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Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay, 2004.
A discussion of the pollution problems of Chesapeake Bay's waterways.
1,903 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the reasons for the eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay, the consequences of that eutrophication, and possible solutions to the problem.
From the Paper
"Located off the coast of Eastern Maryland and Eastern Virginia, Chesapeake Bay?s length is 200 miles, and its width ranges from four to 40 miles. Many rivers and streams, including the James, York, Rappahannock, Potomac, Patuxent, and Susquehanna rivers, join the bay (Encarta, ?Chesapeake Bay?). Home to more than 2700 species of plant and animal life, including oysters, the blue crab, and over 150 species of fish, the Bay has historically provided settlers and Native Americans with vital natural resources (Virginia Natural Resource Leadership Institute (VNRLI), 1). At its healthiest in the early 1600?s, the Bay rated an estimated100 on a scale of 100 in terms of health, according to the Chesapeake Bay Foundation (Chesapeake Bay Foundation, ?2002 State of the Bay Report?, 1)."
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Atkins Diet, 2004.
An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the Atkins diet.
2,458 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the basic theory behind the Atkins diet and why it is thought to help one loose weight. The writer then provides theories, which refute the logic behind the Atkins diet, providing biological and nutritional reasoning.
From the Paper
"The philosophy behind so-called ?low carb? diets such as the Atkins Diet is that obesity is primarily the result consuming too many carbohydrates, and that the traditional medical focus on lowering fat intake is partly to blame for obesity in the United States. The theory underlying the Atkins Diet philosophy is that carbohydrate consumption stimulates elevated insulin levels in accordance with their relative position on the ?Glycemic Index? familiar to diabetics. According to Atkins, the recent rise in obesity in the United States is partly the result of governmental advice to minimize high-fat foods in favor of carbohydrates (Atkins, 1999)."
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Deforestation in Ghana, 2004.
A look at the environmental devastation brought upon the country of Ghana as a result of the destruction of the Ghanaian forest.
849 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history and causes of the deforestation of Ghana. The paper points to economics and greed as the primary causes of this deforestation and points out that, while there have been some attempts to protect the natural landscape of Ghana, the overriding poverty of the country makes it vulnerable to environmental exploitation as a means of boosting the economy.
From the Paper
"According to Microsoft?s online Encarta, in the 19th century, the southern half of Ghana was completely covered by hardwood forest, however, by the year 1995, such large portions of its forests had been destroyed, over logged, or cleared for mining, that only 39.7 of the entire country remains forested, with (during the period from 1990-1996) more than 1.3 percent continuing to be lost every year (Encarta)."
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Nature and Ecology, 2004.
A biblical perspective of both ecological processes and human behavior and how they relate to the environmental crisis.
849 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper compares two religious or philosophical approaches to nature and ecology. The contents also focus on how religious traditions relate to the environment crisis.
From the Paper
"Having sufficient ecological knowledge is not sufficient to solve many of the ecological problems because it is not able to solve the environmental issues of modern culture. Even though we know why the number of living species in the world is decreasing, the human population is growing, the mounting waste from the backyards and oceanic abyss reach the upper layers of the atmosphere. The solution to these problems requires knowledge of ecological processes, and human behavior too."
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The Bioethics of John Kass, 2004.
This paper discusses the bioethics beliefs of John Kass, especially regarding birth defects.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Kass is very much opposed to the notion of interfering with nature, as well as producing a separate standard of existence for children who are born with defects. The author points out that Kass believes that, by terminating a pregnancy just because the child has a birth defect, is like saying that all society is only good if everyone is perfect and ?normal? and suggests that individuals who are disabled are somehow less than acceptable and worthy. The paper stresses the importance of examining each case on a unique and personal basis before offering generalizations about what is good and what is right.
From the Paper
"The government does not have the right to determine whether it is ok or not for someone to give birth to a child with defects, who might face a life of nothing but suffering. If your choice is to raise that child from cradle to grave, that is a decision that you can make for yourself. Regardless of whether the child is biologically or physically deficient, one takes risks when they endeavor to reproduce and have children."
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Tuberculosis, 2004.
An examination of the phenomenon of TB as an emerging infectious disease.
1,807 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how tuberculosis is not a new disease. The fact that it still exists in the world illustrates the tenacity of this infectious disease and the difficulties in continually treating and eliminating these types of diseases. The writer points out that tuberculosis continues to kill millions of people each year, and scientists are attempting to find new cures for the disease as it spirals out of control into one of the worst health menaces facing our world today.
From the Paper
"The scientist Robert Koch first discovered the disease tuberculosis (TB) in humans in 1882. There is also a bovine form of the disease that is effectively controlled in areas that thoroughly pasteurize milk and practice more efficient health care in cattle. Birds can also carry a type of tuberculosis that can affect humans. Before its discovery, tuberculosis was known by a variety of names, including the most popular, "consumption," which was thought to be a wasting disease that affected the lungs. Tuberculosis is most known as a lung disorder, but it can also affect the intestines, bones and joints, the skin, and the genitourinary, lymphatic, and nervous systems, though less frequently than the lungs. The disease is caused by mycobacteria or tubercle bacilli in the case of human infection."
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Stem Cells: A Different Approach, 2004.
This paper examines two alternative approaches to stem cell research which, in the opinion of the author, are more ethical than current directions.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how stem cell research could be accomplished in at least two ways that should not raise the moral ire of politicians, religious groups, or the public in general. The writer states that the first is through the use of adult stem cells, avoiding the terrible risks of tissue rejection. The second potential direction for stem cell research involves extracting a few cells in the early stages of an embryo's development without destroying that embryo.
From the Paper
"Revolution is in the air. While the digital revolution is transforming our view of the universe, the biotech revolution has the potential to alter the universe itself. The parallel with the invention of the printing press and the Renaissance is clear. (Blake, 2001). ?Gutenberg's and Caxton's inventions turned the world figuratively and intellectually upside down and heralded new patterns of human activity and organization that were inconceivable prior to the early 15th century.? (Blake, 2001, pg. 9). One of the great achievements of that era was the quick adaptation of this communications revolution to every aspect of human life. Today, ?we are at the beginning of a new Renaissance?.? (Blake, 2001, pg. 9). One of the more controversial elements of this new Renaissance is stem cell research. There is perhaps no field fraught with more possibility along with questions of morality and medical ethics. (Hickey, 2001)."
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Homeostasis, 2004.
An introduction to the process of homeostasis, a self-regulating process whereby equilibrium is achieved between various organs or segments of an organic system, such as the human body.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the basic process of homeostasis, with a look at the crucial role it plays in the maintenance of the complex sequence of biochemical activities that occur within organisms. The paper also explains the functions of cell membranes in the process of homeostasis, different forms of homeostasis, and what happens when the process is disrupted.
From the Paper
"Homeostasis has also been formally defined by many scientists in different ways, perhaps most accurately as the ?maintenance of a stable internal environment? whether in a cell or in the organism as a whole (MSNucleus, 2004). Homeostasis is in essence equivalent to a state of equilibrium. Much like balanced scales, homeostasis ensures that too much nor too little exists at any point in time within organisms. When a state of imbalance occurs, the scale tips unfavorably to one side or the other. Homeostasis works via establishment and maintenance of the internal chemical balance of cells, whether they are in a human life form or a botanical one. Homeostasis is crucial to maintenance of the complex sequence of biochemical activities that occur within organisms, traditionally during the process of energy utilization (MSNucleus, 2004)."
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Killer Whales, 2004.
The paper provides overview of the orcinus orca and argues that killer whales are not harmful to humans.
1,945 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the biological classification, diet, distribution, and social behavior of the mammalian, orcinus orca. The research also outlines the factors that are responsible for the decline in orcinus orca population around the world today. Special emphasis has been given to resident orcinus orca so as to demystify the concept that orcas are lethal to fishermen and, hence, should be targeted for hunting.
From the Paper
"PCBs or polychlorinated hydrocarbons via toxic waste dumps, oil spills and industrial and human refuse pollution are the main culprit for the high levels of toxicity in killer whales. Killer whales are predators at the top level of the food chain but any toxic pollution would accumulate in high levels as we move up the food chain. The pollutants cause tissue contamination and infertility as well as a high probability of epizootic disease."
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Beta Thalassemia, 2004.
An overview of the blood disease known as beta thalassemia.
958 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
Beta thalassemia is the more severe of the two main types of thalassemia, an inherited blood disease resulting from defective production of hemoglobin. This paper discusses how the disease develops, the types of beta thalassemia, how it is inherited, its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
From the Paper
"Hemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen in the blood, is made up of four chains of amino acids: two identical alpha chains and two identical beta chains. Thalassemia is the result of an imbalance in the production of beta chains that is caused by a mutation in the genes that direct their production. A mutation to the beta genes decreases the production of beta chains, resulting in beta thalassemia."
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Evolution, 2004.
An overview of some of the more popular terms in the field of evolution.
746 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper presents explanations of several terms relating to evolution. Some of these terms include population, biological species, genotypes and phenotypes, Darwinian fitness, and convergent evolution and coevolution.
From the Paper
"The ?biological species? concept does not consider physical appearance as an important criterion for classifying species but reproductive isolation is considered a main factor. In other words biological species refers to the broad group or population of individuals, which can successfully interbreed, and produce offsprings while at the same time are reproductively isolated from other populations in the natural environment. [UCMP]"
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Kin Selection, 2004.
Examines altruism in nature within the context of W.D. Hamilton's theory of "Kin Selection".
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 161.95
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Abstract
The organization and functioning of human and animal societies has long been the subject of intense investigations by natural scientists, sociologists, and geneticists. Darwin, who laid the foundation for a modern theory of evolution, suggested ?kin selection? as an explanation for the existence of sterile females, the worker caste, in social insects like ants, bees, and termites. This paper examines a later theory presented by W.D. Hamilton, who mathematically perceived his 'Theory of Kin Selection', showing it as a mechanism for the evolution of such apparently altruistic sterile castes.
From the Paper
"Like any other genetic trait, altruism will evolve only if it is passed on from generation to generation in a proportion greater than alternative alleles for non-altruism. Hamilton has described the conditions under which an allele for altruism will have higher frequency of occurrence and, therefore, evolve. He states these conditions in a formula: br ? c > 0 or b x r > c where b, stands for ?benefit?, and refers to the enhanced reproductive benefit gained by recipient of altruism; r refers to the chance that the aided individual carries the same gene for altruism; c stands for ?cost?, to the altruist in terms of the number of offspring the altruist could have had if it had not been an altruist. Hamilton?s formula leads to the concept that in a randomly mating and out breeding diploid population, an individual should sacrifice itself in order to save? two siblings, four nephews or eight cousins? since siblings share 50% of the individual?s genes, nephews 25% and cousins 12.5%."
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Alcoa and the U.S. Government, 2004.
Examines the case between aluminum producer, Alcoa, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
1,862 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a brief history and some background information on the Alcoa company and then explains the reasons for the legal case brought against it by the EPA. The paper also points the connection between former Alcoa CEO, Paul O'Neill, and the Bush Administration and how this relationship helped Alcoa achieve a favorable ruling in the EPA's case against the company. Additionally, the paper describes the conclusion to the legal case, discusses Alcoa's strategies for winning the legal battle, and presents an analysis of the entire issue as well.
Company Basics
Company History in Brief
The Arena of Conflict
The Issue
The Conclusion of Case
Alcoa's Strategies
Analysis
From the Paper
"Alcoa is the leading global producer of primary aluminum, fabricated aluminum and alumina. It is active in virtually all aspects of the aluminum industry, serving aerospace, automotive, packaging, building and construction, commercial transportation, and industrial markets. It promotes itself as a single source for design, engineering, production and other fabrication-related operations. In addition to serving those industries listed above, it also produces and markets consumer brands including Reynolds Wrap?, Alcoa? wheels, and Baco? household wraps. It has also branched out into other businesses including vinyl siding, closures, fastening systems, precision castings, and electrical distribution systems for cars and trucks."
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Nutrigenomics, 2004.
A discussion of nutrigenomics, the field of study concerned with determining whether certain foods will affect the gene expression pattern of key genes that affect the metabolism or the genetic tendency towards certain disease.
3,225 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 13 sources, APA, AU$ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper first defines nutrigenomics and then goes on to explain the basic tenet of nutrigenomics, looks at its historical roots, and discuss some of the weaknesses, as well as the promises of this field of study.
From the Paper
"Nutrigenomics is an important field of study. It finds its roots in modern times, because of the direct relation to advances in science and technology. Nutrigenomics also straddles the nature versus nurture divide. The publication of the relatively preliminary results of the Human Genome has given greater impetus to the idea of Nutrigenomics. One might assuredly say that the publication of the Human Genome is preliminary because the current versions of the genome are merely representatives of a very select group of individuals. (Lander et al., 2001; Venter et al., 2001) What makes individuals unique of course is the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs. It is these SNPs that give each of us our individuality. Hence each individual's genome is his or her genotype. A genotype is an individual's genome?the genetic coding that identifies the character traits that govern existence. In the context of Nutrigenomics, a genotype is the identification of genetic makeup that codes a person's proclivities to diseases and how this code reexpreses with the environment, specifically the diet. Directly related to a person's genotype is how this encoded information translates into how a person lives."
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Careers in Biology, 2004.
A look at the advantages of obtaining a degree in biology.
943 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how training in biology provides biology majors with a wide variety of potential career options and how the choice of potential careers is wide, even within a specific area of biology. It looks at how the choice of potential employers is wide and includes federal and government agencies, as well as agriculture and pharmaceuticals and other private and public industries. It also discusses how the amount of education required depends largely upon a specific career choice. Choosing a career in biology is about matching a wide number of factors, including personal ethics, salary, and personal interests.
From the Paper
"Biologists often face a number of ethical concerns that may drive their career choices (Winter and Belikoff). The use of animals in medical research is an ethical problem for many would-be scientists, as are ethically charged issues like human cloning and stem cell research. Biology careers focusing on wildlife conservation and related areas face many environmental issues. Careers in the pharmaceutical industry often bring up ethical issues surrounding drug cost and availability. For example, drug companies have been criticized for not making expensive AIDs treatments available to individuals in Africa for little or no cost."
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The Relationship between Biological and Psychological Systems, 2004.
Discusses the debate regarding human personality and whether it is determined biologically or psychologically.
1,628 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper explores several questions on human nature regarding the long-standing nature vs. nurture debate. The paper examines the pro-nurture position, the beliefs of several well-known philosophers regarding the nature versus nurture question, the implications of the Human Genome Project, and the conclusions of several studies conducted on the link between genetics and the environment.
From the Paper
"The pro-nature side holds that learning or knowledge acquisition, in particular, is in itself a kind of genetic information that is pre-determined by natural selection (Csongradi 2004). Some of the knowledge a person gains may come from interactions or functionally, but what is genetically established will also change or influence the person?s experiences. What he learns about the world from the family, school, religion and society in general is something natural and only reinforced over time. This is demonstrated by studies on the pack behavior of animals that grew out of the best chances of procreation and this understanding of the world enhanced both group and individual survival (Csongradi). As in other illustrations, this animal behavior favored the survival of offspring and perpetuated genes that would guarantee that survival. Studies of highly gifted autistic patients also showed that a person can develop extraordinary artistic or scientific talents without requiring nurture."
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