture between AstraZeneca Plc and the Dutch cooperative Cosun in manufacturing GM seed.
Outline:
The Corporation
The Controversy
How Did this Happen?
How Do GM Products Get Approval?
What Regulation Exists?
Where does Zeneca Agrochemicals Fit in with these Accusations?
Fallout?
Sources
From the Paper
"Regulations do exist for testing GM seed; different for the sale in both the United States and Europe. In Europe, before any genetically modified crop can be used in food, it is evaluated by an independent scientific advisory committee that reports to the EU government. Each EU member state may then examine the crop with their own expert committees. All member states then decide together and the permit comes from the state where the crop was first assessed. Any food product that is not genetically pure (within 1%) in Europe must be labeled as such.(20)"
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Charles Darwin, 2002.
This paper discusses the life and work of Charles Darwin.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the events that led to Darwin?s theory of evolution and explains what Darwin means by natural selection. This paper illuminates that Darwin made his observations, which became the basic material for his major work on evolution, during his trip to the Galapagos Islands. The author points out that Darwin?s theory of natural selection involves natural variations occurring in the same species.
From the Paper
"Darwin?s theory involves natural variations occurring in this bird species. While they are the same species, some individuals have slightly different traits. One individual bird is born with a longer beak than the others. This bird is better able to retrieve insects from the ground. This bird lives better, lives longer and creates more offspring. These offspring continue to have the longer beak that allows them to eat better from the ground. These birds are better able to survive than birds with smaller beaks. The end result is that the area where the food is insect life becomes populated by birds that are best suited to this environment."
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Natural Health Practices in Veterinary Medicine, 2002.
This paper looks at the use of non-medical alternatives in the treatment of animals.
730 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of health interventions by Veterinarians. The writer draws several parallels between the use of natural health practices in humans and animals. Nutrition therapy includes the use of whole, fresh ingredients, vitamin therapy uses nutritional supplements to help with recovery from illness, herbal remedies such as echinacea and peppermint are used to help restore balance and acupuncture is used to balance energy and relieve pain. According to this writer the key to the use of non-medical alternatives in veterinary medicine is in their correct application, often in conjuntion with traditional medicine.
From the Paper
"Acupuncture is another natural health method that can be applied to veterinary practice. It is the use of needles inserted superficially into the skin to balance energy, and it is often used in cases where a patient is disabled by pain. Used to relieve the symptoms of arthritis in older dogs, acupuncture can greatly increase an animal?s mobility without the potentially harmful side effects of pain relieving medication, such as lethargy, digestive difficulty, and loss of appetite (Zucker, 2000). Another use of acupuncture with animals is in the case of chronic injury; older pets can injure joints if they fall, and acupuncture can relieve this chronic pain and give greater mobility (Pitcairn, 1995)."
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