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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
An overview of the ethical matters associated with stem cell research.
1,124 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
Since the ban on creating new embryonic stem cells in the United States went into effect, researchers in stem cell technology have been forced to limit their research to the existing lines of stem cells or to the less flexible adult stem cells. This paper examines moral and ethical issues which are connected to stem cell research.
Paper Outline:
What are Stem Cells?
Current US Policy on Stem Cell Research
Moral and Ethical Issues
Advice for Government
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Critics of the Bush government's policy against cutting federal funding for new stem cell lines point out that the United States is falling behind in stem cell research (Devitt 2003). This means that European countries could be the first to develop, market and therefore benefit from cures for several illnesses. Given the potential of stem cells for curing a host of diseases, this could also mean that the United States could lose its dominance in medical research."
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Thermoregulation, 2005.
An analysis of the function of thermoregulation in animals with a focus on horses.
2,779 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how thermoregulation is essential for a mammal to survive in extreme hot and cold conditions and how horses and humans are the only mammals which sweat to control body temperature. It discusses how understanding thermoregulation is extremely important when it comes to exercising and cooling down horses in various climates.
Outline
Introduction
Understanding Thermoregulation
Adapting to the Environment
Surviving the Heat
A Delicate Balance
Controlling Temperature
Heat Loss
Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms
Types of Thermoregulation
Dangers of Heat
Heat Stress on Horses
Fluid Loss and Electrolytes
Heat Exhaustion and Olympic Horses
Decreased Exercise Capacity
Three Weeks of Acclimatization
Cold Water Cooling
Preventative Care
Important Statistics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Since heat stress can lead to heat stroke, anyone exercising a horse should know the warning signs of heat stress as a means of preventing the life-threatening condition. It is crucial to provide extra care and attention to a horse being exercised on hot days, since there is a significant increase in the amount of heat produced by working muscles. Heat production can increase as much as 50% during intense exercise as compare with heat production when the horse is at rest. A horse increases its sweating rate to move more blood to the capillaries under the skin and breaths much harder in an effort to release this build-up of heat."
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Bonobos, 2005.
A brief examination of the Bonobo species.
1,014 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Bonobo species which is a slightly smaller animal than the chimpanzee. It looks at their habitat, behavior, food sources, as well as their physical features and other relevant factors and elements.
From the Paper
"Commonly referred to as Wernicke's, this area of the brain has been linked to what is assumed to be human behaviors in relation to "musical talent, communication disorders, such as the disease of schizophrenia as well as dyslexia. The rarely used left brained language areas are seldom used except in cases previous and in those born deaf making use of sign language. According to Dr. Gannon, he and Dr. Braun discovered, after having received MRI's (magnetic resonance images) of the brains of chimpanzees sent from the Smithsonian Institute, discovered that the left side of the Planum Temporale was larger than that of the right side upon direct inspection to brains of cadavers. The Bonobo or Pan paniscus are closely related to the chimpanzees, or Pan troglodytes. The Bonobo's habitation is the central basin "Cuvette Centrale, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, south of the Congo River. Scientists believe that the two species of the Pan were somehow separated about two and one-half million years ago and the Bonobos since then having developed traits that are specific to their species and is the basis for the difference between the classification of the Bonobo's and the chimpanzees."
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Lower Limb Amputation, 2005.
This paper discusses the history and biomechanics of lower limb amputation.
11,275 words (approx. 45.1 pages), 48 sources, APA, AU$ 358.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that prosthetic devices were needed the minute the first human was born with a missing or deformed limb, or the first person lost a limb in battle or even during the course of daily life. The author points out that the ancient principles on which prosthetics continue to rely are still amazingly efficient. It explains that in the past 25 years, there have been advances in prosthetic limb technology, such as lightweight plastics, composites and electronic systems; but there will be more, which will continue to open new directions for prosthetics. The paper relates that prostheses for amputations through the hip joint consist of a laminated hip basket, hip joint, knee joint, SACH foot, pipe connectors and external cosmetic finish; an active carbon fiber foot and multi-axis hydraulic and mechanical knee joint may also be used. Charts and illustrations.
Table of Contents
Overview Section
History of Lower Limb Prosthetics
Advancements and the Future
Aetiology and Incidence of Lower Limb Amputation
Pre- and Post-Operative Considerations in Lower Limb Amputation
Types of Surgery
Syme's Amputation
Below Knee Amputation
Above Knee Amputation
Hip Disarticulation
Pain Management
Types of Lower Limb Prosthetic Hardware
Literature Review Section
From the Paper
"Sometimes, especially after recorded history began, the reasons for needed prosthetic devices sounded eerily like some of the major 'hero' stories of today; the young man who cut off his own arm to escape entrapment in a crevice on a lonely mountain is one recent example. A few years ago, a man cut off his own lower leg when he caught it in a bear trap far from home or help. However, in Herodotus' The Histories, dating to 484 BCE, there is a story of a Persian named Hegestratus. Hegistratus was captured by the enemy and imprisoned with a leg iron. To escape, he cut off part of his own foot; later, he is said to have worn a wooden replacement, a prosthesis (University of Iowa Health Care Web site). Another account, however, notes that he used a 'wooden filler' to escape, traveling 30 miles before he was captured and "had his head amputated" (Northwestern University Prosthetics-Orthotics Web site). Not only was there no prosthetic head, Hegistratus did not live long enough to investigate what was available in foot prostheses at the time. While much of this knowledge is based on the verbal record, there was physical evidence of early prostheses. A tomb in Capua, Italy, offered an artificial leg made from copper and wood and dating to 200 BCE. Bombing in World War II destroyed it, however."
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Horses and History, 2005.
This paper discusses the ecological problems created by the introduction of horses into the more temperate regions colonized by Europeans, especially among North American Indians.
1,135 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the modern focus on successful Native-American equestrian cultures and the stereotype of the mounted Indian warrior obscures a deeper understanding of the often damaging impact of the arrival of horses on Native-American Indian culture and ecology. The author points out that the arrival of horses brought about a cultural transformation by allowing improvements in transportation, hunting, warfare and trade but disrupted the ecology of the bison and grassland, brought about social inequality and created disruptions in subsistence economies. The paper also relates that the native biology of all of the conquered temperate places (including humans) was not equipped to deal with European invaders: European diseases like smallpox decimated native populations, European weeds and agriculture brought large scale reductions in native flora and European animals (cattle, pigs and horses) squeezed out the native animals.
From the Paper
"Horses, in particular, found their new homes rich in grazing lands, abundant with space, and relatively free of natural predators. Australia was populated with kangaroos, and the South American pampas with flightless birds: species that offered little danger to horses. Further, they did not have to compete, on a large scale, with existing animals for their niche. In the New World, horses from the old world found a welcoming ecological climate that was similar to that of Europe. Mountains, especially the Appalachian Mountains in the United States, provided large open grazing for horses, cattle, and other animals."
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Genetic Testing, 2005.
An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of genetic testing for inherited diseases.
1,202 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the debate over whether mankind should attempt to manipulate the natural order of things by picking and choosing which embryos are allowed to mature to term has received an increasing amount of attention in recent years. It looks at how even though the incidence of many inherited diseases has declined as a result, critics of such practices suggest that what is considered "socially undesirable" in terms of the inherited diseases could easily be extended to other considerations as well, leading to "Brave New World" in which social engineering dictates who will be allowed to live and who must die. This paper provides an analysis of the pros and cons of genetic testing, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Genetic tests have existed for more than three decades in prenatal testing and are used for diseases such as sickle cell anemia; however, only in recent years have genetic tests been able to determine whether one is likely, or even certain, to contract breast, colon, or ovarian cancer or dozens of other serious medical conditions (Cabot 2001). Although laboratories in the United States were only conducting a few such tests a year a decade ago, they are performing more than 200,000 tests annually today (Cabot 2001). The completion of the Human Genome Project represents the beginnings of a new era; however, this vast increase in genetic information will also magnify issues related to privacy, confidentiality, and the potential for discrimination in employment, life insurance, and access to healthcare services (Churchill 2001)."
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Bioethics in Nursing, 2005.
Examines issues of confidentiality and patients' autonomy in the field of nursing.
1,259 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
The American Nurses Association says that patients or individuals make decisions on how they act or want to be treated, based on their cultural beliefs and cultural values. This paper shows that nurses and other health workers need to draw their own ethical reactions or responses to patients' decisions on the principles of bioethics. The paper examines two of these principles which concern autonomy and confidentiality.
From the Paper
"But the individual and his preferences or rights do not occur all alone in all situations. Quite often, these rights or preferences coexist with the distinct rights of other individuals affected by them, wherein an individual's preference may override or be overriden by the rights of others in the same community (Schroeter). Examples include attacks of bioterrorism and epidemics, which can limit an individual's right to autonomy. In cases of epidemic, the individual may be subjected to isolation, which in turn restricts or limits the infected person's right to the freedom of movement."
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Ethics in Nursing.
This paper discuses various ethical codes and the concept of beneficence as applied to the nursing profession.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that traditional bioethics places its primary focus on respect for autonomy; but, on a broader perspective, traditional bioethics rejects extreme individualism and individual rights in fostering a healing environment. The author reviews the Ana Code, pointing out its statement of respecting persons as the fundamental ethical principle or value underlying nursing care: Respect for individual autonomy and self-determination and for individuals as interconnected members of the same human community. The paper relates that principle of beneficence simultaneously interplays with non-malfeasance in nursing care, coming out of preventing harm, removing harm or promoting good; but conflicts in values between nurse and patient do occur including financial reimbursement, approved services, laws covering the reporting of sexually transmitted diseases or abuse and protocols regarding the sources of orders or commands.
From the Paper
"This current state does not mean that quality services and access have become incongruent with managed care, but that the goals of cost containment and survival values in the competitive environment in the health care market have tipped the balance and outweighed values, which put fundamental emphasis on respect or individuals and fair access to care for all who needed it.Those who hold the reins today even refer to managed care as "managed utilization" or "managed cost"."
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Primate Conservation, 2004.
A comprehensive dissertation, identifying opportunities for improving success rates of reintroduced gorillas in Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
9,664 words (approx. 38.7 pages), 23 sources, MLA, AU$ 319.95
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Abstract
This scope of this dissertation extends to a critical review of past reintroduction efforts, with an emphasis on those involving primates. This includes a discussion of the species' value, as this is debated among scientists and provides a discussion concerning efficacious captive rearing techniques with a focus on what kind of training (via raising, handling, pre and post release training, acclimatization, predator recognition, etc) has been done and how successful each method has been. This paper includes discussions of natural behavior management, the ethics of predator introduction (i.e., is it ethical to put animals under risk of harm in order to increase their ultimate survival in nature). A critical review of the scholarly and relevant literature concerning endangered species conservation efforts in general and regarding gorillas in particular is followed by a recapitulation of the results of observations of six captive gorilla specimens by the author. An analysis of the findings is provided in the concluding chapter.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Conclusions, Summary and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Close contact between animals and keepers at Howletts and Port Lympne Parks in England has resulted in a higher than usual success rate for breeding, including clouded leopards, lions, monkeys, rare small cats, and the world's largest captive breeding groups of gorillas, African elephants, tigers and black rhino. To date, the two Parks have been successful in returning Przewalski's horses, black rhino, Sumatran rhino, Cape buffalo, ocelots, pythons and nine gorillas to the wild (About Us, 2004). Not surprisingly, this conservational success has not gone unnoticed or unappreciated. The BBC has described the Parks as being "two of the best wild animal parks in the world" (About Us, 2004, p. 2). The two Parks are home to 70 of gorillas, which is the largest group of gorillas in human care in the world; the facilities have enjoyed over 80 births of gorillas to date."
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Nervous and Endocrine Systems, 2004.
An analysis of the nervous and endocrine systems.
926 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and explains the nervous and endocrine systems respectively. The paper examines the intricacies of each system, exploring how they each function. The paper illustrates what can happen when something goes wrong in each system.
From the Paper
"The endocrine system is a group of specialized organs and body tissues that produce, store, and secrete hormones. Acting as the body's chemical messengers, endocrine organs have great influence over the body as the hormones they produce send information and instructions from one set of cells to another (Kletter pp). Among their many functions are regulating growth and development of the body, controlling the functions of various tissues, supporting pregnancy and other reproductive functions, and regulating metabolism (Kletter pp)."
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Bio-Terrorism, 2005.
A look at the latest threat of terrorism known as bio-terrorism, including an examination of whether cities in America are ready to face such a threat.
3,451 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 157.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the threat of a terrorist attack using biological weapons has become a true threat. It looks at the history of the use of such agents and how they have developed. The writer analyzes how certain cities in the United States have begun preparing themselves to deal with this threat and discusses various prevention programs and procedures currently in place.
From the Paper
"Public health officials should first assemble a coalition of local leaders of church and civil organizations, saying: "You best know your own people and how to reach them; we may need your help in the event of a large epidemic. Let's work together to imagine ways of using your organizations to monitor disease, communicate information, distribute medicine, and organize volunteers." Second, there has to be a means for educating as many people in the community about the steps to take in case of disaster. As with myriad of other problems or potential problems in this country, the majority of people have high expectations on what their local, state and federal governments should do to be of help. Ways of responding to potential situations such as bioterrorism, although it is hoped they will be nonexistent, should be planned in advance. Because of the monumental impact that such an event would have, it will take as many people as possible and more to help. Citizens should volunteer their involvement and public agencies should be pleased to accept the help."
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Manuka Honey, 2004.
An examination of the benefits of using New Zealand produce, Manuka honey, as an antibiotic treatment.
2,988 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
In light of the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria and the ensuing difficulties of treatment for the medical community, patients are expanding their treatment options to include more nontraditional techniques. This paper examines how Manuka honey, a honey produced in New Zealand, offers the possibility of an effective alternative treatment for H. Pylori infection and wound infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The resistance of the traditional medical establishment to nontraditional treatment methods has meant that quantitative, evidence-based studies into the effectiveness of Manuka honey are not common. This paper presents a randomized, double-blind, controlled study that investigates the effectiveness of Manuka honey treatment for H. Pylori and antibiotic-resistant organisms such as MRSA and gram-negative bacteria.
From the Paper
"Not long after penicillin was introduced for the treatment of a variety of infections, the first strains of penicillin-resistant bacteria began to appear. The nature of the bacterial lifecycle made them more capable of rapid evolution to respond to antibiotics. Bacteria reproduce so quickly (usually on the order of a few hours) that any mutations introduced are rapidly propagated through the generations. When a chance mutation enables a bacterium to resist antibiotics, this bacterium survives and quickly replicates, passing this resistant mutation on to subsequent generations. The problem is made more severe when doctors prescribe antibiotics more as a treatment of psychological complaints than genuine bacterial infections. To further complicate the issue of antibiotic resistance, patients sometimes do not finish a course of antibiotics. Assuming they're well and the infection has been cured, patients may stop a course of treatment prematurely. This results in the less hardy bacteria being killed off, while the more resistant bacteria remain to reinfect, and reinfect more virulently."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2005.
An examination of genetically modified food.
957 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at what is meant by the risk of GM foods. It looks at the pros and cons and the actual risks. It examines the advantages, how poor countries benefit, and the issue of crop resistance. It looks at the risk to health and crops, as well as cross-fertilization. It concludes that there is a need for a cautious approach.
From the Paper
"This is a topic that has raised some heated discussion in the media lately and in society at large and has many environmentalists up in arms. The problem with Genetically Modified (GM) foods is that on the one hand it is a new and different concept and therefore people are naturally cautious about the possibility of health risks to consumers. On the other hand, however, GM products offer a lifeline for poorer countries that are already struggling economically to sustain their people. They are faced with a dual dilemma of wanting to maintain a balance between preventing any possible health risks associated with GM foods while also taking up the challenge to grow a hardier type of food more cheaply to feed and nourish their populations."
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Anthrax, 2004.
An analysis of anthrax as a biological weapon.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the threat posed by anthrax as a biological weapon. The paper describes the use and manufacturing of anthrax as a biological weapon. The paper examines the physical properties of anthrax and describes the effects it has on human beings and animals. The available treatment for an anthrax infection is presented in the paper.
From the Paper
"The scientific name of anthrax, bacillus anthracis, is derived from anthrakis, the Greek word for coal. The reason for this is that the disease caused by the substance is associated with black, lesions that look like coal in some cases. The cellular appearance of anthrax can be identified with fair certainty by experienced microbiologists. The problem is however that few of these professionals not working in the veterinary community have had the opportunity to either work with or see the cellular or colonial appearance of anthrax. This makes it difficult to identify and prevent the effects of the weapon in practice."
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The Invader Within, 2004.
An analysis of the theories of the development of the cell's organelles.
709 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that eukaryotic organisms are defined by the existence of organelles within the cell format. Two of the most important of these organelles are chloroplasts and mitochondria. Both organelles serve to manufacture energy within the cell. Because of the unique structure and purpose of these organelles, several theories have arisen considering how they may have developed. The paper discusses these various theories.
From the Paper
"The endosymbiosis theory, on the other hand, seems to stand up to further research and experimentation. This theory points to the fact that bacteria are capable of entirely encompassing other bacteria, forming symbiotic relationships with them, and maintaining them alive within their own structures. This has been shown in laboratory tests, and witnessed in nature. In one laboratory experiment, bacteria exposed to high levels of pathogenic bacteria over several hundred generations eventually adapted "their progeny became dependent on having the formerly pathogenic bacteria in food vacuoles...(Jeon, 1991)" (Armstrong) There are several ways in which bacteria may subsume other bacteria, including ingesting them and maintaining them in food vacuoles as in the Jeon experiment, or they may become infected by bacteria that are acting as parasites."
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Bio-Engineered Crops, 2004.
An examination of the developing field of genetically modified crops.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses genetic modification (GM) farming and analyzes the problems associated with the use of genetically modified food crops by a study of some recent scientific articles, which espouse this viewpoint. The paper contends that the rapid advancements in genomic science have created new possibilities in the fields of agriculture and in the treatment and management of diseases. The biotech revolution characterized by genetically engineered food products is regarded as a boon to the human society, a life-saving solution to manage the food crisis of our globe.
From the Paper
"Altering specific sequences of DNA allows plants to develop resistance to pesticides, resulting in increased yield. Using genetic engineering methods such as electroporation, gene gun, gene silencing and vector mediated transfer, scientists are now able to insert a new gene or control the expression of an already present gene in a plant. [UCS] In a special report from the 'New scientist' the author discusses some of the possibilities of applying genomic science into farming practices. Using these biotech processes scientists have created disease and herbicide resistant crops promising huge increase in productivity. The result of this biotech revolution was amazing. Vitamin boosted rice, Onions without tears, potatoes enriched with proteins, Soya built resistant to pesticides, and even caffeine free coffee became a reality and bio-engineered products offered endless possibilities."
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