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Spaying and Neutering, 2004.
An examination of spaying and neutering animals as the least costly alternative for the pet owner, the pet, and society.
1,555 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of spaying and neutering pets as the best solution for the animal and the pet owner. The paper dispels common misconceptions regarding these procedures. The many benefits of spaying and neutering pets are outlined in the paper. These benefits are not only for the pet itself, but for society as a whole.
Outline
I. Introduction
A. Attention-Getter: Common Misconception
B. Subvert Common Misconceptions
II. Good for Society
A. Common Myths: Miracles of Birth, Purebred
B. Overpopulation: The Reality
III. Good for Pet
A. Reduces Cancer
B. Doesn't Hurt Animal
IV. Good for You
A. Reduces Behavior Problems
B. Improves Community
V. Conclusion
From the Paper
"In societal terms, many new pet owners today will respond from their guts, rather than their heads. They want their children to see Fido or Fifi to give birth, to see the miracle of life. But it might be equally important, one might add, that the child see the miracle of death-namely the not-so miraculous but equally real termination of so many unwanted animals in shelters across the nation. And the problem has such a simple solution. The only surefire solution to pet overpopulation is spaying and neutering the currently existing population. To those who want their pet to have a litter just to let their children see the miracle of life, as well, one vet points out that there are better ways to teach children about reproduction and responsibility--in fact, teaching children to care responsibly for family pets, including taking steps to reduce the population of unwanted pets, could be an equally important, if not the most important lesson about life that they can learn from animals."
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Anti-Depressants, 2005.
An analysis of the effects of anti-depressants on the human brain.
1,251 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how anti-depressants affect brain chemistry by exploring the biology of depression itself. It shows how the biochemical systems within the human brain are extremely complex and how anti-depressants work by boosting and increasing parts of the monoamine system.
Outline
Introduction: The Biology of Depression
Anti-Depressants as Drugs
Anti-Depressant Medications and the Brain
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In recent times, numerous studies have shown that people who are depressed have abnormal amounts of certain hormones in their blood. Researchers believe that an increase or decrease in the production of specific hormones may interfere with the brain's natural chemistry which then leads to depression. With the exception of thyroid hormones, the levels of other hormones are not routinely measured when diagnosing or treating depression; thus, when a person is experiencing specific types of depression, it is advisable to check the levels of other hormones within the body. Thyroid glands, when not functioning properly, can result in the release of either too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism) or too little (hypothyroidism)."
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"Dancing to Evolution?s Tune", 2004.
This paper reviews Robert Wright's "Dancing to Evolution's Tune," which examines the neurobiological concept of evolution.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in his book, "Dancing to Evolution's Tune," Robert Wright elucidates on the important role of motivation in evolution and how the genes are self-programmed to achieve this. The author points out Wright's concept that our genes have deliberately destined us to dabble in a world of pleasure and pain for evolutionary reasons, all the time keeping us well absorbed in the illusion because they cannot be satisfied. The paper relates that this evolutionary genetic scheme seems to confirm the truth in our spiritual doctrines because all the religions of the world have one thing in common; they all have propounded the futility of chasing after desires and fleeting pleasures.
From the Paper
"Nature has used happiness as a bait to motivate living beings and to propel them into action. Happiness is thus a reward that man receives when he carries on the duties of maintaining his bodily functions- nourishing himself, procreating and extending his heritage. The genes control the neurochemistry behind the feelings of happiness. On cogitation it is revealed that our basic impulses are meant to serve the main purpose of gene proliferation rather than for our psychological well being as it appears at the outset. Over the last decade scientists have found out the significant role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in giving the feeling of happiness and satisfaction."
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Mental Health in Children, 2004.
A discussion of whether genetics or environmental issues affect the mental health of children.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the development of a child's mental health. The paper examines the "nature versus nurture" debate, presenting various opinions on the topic. The paper contends that mental health cannot be attributed to either nature or nurture, claiming that genetics, as well as environmental effects, influence the development of one's mental health.
From the Paper
"The field of child psychiatry probably had its birth in 1899 Chicago, when social activists such as Jane Addams led the city to form the country's first juvenile court (Schowalter, 2003). Hull was dismayed by the juvenile delinquency she saw in the poor part of the city. The establishment of juvenile courts raised awareness regarding the number of youth with psychological problems, and experts started to study the issue in an attempt to determine its causes (Schowalter, 2003). Child guidance clinics opened across the country, with clinicians traveling to Europe to study with psychoanalysts such as Anna Freud and Melanie Klein (Schowalter, 2003). From the beginning, clinicians in this new field wondered whether nature, nurture, or some combination resulted in troubled youth. Skinner's behaviorism was popular for a while although it did not produce good results and faded in interest."
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Sickle Cell Anemia, 2004.
An analysis of sickle cell anemia, an inherited blood disorder of defective hemoglobin.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the inherited blood disorder of sickle cell anemia. The paper presents the statistics of the prevalence of this disorder in the United States and outlines the populations that are most affected by the disease. The paper examines the genotypic and phenotypic expressions of the sickle cell trait. The paper explores the belief that sickle hemoglobin evolved as a protection against malaria.
From the Paper
"Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder in which hemoglobin is defective (Genetic disease profile: Sickle cell anemia). After hemoglobin molecules give up their oxygen, some cluster together and form long, rod-like structures. These structures cause red blood cells to become stiff and assume a sickle shape that makes it difficult for them to squeeze through small blood vessels. As a result, they stack up and cause blockages that deprive organs and tissues of oxygen-carrying blood. Sickle cell anemia affects millions world wide (Genetic disease profile: Sickle cell anemia). It is the most common among people whose ancestors come from sub-Saharan Africa; Spanish-speaking regions (South America, Cuba, Central America); Saudi Arabia; India; and Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy."
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Stem Cell Research.
This paper discusses the intense debate surrounding stem cell research.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that many people in America see stem cell research as a potentially life-saving technology but others suggest that the manipulation of the building blocks of life is immoral and perhaps even murderous. The author points out that, in the past, it was a commonly accepted scientific practice to experiment on asylum inmates and criminals; today, it is becoming difficult even to justify experimenting on animals. Therefore, because of this expansion of moral sentiment, many religious groups and other bioethicists tend to look with some suspicion of anything resembling human experimentation. The paper relates the evidence that stem cells might possibly provide miraculous cures is somewhat lacking because of the restrictions under which scientists must operate in the area of stem cell research.
From the Paper
"In heated public debates, both sides may loose track of the fact that not all stem cells are harvested in the same way, and there may be some way to resolve this conflict without jeopardizing scientific research. Stem cells, which are fully unspecialized and proliferate, may be harvested from blastocysts, but they can also be harvested from the cord-tissue of newborns, and possible harvested in smaller numbers from blastocysts without destroying those embryos. "All stem cells-regardless of their source-have three general properties: they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods; they are unspecialized; and they can give rise to specialized cell types.""
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Controversial Biological Issues.
This paper discusses four bio-ethical issues that have gripped the nation's headlines over the past ten years: stem cell research, cloning human embryos, surrogate motherhood, and animal experimentation.
1,570 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the pace of human scientific progress proceeds faster than the ability of medical ethicists to cope rationally with scientific developments. The author points out that, while issues of controversy are often framed in 'rights based' or legal terms, medical science must provide some answers as to how to cope ethically with these issues, just as lawyers wrestle with issues of civil rights. The paper states that, even though there is not an issue of genetic connection between the carrying surrogate mother and child, the author believes the problems of the mother's feelings seem to promote more social harm than good and potentially put the child produced from the union at psychological risk.
From the Paper
"However, of all of these bioethical controversies, none of them is as old nor strikes as vitally at the question of what has the right to live and die, as the controversy of using animal life to prolong the life of humans. People have experimented with animals for hundreds of years, but the practice did not become widespread until the late 1800's. While animal experimentation has produced considerable benefits to people, it often results in the suffering and death of animals. Often, scientists justify experimentation because animals lack certain attributes compared to humans, such as intelligence, family structure, social bonding, communication skills, and altruism. However, numerous nonhuman animals-among them rats, pigs, dogs, monkeys, and great apes-reason and/or display altruism. There is accumulating evidence that many animals experience the same range of emotions as humans."
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Stem Cell Biology, 2005.
A political, ethical, and moral discussion of stem cell research.
4,441 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 50 sources, MLA, AU$ 141.95
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Abstract
This work addresses the issues of stem cell research by briefly describing the research itself and the expert opinions of its potential as a way to develop cures or diseases that have previously confounded many medical scientists. The paper then goes on to thoroughly discuss the stem cell research issue as a political/ethical/moral issue, tracing the evolution of the issue through the various legislative processes and through the various bioethics groups who both support and oppose the research. The work also shows the overall evolution of stem cell research as an issue facing the American people, and the medical world specifically, as one that may severely challenge the culture of the United States as it continues to define its recognized major role in the development of disease treatment and cure.
Introduction
Stem Cell Research Explored
Stem Cell Biology, a Political Issue
Stem Cell Legislation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the most foundationally promising research discoveries of the twentieth century is Stem Cell Biology. Only announced as a possible scientific breakthrough in late 1998, significant research has begun on stem cells, yet even the announcement of the potential benefits by the National Academy of Science that comes with the then recent isolation of human stem cells did little to curb potential controversy and conflict. (Shannon 9) Within the recent elections the issue of stem cell research has come to the forefront of consideration by voters, experts, opponent groups and proponent groups. The most substantial challenge to the recent federal rulings against stem cell research, by the Bush administration, is the passing of proposition 71 in California, which will create, and fund a 3 billion dollar stem cell research institute in the state of California.
Advocates of stem cell research are overjoyed at the collective snubbing of what some consider the dogmatic and conservative approach that the Bush administration and the current congress have taken to outlaw the use of new stem cell lines, therefore severely limiting the ability of scientists to conduct research in a productive manner. With the passing of this bill proponents expect to see other states follow suit to create a network of "legitimate" scientific resources, all in opposition of the federal stance on stem cell research, thought by many to be a pure and simple attempt to legislate morality."
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Are Leaders Born or Made?, 2004.
A discussion on the genetics and environmental aspects of leaders.
2,238 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper examines whether leadership skills are an innate talent that one is born with or whether they are something that one can develop with the right training. The paper contends that this important issue is at the heart of strategic leadership planning for most companies, large and small. Through the discussion in the paper, it becomes clear that innate abilities are key to successful leadership development.
From the Paper
"Part of the difficulty in determining whether leaders are born or whether they are made lies in the numerous definitions being utilized to define the term "leadership." There are approximately three hundred and fifty definitions of the term "leadership" that have been utilized by researchers over the last three decades (Bennis & Nanus 21).
Kotter (124) defines leaders as individuals who create the course of action for a group of individuals. They also garner loyalty from these group members as they align themselves with the direction the leader has established. And then, lastly, the leader is charged with motivating group members to actually accomplish the goals the leader has set forth. Leadership encompasses these facets."
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"My Computer Thinks, Therefore I Am", 2004.
A discussion of worrying technological advances, based on the contemporary version of Rene Descartes's statement, "I think, therefore I am"; "my computer thinks, therefore I am".
1,639 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes today's popular culture in a mega-technologically advanced world and investigates three areas that are not only highly scientific, but troublesome and alarming as well, namely transgenic therapy, cyborgs, and designer kids. The paper examines genetic engineering, cloning, and other aspects of biotechnology.
From the Paper
"The single most important factor underlying the issues of human cloning, augmentation, and alteration is the dehumanization of man through the advancement of biotechnology. Today the computer offers mankind the opportunity to advance well beyond previous limitations set my intellect, mortality, and strength through the evolution process of DNA. With significant breakthroughs in the bioelectronic field new advanced technologies now permit the interfacing of computer chips with the human's central nervous system that, in tern, pose the very real possibility to effect biological changes and the intercellular level (Lappe, 1990). The very possibility is not only scientifically phenomenal but unprecedented as well. However, the question at the forefront is whether or not the process is ethical and should strict limitations be set on the integration of biotechnology and human life. Determining the social consequences is a very important issue that needs to be addressed as well."
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Zoos and Animal Activists, 2005.
A discussion about how the concepts of zoos have changed over the decades, possibly due to pressure from animal activists.
2,101 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
While some may view the beliefs of animal activists as extreme, it does seem possible that as a result of pressure from such groups, zoos have become more sensitive to the true needs of the animals they hold and protect. This paper explains that, while critics maintain that zoos cannot teach anything useful or accurate about wild animals, others argue that, for the great majority of people, they will come across wild animals only in zoos or in books. It discusses how those who support zoos believe that by seeing these animals upfront people become more aware of the need to preserve the animals' natural habitats, to end poaching, and to take the other measures that will ensure the animals' long-term survival in the wild.
From the Paper
"Zoos have come a long way in the last 150 years, moving from small, cramped cages to natural habitats. Zoos make sure that social animals live in groups, and they try to make the habitats as natural and comfortable for the animals as possible. However, animal activists argue persuasively that these settings are artificial and that visitors don't actually learn a lot about the animals in their natural environment from seeing them in a zoo (Staff writers, 1997)."
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Cloning, 2004.
This paper discusses that cloning is a reality and has become a serious subject of vigorous debate around the globe.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that reproductive and therapeutic cloning involve essentially the same initial technology to produce early human embryos; only the aims would be different. The author points out that, in reproductive cloning, the embryo would be implanted into the womb to bring about the birth of a child; whereas, in therapeutic cloning, the early embryo would never develop beyond a microscopic ball of cells and would be used to explore stem cell treatments for diseases, such as diabetes and Parkinson's. The paper relates that an overwhelming international consensus exists in the scientific and medical communities that any attempt at human reproductive cloning would be scientifically unsound and medically unsafe; therefore, the wisest path seems to be to curb reproductive cloning, while encouraging responsible and ethical therapeutic cloning.
From the Paper
"A group of scientists and parents of sick children in California are promoting a proposed ballot initiative that would steer some $3 billion into the field over the next ten years. The campaign argues that the research could cure millions and save billion of dollars in health care costs, and moreover, "create projects and jobs that will generate millions of dollars in new tax revenues for our state." This focus on research and economic benefits is due to the difficulty of developing successful therapies that use cloned and transplanted stem cells, which has resulted in discouraged investors and forced many U.S. cloning companies to cut their research staffs or even close their doors."
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Candida Albicans, 2004.
This paper discusses that Candida Albicans, like other yeasts, is in and of itself harmless to humans; however, given the correct environment and stimulus, it can become lethal.
2,325 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, for an infection or disease to occur from Candida Albicans, the most virulent and commonly discussed of the human pathogenic fungi, there must be some alteration of the host's cellular defenses, physiology, or normal flora before a colonization, infection, or disease production can take place. The author points out that, to date, research has not proven conclusively there is a common molecular component that links dimorphism and phenotypic switching; however, it is theorized that phenotypic switching may respond to both a change in the environment and a spontaneous event. This paper relates that persons with weakened immune systems are in particular danger from Candida Albicans, including patients with AIDS, cancer, burns, heart surgery, and genetic diseases and persons with stress or poor diet. Even chlorinated tap water can spark the overgrowth of Candida Albicans and lead to infection or disease.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview and Overgrowth of Candida Albicans
Figure 1. Localized Candidiasis Infection of the Toes
Phenotypic Switching in Candida Albicans
Genes Involved in Phenotypic Switching in Candida Albicans
Figure 2. Morphological Conversions of Candida Albicans
The Candida Albicans Genome
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As mentioned, Candida Albicans lives in the mouth and digestive tract of approximately 80 percent of the human population, without harmful effects. The purpose of Candida albicans is to recognize and destroy harmful bacteria. Without it, the intestines would be at the mercy of a variety of pathogen bacteria. Candida Albicans cells number in the millions for healthy human beings. Normally, Candida Albicans is controlled by a properly functioning immune system as well as other "friendly" bacteria. Yet, for some, an overgrowth of the fungus occurs and results in a condition known as candidiasis."
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"When Elephants Weep", 2004.
This paper discusses the book, "When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals," by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson and Susan McCarthy, which supports the rights of animals.
1,645 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although scientists have been trained carefully to believe that animals do not experience emotions and to avoid anthropomorphism, attributing human feelings, attitudes, or thoughts, to animals, the authors of this book suggest that this position is not true. The author points out that, in one of the most convincing chapters of the books, Masson and McCarthy write about the behavior of elephants around the bones of elephants that have died, describe animals appearing to grieve after a mate or partner leaves, and depicting an elephant who cried tears when beaten for performing badly. The paper relates that the book makes a compelling case for requiring evidence, not assumptions based on beliefs of biological superiority when dealing with animals, especially when using animals for experimentation. The paper questions, however, whether humans should die because it is wrong to practice life-saving surgery on other animals first when animal experiments have saved many, many lives.
From the Paper
"The author notes that we have put a lot of effort into demonstrating things humans can do that other animals cannot: Laugh, worship, and anticipate (p. 24). The reader notes that "use tools" used to be on that list. It can't be any longer because both chimpanzees and sea otters use tools. Chimpanzees will push a straw or small diameter stick down a to lure termites out so they can be eaten. Sea otters gather flat rocks that they lie on their stomachs. Then when they gather seafood, they beat the clams, snails or whatever against the flat stone to break them open. Reasoning, imagination and anticipation may be functions of intelligence rather than related to emotions."
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Gender and Jealousy, 2005.
Examines traits of jealousy in both sexes and discusses the theory that men are more jealous than women.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
It has been argued by some theorists that men have evolved to be more jealous then women because jealousy promotes the male's genetic fitness. This paper first examines jealousy as a whole and its causes. Then, it examines research on the concept that men are more jealous than women and shows that, while there is evidence for this theory, there is also substantial evidence that women and men are equally jealous.
From the Paper
"Since women rely on the male to impregnate them, and since they can choose their partners, they are able to control who supplies the genetic material for their offspring. Males, however, rely on the female to reproduce. Thus, while they can have sexual relations with the female, they cannot assure that the female is not having sexual relations with another. This means that men are less able to control the passing on of genetic materials (Buss, 1996)."
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
This paper discusses an article about stem cell research entitled, "The Stem Cell Challenge," by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza, June 2004.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper not only evaluates and critiques the article, "The Stem Cell Challenge" by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza about stem cell research, but also evaluates whether the article's format was research-correct, data-supportive, and topically appropriate and sustainable. The author points out that, once the research goal is identified, the investigator must abandon all forms of bias and look at the research situation as a controlled, rational process of reflective inquiry. The paper relates that this article presents the reader with an excellent opportunity to understand clearly the benefits of stem cell research with respect to diseases that currently lack a cure, namely, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and cancer.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Investigative Research Requirements
Article Overview Evaluation and Problem Statement
Research Data Reporting
Study Limitations
From the Paper
"In the article, Rosenthal and Lanza go on to explain to the reader that in the stem cell process, stem cells are generally extracted from surplus frozen embryos that are left over from in-vitro fertilization procedures. Once extracted the cells can be grown in a laboratory and subjected to medical application. In addition to the frozen embryo procedure, stem cells also can be extracted from adult tissue without any harm being inflicted upon the patient."
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