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Birds and their Feathers, 2004.
A look at the evolution of the feather and the origin of the bird.
2,556 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the origin of feathers is unknown and how scientists have researched the topic. and none of the theories have even come close to being proved. It looks at how the mystery of the evolution of feathers is closely linked with the origin of birds themselves and how there is various evidence that shows that birds have evolved from small, predatory dinosaurs, known as theropods. It also examines the theory that, although the evolution of feathers and flight were always intimately linked, new fossils discovered in China show that feathers originated even before the evolution of flights or birds.
From the Paper
"A bird?s most distinctive attribute is its feathers. Traditionally it was thought that the evolution of feathers was linked to the origin of flight, but studies now confirm that feathers existed even in the non-flying dinosaurs, which shows that feathers pre-dated the origin of both flight and birds. The actual progress of feathers is not fully known because of various misleads one of which actually states that the primitive feather actually came about due to the elongation and division of the reptilian scale, and the misunderstanding that feathers evolved primarily for the function of flight. Another hindrance in the concept is that of the lack of the availability of primitive fossils. Many contributions from several fields have tried to bring about a solution for these problems."
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Is There an Environmental Crisis?, 2004.
This paper concludes, after reviewing articles, that biologist Garrett Hardin?s concerns about the environmental crisis, commencing in the 1950?s, are plausible.
1,590 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Garrett Hardin introduced ethics into the environmental equation in ?The Tragedy of the Commons?, a collection of essays on population and resources, which generated thought-provoking analyses across a wide range of disciplines, including environmental law and politics. The author stresses that Hardin?s theories have been debated, if not acknowledged, for over 22 years.The paper comments that history has shown that, overall, humans are more reactive than proactive; it often takes a major experience in one?s life to take action.
From the Paper
"Joyner has been involved with CCAMLR as well as the evolution of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 that meets on matters of environment, meteorology, telecommunications and wide-ranging research, and the Protocol on Environmental Protection adopted in 1991 in Madrid as the legal basis for the protection of Antarctica. The Antarctic marine commons, he says, "is the largest and most conspicuous coherent ecosystem on Earth" (145). Interfering with it, by over-fishing krill, for instance, can endanger the entire system. He stresses how states have put aside their differences so mutual agreements could be reached. He cites how opposing sides in the Cold War cooperated in managing the "frozen commons" that included agreeing to inspection schemes and arms control. ?The cases analyzed make it evident that environmental regimes do make a difference,? he concludes."
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Magnetism, 2004.
Examining how the phenomenon of magnetism has made a great contribution to the technological revolution.
789 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the tremendous impact and the immense contribution of the science of magnetism in the technological arena. It begins by introducing the concept of magnetism and then discusses how it applies to nuclear magnetic resonance. It then discusses performing in-vivo studies and magnetoencephalography (MEG). It finally discusses how the technology is used in magnetic storage and magnetic chips.
From the Paper
"This era is characterized by the rapid advancements made in technology and the remarkable breakthroughs in every frontier of science have dramatically altered our lives. The phenomenon of magnetism in particular has made a great contribution in this technological revolution. The electron microscope, which is based on principle of magnetism, was one of the important and earliest scientific achievements (1930) which broke the barriers in the study of cell biology. Extensive research and development in the field has deepened our understanding of magnetic science and today we are better equipped than ever before to harness the power of magnetism. The application of magnetism is diverse and extends to almost all fields of science right from critical medical diagnosis to space engineering and information technology."
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Alaska Wild Salmon, 2004.
This paper is a complete research project that determines the factors influencing the market problems facing the Alaska wild salmon industry and explores the superiority of Alaska salmon over farm-raised salmon.
10,255 words (approx. 41.0 pages), 50 sources, APA, AU$ 331.95
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Abstract
This research paper contends that Alaska salmon represents a product that is far superior to farm-raised Pacific or Atlantic salmon and that specific factors beyond the degree of its superiority led to its demise within the fishery marketplace. The author reports that the research design is historiography, which provides a systematic process on the study of prior historical research. The paper suggests that there is a need for ongoing research to be conducted to determine the superiority of Alaska wild salmon over farm-raised salmon. Figures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Relevant Background Information
Statement of the Problem
Research Hypotheses
Rationale
Literature Review
Species of Alaska Wild Salmon
Chinook Salmon
Coho Salmon
Chum Salmon
Sockeye Salmon
Pink Salmon
Health Effects of Salmon Consumption
Research Methodology
Research Design
Statistical Analysis
Data Collection
Conclusion
Results
Factors Influencing the Alaska Wild Salmon Fishery Industry
Strong Conservation Philosophy
Legal Mandate
Lessons of History
Regulation of Commercial Salmon Fisheries
Salmon Hatcheries and Farming in Alaska
Farmed Salmon Outside of Alaska
Discussion
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Sockeye salmon are anadromous, meaning they migrate from the ocean to spawn in fresh water and are unique in their appearance, with adult spawners typically turning bright red, with a green head. Consequently, sockeye are often called "red" salmon; however, during their ocean and adult migratory phase, sockeye often have a bluish back and silver sides, giving rise to another common name, "bluebacks." As well, as reported by NOAA (2003b), the name "sockeye" is thought to have originally emerged from the Indian word "sukkai.""
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Wine Making, 2004.
An overview of the process of wine fermentation.
879 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how wine making is an ancient but evolving art and science and how only recently have vintners and scientists alike been able to understand and, therefore, control the actions of yeast on the fermentation process. It discusses the whole fermentation process from the different stages of fermentation to the different strains of yeasts and catalysts used.
From the Paper
"Fundamentally, fermentation occurs when sugars are transformed into alcohol, carbon dioxide, and some chemical by-products. In the case of wine, the carbon dioxide is released. The entire process involves no fewer than thirty chemical reactions (Peynaud 94). Yeast catalyzes fermentation. During the initial stage of wine fermentation, which lasts up to one week, the winemaker will leave the vessel open to the air. Thus, primary fermentation is aerobic, which allows the yeast to multiply in number instead of getting to work on the conversion of sugars into alcohol. Especially within the first few days of fermentation, yeasts concentrate almost all their energy on reproduction. Biologically, winemaking yeasts reproduce by budding or by the formation of spores. Saccharomyces yeasts reproduce by budding."
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Narcotic Plants, 2004.
This paper discusses narcotic plants belonging to those categories of plants called psychedelic or hallucinogenic plants because they have a chemical compound that causes hallucinating effects.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that narcotic plants, known for their effects on mind and body since the prehistoric period, were often associated with magic, religious rites, and medicine. Although there are over 60 species of hallucinogens known today that are consumed by people in one part of the world or other, the author focuses on the five major narcotics: tobacco, opium, hemp (marijuana), betel, and coca. The paper relates that the hallucinations that occur because the neuronal messages are changed in a greatly dramatic manner when narcotic plants are consumed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History of the Use of Narcotic Plants and Hallucinogens
The Major Narcotic Plants
Ergot
Amanita
Marijuana
Opium
Coca
Tobacco
Other Hallucinogens
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Peyote: Botanically known by the name Lophophora williamsii, Peyote is a small grey-green variety of cactus found in northern Mexico and Texas. The Native Americans extensively used peyote particularly in their religious rites. The Aztecs ardently worshiped it and peyotism even grew as a religion among Americans. The compounds that are chemically active include mescaline and peyonine, of which mescaline induces hallucination essentially visual in nature, which enables the user to foresee and predict happenings as if in spiritual union with the divine power. Consumption of peyote causes intoxication accompanied by nausea, body shivers and perspiration for about two hours after which the user normally falls into hallucination."
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The Cow: A Journey From Birth to Beef, 2004.
An insight into the beef production process.
3,461 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 156.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the journey of the cow from birth to beef, with statistics from various sectors of the industry. It looks at how the journey from the cow-calf operator to the feedlot to the slaughterhouse to the market, i.e., the journey of a cow from birth to plate, is a long, complicated one. It examines how beef is a big industry in the United States and how, all along the chain of events, people are making money off the cow.
From the Paper
"While on the cow-calf farm, the cows and the calves are subject to several processes and conditions that are meant to ensure good health and strength, as this produces good beef. Cows are sheltered only during cold, wet months, as these conditions are most detrimental to their health. Normally, cows simply stay outside, using hills and trees for protection and shelter. This is not cruel; cows do just fine under these natural conditions. The cow-calf operator will also want to ensure that his or her cows and calves are protected from disease. Therefore, vaccinations are extremely important in this type of operation. Cows and calves must be vaccinated against a host of common organisms and diseases that can cause them harm and affect the quality of the beef."
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Primate Interaction, 2002.
Insight into the social interaction of various members of the primate family.
1,041 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how primate interaction is among the most advanced of all mammals, excluding humans, and how primate interaction, unlike many other animal species, is based around banding together in groups. It looks at how primates are social creatures that function through male domination, competition, and eventual confrontation, and how all species of primates have relatively similar behavior patterns concerning these issues, except for the bonobos, whose behavior is quite unusual compared to their primate peers.
From the Paper
"One of the most interesting dynamics of the primates? social interaction is when male silverbacks from different groups confront each other. Often a rival silverback will challenge for control of the group. If the rival is successful, he takes control of the females and their offspring from the previous silverback (Gilders 32). Oddly enough, the new leading silverback will often kill the offspring, and prepare the females for the breeding of his offspring (Gilders 32). Gilders notes that during a fifteen year period at Virunga, thirty-eight percent of the infant deaths were due to infanticide caused by the rival silverback (32)."
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Working Animals in the Navy and Army, 2002.
A comparison between the dolphins used by the U.S. Navy and the chimpanzees in the U.S. Army.
1,369 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the use of animals in the U.S. armed forces. Making reference to the dolphins used in the Navy and the chimps used by the army, the paper shows how using these animals has helped advance the efforts of the two bodies. The chimps were specifically used in space and air travel to explore the effects of short-term and long-term flights on the body, while dolphins in the Navy were useful in search and rescue, as well as for their sonar abilities.
From the Paper
"Man?s countless endeavors in the improvement of human civilization has encouraged him to further his research and studies about fields of study that are yet to be confronted by society. The United States government, in its attempt to increase its power and knowledge in different realms of life, has developed various programs geared towards the promotion of easier space flight and travel and improved ?weaponry? for its war efforts as an example. These programs have been specifically formulated and implemented by the US government in its efforts to achieve enough knowledge about space travel and flight and an increased advantage over its enemies during times of war."
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Debate on Cloning, 2002.
Summarizes arguments both for and against human cloning.
2,529 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the medical technique of cloning and then looks at its moral, ethical, medical, and sociological implications. Arguments that both favor and oppose human cloning are discussed and analyzed. The paper presents scientific, ethical, and theological arguments on both sides of the debate.
From the Paper
"Supporters of cloning believe that their efforts will mostly be for the good of humanity. The potential medical benefits of genetic engineering override any fears (perceived or real) from cloning. They agree that the technology should be pursued until safe and reliable and should be applied to humans with caution. They believe that there are dangers in attempting to make blanket legal and political assertions on human cloning. This issue is too important. It needs debate. They believe that a ban would be irreversible and preclude further discussions. They also believe that just as antibiotics vaccinations were eventually proven as lifesavers, this new technology should be embraced. Therapeutic cloning offers, for example, an in vitro embryo the chance to evolve into a human being free from painful and debilitating diseases."
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The Evolution of Genetics, 2002.
This paper looks at some of the theories and great scientific minds that have contributed to the study of modern genetics.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper contrasts Gregory Mendel's "particular theory" with Darwin's "theory of evolution" and shows how Mendel's theory contributed to our understanding of genetics today, while the inherent limitations of Darwin's theory could not. The paper explains how Mendel's theory of "segregation and independent assortment" offered new insight into the process of evolution not offered by Darwin's theory. The paper also includes a brief discussion on the promises and ethical concerns of stem cell research.
From the Paper
"Gregory Mendel is considered as the father of modern genetics. He proposed the ?particular theory? of genetics wherein each parent passes on discrete units or character traits to the offspring. Mendel proposed that pairs of factors define each character trait and that each parent contributes one of his factors to the offspring. By his famous experiment of the pea plant Mendel proved that the character traits of an offspring are dependent on the selective expression or the domination of particular alleles. Mendel?s laws of inheritance marked the end of Darwin?s theory that was accepted for so long. Before Mendel Charles Darwin had proposed the theory of evolution based on natural selection. Darwin however could not account for the formation of new characteristics in offsprings."
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Stem Cell Research, 2002.
Takes a look at the ethical and moral issues surrounding stem cell research.
1,133 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the developing field of stem cell research and the promise it holds for curing many kinds of degenerative diseases. It also considers the moral and ethical dilemma surrounding embryonic stem cell research and explores the future possibility of culturing adult stem cells as an alternative to embryonic stem cells.
From the Paper
"Scientists are still trying to understand the differences between stem cells and normal specialized cells. Embryonic stem cells are intriguing in that they can multiply themselves for a long period of time (more than a year) without developing any specialized functions. (Differentiation) Much research that is going on is devoted to understanding the signals, which trigger stem cells to differentiate into different functional cells. Furthermore, knowledge of the different signal mechanisms, which are responsible for differentiation of stem calls into particular cells, would make it possible for us to develop such cells in the laboratory by simulating the same environment. Once this mystery is unraveled it would provide a new insight into clearly understanding the causes for some of the serious diseases caused by cellular anomalies like cancer. This information would also provide scientists with the know-how of controlling stem cell growth in the laboratory."
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Bio-Terror Attacks, 2002.
An overview of bio-terrorism as the latest form of warfare.
2,688 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how bio-terrorism has been called a disease of modern society, a condition of life, an unsurpassed weapon of psychological warfare, and an antithesis of democracy and the democratic spirit It shows how, although bio-terrorism is thought to be difficult to accomplish on a large scale, recent cases of small scale bio-terrorism have demonstrated how easily it would be to inflict large-scale damage in small doses, if done in a coordinated attack. It examines recent cases, such as anthrax-tainted mail, and looks at how terrorists seem to have relatively easy access to a range of sophisticated, ?off the shelf? weapons technology that can be readily adapted to their operational needs.
From the Paper
"In September 1984, a non-state sponsored terrorist cult called the Rajneeshee from Oregon intentionally contaminated many salad bars in restaurants with salmonella bacteria. The incident resulted in 751 cases of enteritis, inflammation of the intestine (especially the small intestine), usually characterized by diarrhea, and 45 hospitalizations. This occurred just from a weak bacteria like salmonella. In 1995, the radical Aum Shinrikyo cult of Japan attacked the subways of Japan by releasing a sarin gas that killed twelve and left thousands debilitated. This cult had allegedly launched three unsuccessful biological attacks in Japan using Anthrax and botulin toxin."
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Stem Cells Research, 2002.
A look at the make-up of stem cells and their use in the medical sphere.
1,883 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by looking at the properties of stem cells and examines the phenomenon of stem cells, which provide limitless division and the rise of differentiated progeny. It then asks what embryonic stem cells are and looks at how they are cultured in the laboratory. It then discusses adult stem cells and the use of cell therapy today. The paper concludes with expectations for the future.
From the Paper
"Stem cells can be defined as progenitor cells or primitive cells that give rise to other cells. They are totipotent cells also dubbed as the ?master cells? of the body as they contain all the genetic information needed to create all the cells in the body plus the placenta, which nourishes the human embryo. Human cells have this capacity only during the first few divisions of the fertilized egg. Totipotent cells follow a series of stages and become highly specialized after 3-4 divisions. The next stage of division give rise to pluriopotent cells that are highly versatile and can give rise to any cell except the cells in the placenta. At the next stage, cells become multipotent, meaning they can give rise to several other cell types, but those types are limited in number. An example of multipotent cells is hematopoietic cells?blood stem cells that can develop into several types of blood cells, but cannot develop into brain cells. At the end of the long chain of cell divisions that make up the embryo are "terminally differentiated" cells?cells permanently committed to a specific function [Author not known, 2003]."
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Color Blindness, 2002.
An overview of the concept of color blindness and the biology behind it.
1,378 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly explains the biology of the eye and the problems that cause color blindness. It looks at what happens in the visionary process between perception and understanding of colors.
From the Paper
"Many people do not know what color blindness is, why it happens, and the different types of color blindness. Color blindness is not total blindness. People with color-blindness can see things, but see everything in one color, or in misrepresented colors. Some of them may be able to see some colors, but not see other colors, while some may see no colors at all. John Dalton, a British Chemist, discovered color-blindness. He himself was colorblind. Color blindness occurs in our retina. The human retina converts the light energy that falls on the retina in the eye and converts it into electrical energy. These electrical impulses are then sent on to the brain. The photoreceptor cells do the conversion of the electrical energy. These cells are of two types- rods and cones. People who have normal eyesight are able to combine the inputs from these cells into different combinations and see color. A set of special receptor cells in the eyes called cones located in our eyes gives us our color vision. The cones are the cells to distinguish between colors."
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Animals in Michigan, 2002.
A brief study of the mammal life which can be found in the Michigan area.
1,278 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the many mammal species which can be found in Michigan. The paper studies how they have evolved to live in the Michigan area and live off the land. The paper also includes a general discussion of the geological history of the Michigan area. The paper begins by exploring those animals which are now extinct.
From the Paper
"It has been suggested that the mammoths and mastodons, in particular, were drawn to Michigan because of the many salt seeps and the many sources of shallow water, from which they could drink. These mammoths and mastodons may therefore have been migratory in their behavior, and stayed in the Michigan area due to the well-suited surroundings. Around 10,000 years ago, these large mammals became extinct in the Michigan area (in common with their extinction in most of the rest of the world)."
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