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Pharmaceutical Licensing, 2004.
An analysis of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical products.
4,300 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 158.95
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Abstract
This paper highlights the causes and effects of the compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical products. The paper discusses the fundamental positions, attitude, inclination, and concerns of the developed world and the under-developed world with regard to the intellectual property rights of the pharmaceutical products. The paper also concentrates on the subject of the intellectual property rights of the biotechnology products. The paper also exposes the priorities of both the developed world and the under-developed world, priorities that have been a major hurdle in all previous negotiations on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection. Subsequently, the paper gives practical recommendations that ought to be followed in all future negotiations so that both parties can derive maximum benefits from the patentability of pharmaceutical products.
From the Paper
"Over the years, it has become a general belief that biodiversity will pave the way for a solution to almost all the diseases that exist today and continue to negatively influence our lives. This belief has led scientists to take further steps in the Research and development (R&D) of biotechnology. These steps comprise of various compounds, compounds that are biologically active, compounds that are natural resources, for example microbes, insects, fungi, marine organisms, and plants. However, laboratories are not capable of producing these complex biologically active and complex compounds. This is because the key places of genetic biodiversity are situated in the tropical and the subtropical regions of the world (Tara, 1994). Therefore, it is imperative for biotech scientists to go into the tropical forests with the purpose of locating these biologically active compounds."
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Rachel Carson, 2004.
A biographical paper of this famous American conservationist.
2,226 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
Rachel Carson is celebrated as one of the most influential conservationist of the 20th century and one who will continue to to inspire generations to come. This paper examines the life story of Carson, beginning with her childhood, her university education, and her love for nature. It also focuses on Carson's most famous book, "The Silent Spring", which opened the world's eyes to the dangers of pesticide such as DDT and changed the course of this form of destruction to the environment.
From the Paper
"In 1958 Carson received a letter from Olga Owens Huckins, owner of a private bird sanctuary in Duxbury, Massachusetts, who was horrified one day to find birds dead and dying throughout her property (Rachel pp). Explaining that only days earlier local agencies had conducted a massive, unannounced spraying of the pesticide DDT, Huckins begged Carson to find someone in government to look into the regulations regarding chemical spraying (Rachel pp). Carson had long suspected the danger posed by the use of DDT and in fact had once tried to interest Reader?s Digest in an article based on research by Elmer Higgins and Clarence Cottram at the Fish and Wildlife Service, but Reader?s Digest declined and the findings were never released to the public (Rachel pp)."
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Phylum Arthropoda, 2005.
A look at the family of organisms made up of animals with multiple legs, like spiders, crustaceans, scorpions, etc.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the phylum of arthropoda. Specifically, the paper introduces this phylum to the reader, including general characteristics of the phylum, an overview of the taxonomy within the phylum, the number of organisms within the phylum, where these organisms live, their ecological or economic importance, and any interesting facts about organisms within the phylum.
From the Paper
"The arrangement of animals in this phylum is quite varied. These creatures are usually divided into four classes: Trilobita (trilobites, which are now extinct, but the fossils look like flat beetles or sea creatures), Chelicerata, (which include spiders and scorpions, mites and ticks, horseshoe crabs, daddy-longlegs, and other animals with eight legs), Crustacea, (which include crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and other sea creatures), and Uniramia, (which include insects, millipedes, centipedes, and insects like these). These four main classes hold literally millions of insects and members. Since there are so many diverse insects and spiders on the planet, and scientist know they have not all been discovered, many people believe there are thousands that are not yet classified, and the entire class holds many millions of animals. Estimates place arthropods at about 80 percent of all known animals on Earth (Tatner). Within these four classes, the animals are broken down even further into numerous sub-classes."
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Bioterrorism, 2004.
An analysis of epidemic diseases and the threat of biological terrorism.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses various historic epidemic diseases, such as the black plague and smallpox. The paper presents a brief history of the use of these diseases as weaponry. Modern-day biological threats, such as anthrax, botulism, tularemia, and Ebola are explored in the paper. The paper explains that the relatively small size of biologic weapons to their large-scale destructive capabilities make them a very real threat in modern warfare and terrorism.
From the Paper
"The Black Plague killed an estimated forty percent of the population of Europe between 1347 and 1427; with some cities and villages experiencing seventy or eighty percent mortality (Herlihy 2, 43). Out of its ashes rose a new understanding of medical science, the European renaissance, as well as a powerful respect for disease. Over five hundred years later Western scientists, armed with post World War II technology, seemed prepared to rid the world of any disease that could threaten humanity. Yet, despite the new weaponry on the side of humans and the heightened optimism of the time, new plagues seemed ready to meet the challenge medical science was the real underdog. During the twentieth century western medicine has gone through several phases, all as responses to immediate medical needs and pervading public worries of the time. Most recently, the threat of bioterrorism has stirred-up many fears that a new plague might ravage our world, and this mindset has demanded a response form the medical community."
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Dolphin-Human Interactions, 2005.
A report on dolphins, describing their characteristics and qualities and human efforts to protect them, as well as the mistreatment they have suffered.
2,225 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper explores some of those reasons why, in spite of dolphins being some of the most loved mammals in the world, they are still too often mistreated and abused. The paper also looks at some of the ways that many people and governments have, in fact, attempted to help dolphins to varying degrees, as well as presents results from a small survey taken to assess general attitudes toward dolphin protection efforts. The paper also formulates some conclusions about what other steps can be taken by people to minimize the harm we bring to this fine species. First, however, this paper describes some of the outstanding characteristics of dolphins so that the reader can understand what remarkable creatures they are.
From the Paper
"Dolphins are one of the most widely-loved mammals that exist. People love the fact that they are actually mammals instead of fish; they love how playful dolphins can be, and how they always seem to be smiling; and they love to hear the mythology about how dolphins have helped so many ships in trouble. Dolphins are regularly shown at places like Sea World and in aquariums, where people can see how intelligent these animals truly are. Between their sleek beauty, their agility in the water, and their seemingly always-happy demeanor, dolphins are beloved perhaps more than most other animals."
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Stem Cell Research, 2005.
A look at the developing technology in stem cell research and how that research affects the United States' social, political, and religious belief structures.
4,005 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 151.95
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Abstract
This report attempts to present insights into the new technology of stem cell research while also presenting views into the political spectrum surrounding the use of this new technology. The report also describes some of the significance of and problems related to regenerative medicine and why it is important to the future of all of mankind.
Introduction
Define Stem Cell Technology
Potential of Stem Cell Research
Future Trends
Problem Statement
Political Spectrum
Trim Tab
Action Plan
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Stem cell research and the accompanying technologies continue to make headlines. Potentially, this new area of medicine may change the entire spectrum of life and health as we know it today. The financial potential is also enormous. Since embryonic stem cells were originally isolated in 1998 at the University of Wisconsin, new and complementary technologies affecting stem cells continue to become as prominent as the original discovery and the potential of the technology is now being appreciated by executives, investors, venture capitalists, and business development managers and analysts who work in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology areas of the scientific community."
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Bdelloid Rotifer Reproduction, 2005.
An examination of the reproduction characteristics of Bdelloid Rofiers.
2,015 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
Rotifers are, perhaps, one of the most interesting phyla of microscopic pseudocoelomate animals on the face of the planet. This paper looks at how the bdelloids reproduce and how have they been able to evolve successfully with asexual reproduction.
From the Paper
"The corona of the rotifer is composed of several ciliated tufts positioned around the mouth. When these tufts are in motion, they resemble a wheel, hence the name. It is the motion of these tufts that sweep food into the mouth of the rotifer and is then chewed by the mastax that contains tiny jaws. In addition to feeding, the motion of these tufts provides locomotion, pulling the rotifer through the water (Ryan, 2004). (See Images 1 ? 4)"
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G Protein-Linked Receptors, 2004.
An analysis of G protein-linked receptors in communication between cells.
3,973 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 150.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the fundamentals of the large and complex body of information already collected and still in progress on the subject of G protein-linked receptors. The paper highlights the basic nature of G protein-linked signaling and explains how physiological regulation occurs through particular mechanisms.
From the Paper
"Cells in multi-cellular organisms, like animals, need to communicate among themselves in directing and regulating growth, development and organization (Altruis Biomedical Network 2003). Such communication modes include secreting chemicals that signal to distant cells, display cell surface chemicals that influence other cells in direct physical contact, and directly through porous cellular points called gap junctions (Altruis Biomedical Network). Endocrine signaling demonstrates the first mode, wherein hormones are secreted in the bloodstream to distant target cells. Paracrine signaling illustrates the second mode, wherein local chemical mediators are secreted and act only on cells in the proximate environment. And synaptic signaling exhibits the third mode, wherein molecules are released by vesicles at those junctions called synapses. The molecules are neurotransmitters that spread out and act only on the postsynaptic target cell (Altruis Biomedical Network). Protein receptor molecules that are on or within the target cells bind to the hormone, paracrine or neurotransmitter and a response results, depending on the speed and selectivity of the delivered signal."
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Genetic Testing, 2005.
An overview of the moral issues concerned with genetic testing and a look at positive and negative attributes.
1,393 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Shelley Burtt?s writing, ?Dilemmas of Genetic Testing?, as well as other sources on the subject of genetic testing. After having examined the resources available, an opinion is formed as to whether genetic testing is positive or negative for the patient and the expected child.
From the Paper
"Genetic testing is becoming an option more commonly used by women during pregnancies to assess particular information concerning the health of the fetus they carry. Shelley Burtt?s writing questions the response to the new technology of genetic testing and the fact that the autonomy of individuals is being set aside as to their choices in continuing a pregnancy where the fetus is found to have genetic defects."
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Forensic Entomology, 2005.
A discussion of the concept of forensic entomology and its uses.
2,415 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
Forensic entomology is a relatively new area of study when it comes to murder, but it can tell a great deal that is very helpful to homicide investigations and other areas of law and medicine. It is for this reason that the interest in forensic entomology has continued to grow, and the field appears to fascinate many people. This is especially true when they begin to realize how much insects can tell humans. For the purposes of this paper, the field of forensic entomology is discussed only as it deals with homicide and what the insects on a corpse can tell medical examiners and law enforcement about time and place of death. The dipteran life cycle is also discussed, as it plays an important role in many of these kinds of investigations and is quite often used by forensic entomologists that are seeking answers.
From the Paper
"Many laypeople became interested in forensic entomology through movies such as ?The Silence of the Lambs,? because forensic entomologists figured somewhat prominently in the movie. These forensic entomologists are now considered ?cool? by many people who find the field gruesome and fascinating at the same time. This somewhat morbid fascination with death and what can be learned from a corpse has propelled forensic entomology, if not into the spotlight, than at least out on the edge of the stage. Forensic entomology may or may not be ?cool,? but it is a serious science and has much to tell individuals that are studying a corpse to determine when that person died and where. If foul play is thought to be involved, when the victim died and where can be pieces of evidence that would be considered very crucial in bringing the murderer to justice."
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The Gaia Theory, 2005.
A look at the theory proposed by British atmospheric chemist, James Lovelock, which characterizes earth as a complex living organism rather than merely an inanimate host for the many terrestrial life forms dependent on it for sustenance.
1,643 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explains and examines the Gaia Theory, which proposes that the earth is itself a tremendously large and complex super-organism, comprising all of the other life forms dependant upon it in very much the same fashion that the human body comprises the many trillions of individual living cellular organisms that, collectively, constitute a human being. The paper first details some of the criticisms as well as the support for Lovelock's theory, outlines the essential elements of the theory, and then provides a critical analysis of the theory.
From the Paper
"In the 1960?s, James Lovelock, a British atmospheric chemist, was engaged in research commissioned by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) in the United States. Specifically, the studies were intended to develop a method for determining reliably whether or not biological life existed on Mars. Part of Lovelock?s work involved analyzing certain elements of Earth?s atmospheric properties and mechanisms, in order to understand how a planet teeming with biological life might be differentiated accurately from interplanetary distances from a planet completely devoid of biological life (Enteractive, 1995)."
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Women and Science, 2004.
A discussion about the acceptance of women in the field of science.
754 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the fact that issues of gender continue to strongly influence both scientific literature and the practice of science today. Based on notions of gender that developed during the enlightenment and the Victorian era, the paper explores science's long history of incorporating gender norms and sex dichotomies into science.
From the Paper
"Notions of gender have influenced the historic development of science in the west, as reason and science have long been seen as male traits. Similarly, gender ideals such as the characterization of females as maternal, associated with nature, irrational, and week have been reflected in scientific literature. Today, science continues to be influenced by ideas of gender, as literature reflects gender biases, and female scientists routinely must challenge gender biases."
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Insect Camouflage, 2005.
A look at the ability of some insects to use camouflage or mimicry to avoid detection or consumption by predators.
1,902 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper describes several different methods of camouflage and mimicry that some insects use. The paper then examines a group of species found in Saudi Arabia to better illustrate the diversity and behavior of camouflage and mimic insects.
From the Paper
"Another example of an insect using camouflage is the moth. Although they do not rely as much on their camouflage ability to acquire prey as do the mantis?, they possess an uncanny ability to use color as a technique to ?disappear? into their surroundings, as well as an ability to use their shape to merge into the texture of whatever surface on which they alight."
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Organ Transplants: An Ethical Analysis, 2005.
This paper addresses ethical questions surrounding the issue of organ transplants, which face the medical profession today.
3,120 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the following two questions. Should a significantly health-compromised patient be granted a second set of organs if there is a significant and statistically abnormal chance of death during or following surgery? And should the fact that a gross medical error during transplantation is the cause of the patient?s compromised condition be an influencing factor in regard to the aggressiveness with which an assignment of future organs is pursued?
From the Paper
"The first issue at hand, namely if a health compromised patients, at significantly greater risk for an unsuccessful outcome be granted transplant organs is an old one. Of course, it is based on the fact that there are simply not enough organs to go around. In fact, according to current estimates, it is estimated that among the 80,000 patients awaiting transplants, an average of seventeen die every day in the United States alone simply because an organ never becomes available (IHI). Given this reality, many have proposed that the method by which transplant candidates are ranked on the national transplant lists depends not only on the severity of the need, but also on other factors relating to overall health, lifestyle, as well as age."
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Coastal Animals, 2004.
An overview of sea turtles and a variety of dolphins and seals.
2,590 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at different coastal animals and examines their physical makeup and natural habitats as well as their mating and breeding habits.
Outline
Sea Turtles
Bottlenose Dolphins
Speckled Dolphins
Elephant Seals
Leopard Seal
From the Paper
"Speckled Dolphins are also called Indo-Pacific Humpbacked dolphins. The former have the binomial name Sousa chinensis. The latter are called Sousa plumbea. Both species are the same; the name difference depends on location. Smaller than the bottlenose dolphins they are typically about seven to nine feet in length and weight just over 280 kilograms. They have a well-developed long beak. Their color is brown-gray, pale-gray and pink-white. They have a lighter underside and the skin has a mottled or speckled appearance, hence the name. The name is given because the dorsal fin is less pronounced and is situated on a hump. The dorsal fin is triangular. The flippers are well rounded. Another reason for the pronounced hump is the way these animals surface. The snout appears first and then the rest of the body curves accentuating the hump before the dolphin submerge."
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Human Cloning: The Ethical Debate, 2005.
A look at the moral and ethical issues surrounding the scientific process of human cloning.
1,258 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to dissect the current ethical argument over human cloning with the intention of proving why this type of research should go forward. The paper includes an explanation of the cloning process preceding the discussion of the controversy surrounding the process.
From the Paper
"A "human clone" is a scientific replication of another person (Jones, 1998). A clone is not actually an exact replica of the original, but rather a younger identical twin. As with identical twins, the clone and the original person have different fingerprints. They are also likely to have different personalities."
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