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At the Zoo, 2004.
This paper discusses animal species, the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) and the American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) and plant species, the Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) and the Prickly Pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa), observed at the local zoo.
2,430 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, through the physical characteristics and the behavior of a creature, it is possible to determine a great deal about how that creature interacts with its habitat and learn about the evolutionary processes that have brought this plant or animal to its current form. The author points out that wolves adjust well to fluctuations in prey populations by supplementing the meat and fish with various forms of vegetation; some wolves have even been known to live on a largely vegetarian diet for extended periods. The paper explains that the Prickly Pear, one of the most common of the cactus family that natively grow in the Eastern parts of the United States, are remarkably resistant to both the cold and to the heat.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Gray Wolf (Canis lupus)
The American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)
The Eastern Prickly Pear Cactus (Opuntia humifusa)
The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
From the Paper
"I observed two species of the Oputina cactus: the Eastern Prickly Pear (Opuntia humifusa) and the Plains Prickly Pear (Opuntia macrorhiza). The Eastern Prickly Pear is found naturally east of the Great Plains in the United States, and into southern Ontario in Canada. The Plains Prickly Pear is found all throughout the Great Plains in the United States, except the northernmost areas, such as North Dakota. The Prickly Pear tends to grow in sandy or rocky soil. In a natural setting, many of the habitats of these four species would overlap, and they would be found in situations where they would be interacting with each other as parts of the same ecological system."
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Stem Cells, 2004.
This paper discusses one of the most controversial topics of popular discourse, stem cell research.
2,055 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that stem cells intended for use in human applications are harvested from humans, umbilical cords, and embryos, and are so valuable because they are master cells with the capability to produce or ?become? any other cell type. The author points out that the reason for the discourse surrounding the topic of stem cells is the fact that the most promising source of stem cells is human fetal tissue; thus, many who hold anti-abortion views find this practice to be highly immoral and repugnant. The paper relates that the problem with umbilical cord stem cells is the small amount that can be harvested from any particular cord; adult stem cells, which pale in comparison to the ability of embryonic cells to differentiate into specialized cells, can be used for research.
From the Paper
"Of course, most people know the origin of human life begins with the sperm fertilizing the egg. After this, a single cell is created that holds all of the genetic information needed to form the entire human body. This cell divides and redivides over several days until these cells (known as totipotent, or as having ?total potential?) begin to specialize into the formation known as the ?blastocyst,? which has a hollow sphere of cells, and a cluster of inner cells (the inner cell mass). While the outer cells of this blastocyst proceed to form the placenta, the cells within the inner cell mass go on to form virtually all of the tissues and organs of the human body. It is these cells that are harvested to research stem cells."
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Prokaryotes, 2004.
This paper discusses desiccation tolerance in prokaryotes.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 161.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that prokaryotes, organisms that make up the microbial world, are deficient of internal unit membranes and are self-sufficient cells or organisms; the best-known prokaryotic organisms are the bacteria. The author states that cell-bound water is evaporated through air-drying, and subsequent addition of water to air-dried cells is the process through which the prokaryotes have been formed. This procedure of air-drying is called desiccation. The paper relates that the age-old belief of existence of life everywhere there is liquid water on earth, irrespective of physical conditions, has been negated by the desiccation tolerance in microbes.
From the Paper
"Since they do not affect cellular structure and functions the solutes are said to be compatible. The molecules in them are similar to that of the compounds said earlier which stabilizes proteins by preferential exclusion. A causal relationship between increasing concentrations of these compatible solutes and improved stress tolerance is evident from enrichment through external addition or through molecular genetic methods. To increase the water absorption capability of cells their absolute concentration is sometimes found inadequate. For safeguarding macro molecules in organisms against moderate water loss preferential exclusion, therefore, seems to be the prominent mechanism. It is essential to have preferential exclusion in order to counteract the concentration of destabilizing molecules in cells during water loss to inhibit denaturation of proteins and membrane fusion."
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Human Cloning.
This paper discusses the ethical arguments for and against human cloning.
2,765 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, historically, many great medical advancements, such as anesthesia and heart transplantation, were fiercely rejected by many bio-conservative moralists, but now have gained acceptance. The author points out that people who disagree with human cloning believe the idea runs contradictory to the evolutionary need to retain a basic level of genetic variety and the variety in nature created by God. The paper stresses that human cloning could lead to situations where a completely new form of genetic and psychological counseling would become a necessity.
From the Paper
"A significant advantage suggested out of cloning is that it is a therapy for childlessness. The reasons for sterility are by genetic defects, wounds to the reproductive organs, hereditary defects and contact to poisonous material and waves. Sterile people can have an advanced possibility of success by human cloning. Many people are not sterile, as they cannot produce feasible gametes. For cloning technology a feasible sperm or egg is not required, any body cell will do. This technology will be able to avoid faulty gametes and permits sterile people to have their own biological children. By cloning technology, suicide, separation, clinical gloominess among sterile people can be stopped. The ideal gene treatment is likely by cloning technology, the real alteration or substitution of flawed gene series."
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Strep Throat, 2004.
A biology paper that analyzes the development of an antibiotic-resistant streptococcal bacteria.
1,423 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the common disease known as strep throat. It explains how virus has developed various strains that have now become resistant to antibiotics. It discusses these different forms of the virus and steps that are being taken to control them.
From the Paper
"The widespread use of penicillin and more modern antibiotics that have been developed since World War II has been accompanied by the natural evolution of some bacterial strains that are resistant to antibiotics. In many respects, the natural ability of bacteria to develop antibiotic resistant strains has sparked an arms race of sorts between these microscopic human pathogens and the microbiologists who try to develop new chemotherapeutic antibiotic agents effective against them. Public health officials have been warning against the indiscriminant or inappropriate use of antibiotics in order to slow the evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains, which is particularly important, now that bacterial strains have evolved that seem resistant even to the newest and most powerful antibiotics."
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DNA Technology Law and Public Policy, 2004.
A discussion of how the technologies of DNA science have revolutionized modern criminal law and medical research.
1,064 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper first provides background and historical information on DNA research and technology. The paper then discusses how this technology can be applied to modern law enforcement and the private and public policy issues that the collection of DNA information has given rise to. Finally, the paper takes a look at the future implications of this technology and the way it will revolutionize medicine and our understanding of genetic diseases.
From the Paper
"It was realized almost immediately, that blood typing had potential value for criminal identification investigations, paternity confirmation and exclusion, and other evidentiary purposes, because they were dictated by Mendel?s Laws of Inheritance. By the 1960s?, researchers had identified many other more subtle factors than surface antigens, enabling them to differentiate blood samples by virtue of specific enzymes and serum proteins that conferred much greater accuracy to the determinations (or exclusions) of identity revealed through blood studies."
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Animal Rights, 2004.
Takes a look at animal rights regulations and how these regulations have negatively impacted human rights.
4,126 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 177.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the position that unbalanced animal rights policies have an unfair and detrimental effect on some human rights. The paper presents arguments that support its position and suggests that, in order to balance the rights and safety of men and the rights of animals, the government must develop a means testing approach to wildlife protection, which could be assembled to measure economic impact of proposed animal rights declarations.
Introduction to the ESA
The Cougar's Plight
The Problem of Protection
Protected Species vs. Protected Species
Conclusion and Research Proposal
From the Paper
"According to Merriam-Webster?s Dictionary of Law (1996), the Endangered Species Act (ESA) obligated the government to protect all animal and plant life threatened with extinction. Included in this category are endangered species, which is defined as any species ?which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.? Also protected are threatened species, which are defined as any species ?which is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.? The wide brush of this act is creating problems for those who are granting the rights to the animals. Unlike humans, who have been granted certain unalienable rights by their creator, (US Bill of Rights) animals receive the rights they enjoy from the highest species on the earth, man."
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The Reality of Food Production and Agriculture, 2004.
Review of Thomas R. DeGregori?s book, "The Environment, Our Natural Resources, and Modern Technology", and the author's position about the negative effects of promoting only organic foods for consumption.
1,479 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the belief expressed in "The Environment, Our Natural Resources, and Modern Technology" by the author, a professor of economics and food science, that supposedly positive assertions as ?buy organic?, in regards to changing consumer behavior, are quite questionable and have had dangerous worldwide implications. The paper cites the negative and dangerous consequences of such behavior listed in the book and explains DeGregori's reasoning and arguments for his position. Finally, the paper points out some of the weaknesses of DeGregori's book and points out that, while environmentalism as a movement has its excesses and moral sanctimony, this must be separated from the real and dangerous effects of modern commercial farming.
From the Paper
"Green is good. Buy organic. Down with genetically modified ?franken foods?! Such environmentalist assertions have the ring of modern truisms. Often, the impetus to recycling can have a moral drive to the way that the ideology is enforced upon every street corner, from the shrill wastebaskets that proclaim ?for cans and bottles only? to the supermarket aisles that scream ?no pesticides used.? The modern distaste for technology can be hypocritical as well as hysterical in its intensity at times. After all, such technological innovations as the CD transmit far better musical sound quality than the LP. (DeGregori, 2002, 152). And, more to the point, the modern revolution in food production and shipping has enabled modern individuals to have, at their fingertip?s access, enormous amounts of healthy produce, in and out of season, and to be able to eat high-protein, high-calcium foods at great convenience and relatively little cost."
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The Brain and Emotional Stimuli, 2004.
An exploration of what brain regions are activated by emotional stimuli.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the question of which areas of the brain are engaged by emotional stimuli. The preliminary hypothesis supported is that every region of the brain is activated by emotional stimuli and that, secondarily, each region of the brain is activated in a different manner by different stimuli. It proposes to prove that notion that every region of the brain does not act similarly in response to various emotional stimuli, but most regions will react in some manner, since the amygdala ,for example, will react more aggressively to certain forms of emotional stimuli than others.
From the Paper
"The study ?Neural Correlates of Person Recognition? identified the regions of the brain that are activated by emotional stimuli in an abstract manner. In this study participants were examined to assess their ability to recognize people by viewing their faces, and the subsequent brain activity required to retrieve person specific information was compared and contrasted. Functional MRI imaging showed that several regions of the brain responded to familiar emotional stimuli or faces, including the following: left hippocampus, left middle temporal gyrus, left insula, and bilateral cerebellum (Paller, et. al, 2003). Brain activity was much more active in various regions for emotional stimuli that were personal or familiar in nature."
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Aggression in Males, 2004.
Discussion and analysis of the topic of male aggression in men aged 21 to 27.
937 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of male aggression in men between the ages of 21 to 27. Specifically, it discusses why men are more aggressive than women aged 21-27 and why men are the main aggressors in domestic violence situations.
From the Paper
"Numerous scientists and researchers have conducted studies regarding male aggression and why it occurs. Much of the research points to the increased levels of testosterone in males, especially teens and young adults, as this researcher notes. "Men?s fluctuating short-term testosterone levels respond to competitive situations, such as a tennis or wrestling match, a chess game, or a competitive task in a psychology laboratory" (Goldstein, 2001). Various studies have also shown that aggressive behavior between males can lead to increased testosterone levels, and that women do not experience the same type of increase in aggression when competing, or when winning in a game or contest. Goldstein continues, "Testosterone effects in male?female competition or dominance 'have yet to be addressed in research with humans'" (Goldstein, 2001). Thus, it seems men and women are inherently different when it comes to aggression, and men have more aggressive tendencies than women do ? especially men at the peak of their sexual and physical prowess, from 21 through 27. Certainly, biological differences are important, as this researcher states."
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Mad Cow Disease, 2004.
This paper discusses mad cow disease, a virulent cattle disease, which led to the destruction of 180,000 livestock in the United Kingdom and other European countries and plunged other major cattle-producing nations into a global panic.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that mad cow disease is bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE, a fatal brain disorder in cattle caused by a still-unknown agent. The author points out that U.K. reports also listed other animals as having been infected by TSEs, including domestic cats, mice, hamsters, goats, mink, monkeys, pigs, and some exotic species of the cat family. The paper reports that there is also suspicion that mad cow can be spread through human blood; therefore, the American Red Cross bans blood donations from people who have lived abroad, especially from those who spent as few as three months in the UK between 1980 and 1996.
From the Paper
"The disease spread to cattle in other countries through infected animal feed UK exported to them within that decade. These countries in Europe alone included Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland (Lohn), which were reported to have at least one infected cow each. The UK also supplied animal feed to South Africa and non-European countries at that time, extending the reach Mad Cow beyond Europe and making it a global health scare."
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Information Technology and Counter-Terrorism, 2004.
This paper discusses that, since 9/11, there have been many developments in counter-terrorist technology.
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that many companies have developed counter-terrorist technology for commercial applications to government, airlines, shipping ports and other easy and potential targets; two of the biggest ideas in counter-terrorist technology include biometrics and nanotechnology. The author points out the PACE project shows that biometrics may be the way to keep countries safe from known terrorists by utilizing technology such as facial scans, which work by measuring distances between lips, nose, eyes, and other features to determine whether someone's face actually matches a scan previously taken. The paper states that nanotechnology has not really taken off, but efforts are being applied to make some commercial applications using this technology.
From the Paper
"One of the companies that is working hard to bring biometrics to the forefront of counter-terrorism technology is Fingerscan Pty Ltd, which is a subsidiary of a larger identification and biometrics company based in California. Fingerscan is working toward using fingerprint recognition technology to identify and authenticate individuals. Most of this technology would apply to banks and other high security areas where fraud and deceit can sometimes be problematic. However, after the terrorist attacks, it is clear that this type of scan will likely be utilized in even more commercial applications to ensure that individuals who come into a country are who they claim to be. This could be vitally important and have far-reaching applications for the counter-terrorism concerns that plague many countries today, and could keep many safer."
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The Sexual Behavior and Mating Habits of Primates, 2004.
Review of literature regarding the sexual behavior of primates in captivity.
1,607 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper examines several research studies on the sexual and mating habits of orangutans, langur monkeys, bonobos and chimpanzees, each of which concluded that the sexual and reproductive behaviors of these primates is abnormal when the animals live in captivity.
From the Paper
"Human researchers have always been deeply fascinated with primate behaviors because they are of much closer genetic relation than any other animals. Likewise, the studies of sexuality and mating social behaviors are of particular interest to people because, within human social structures, this area remains both mysterious and untamed, and at the same time entirely necessary for the survival of human relationships and survival of the species. Parallels that may offer some understanding of our own sexual and mating habits can be found in the observations made of Orangutans, Langur Monkeys, Bonobos, and Chimpanzees by various researchers."
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Making Babies, 2004.
This paper discusses sexual reproduction in vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that sexual reproduction involves the coming together of genetic material from two parents to form progeny that combine genes from both of them. The author points out that the dominant mode of reproduction among vertebrates is oviparity, or ?egg laying?; but mammals reproduce through viviparity, or by retaining the egg(s) within the reproductive tract until embryonic development is complete. The paper relates that the process of sexual reproduction includes mating, sexual contact or fertilization, and incubation for embryonic development.
From the Paper
"Parthenogenesis, or ?virgin birth? is a common occurrence, especially among certain invertebrates such as cladocerans, brine shrimp, aphids, rotifers, and digenetic trematodes. Some invertebrates are able to alternate between sexual and asexual, parthogenetic, reproduction, although the cycle is thought to be fundamentally sexual. ?Hermaphroditism is often considered to be accidental or developmental, caused by deviation or failure of the sex-differentiating mechanism. This type of deviation is characterized by gonadal tissues that range from equal portions of germ cells for each sex, to the predominance of one sex within an individual?."
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Cloning Endangered Species, 2004.
A look at the possibility of using genetic cloning to preserve endangered species.
1,518 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, according to the World Wildlife Fund, it is estimated that about 20% of all present-day species could be extinct by the year 2025, and while conservation efforts under the Endangered Species Act are aimed at captive breeding programs, reintroduction, and habitat management, new methods of species preservation must be supported. It looks at how scientific methods like genetic cloning through interspecies transfer to produce viable young should be considered in the overall endangered animal protection plan and how the broad sense of the term ?risk?, as applied to limiting the use of presently endangered individuals to save their entire species, needs to be reconsidered and explained to allow advances in scientific technology that may possibly recover entire animal populations.
From the Paper
"Cloning technology requires a mother to act as a surrogate. While conservation biologists may be in support of, or on the fence about, cloning as a method of endangered-species conservation, the concept of using either a wild or captive endangered female of the same species to assist in reproduction or act as a surrogate mother is unfavorable as the risks may prove too great. To circumvent the risk of adversely affecting the present-day numbers of a species by using a surrogate of that species, or even to reintroduce a species that has been identified as being extinct, scientists have delved into utilizing methods of interspecies cloning to reproduce an animal using a surrogate mother of another, less endangered animal."
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Finches in a Cage, 2004.
Presents a history of domesticated and wild canaries.
3,332 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
This paper provides background information on domesticated and wild canaries. The paper describes where canaries originate, how they became domesticated, the physiological differences between domestic and wild canaries, how domestic canaries have changed over time, their genetics, nutrition, and breeding process.
From the Paper
"The first records of trade in birds?canaries?from the Canary Islands dates to about 1402. Sailors captured the wild birds, attracted by the song of the males, and kept them in cages as pets aboard ship. It wasn?t long before landlubbers, too, got acquainted with the birds and found them charming and relatively easy pets to keep. And, an added attraction in Europe, they were also exotic, an attribute guaranteed to make them popular at a time when ships were venturing farther and bringing back unusual items not seen in Europe before. (Home pet Web site)"
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