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Unified Approach in Sexual Orientation, 2005.
Argues for the need to approach sexual orientation studies from a joint nature-nurture perspective.
1,234 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
Current researchers have approached the question of sexual preference and its causes from a biological as well as a psychological and sociological point of study. Both types of researchers would agree that the various areas of influence are not necessarily exclusive of one another, and that no single area dominates the decision as to what determines sexual orientation. The paper shows that some researchers have demonstrated a biologic or genetic component of human sexual orientation. Others dispute this claim, stating that sexuality is largely an environmentally-influenced preference. In conclusion, this paper argues that it is clearly necessary to approach the causes of sexual orientation from a point of view that includes both biologic and environmental factors.
From the Paper
"Blanchard and Klassen have hypothesized that the Y-linked minor histocompatiblity antigens, or H-Y antigens, are involved in sexual development. Their study shows that some mothers experience a progressive immunization to the antigen, and that this change may increase the effects of H-Y antibodies on the sexual differentiation of the brain in male children that are born later in the birth order within a family. According to the authors, this information is consistent with the fact that there is a correlation between sexual orientation in men and the number of older brothers they have. Each older brother increases the odds of homosexual preference by nearly 33% in the younger siblings."
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Human Cloning, 2006.
An examination of the controversy surrounding human cloning.
2,354 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing a definition of human cloning. It then discusses the various forms of cloning procedures used and why these are considered ethically controversial by some. The ethical and legal concerns of cloning are discussed in detail.
From the Paper
"The subject cloning can be frightening in the hands of the wrong individuals. There are legitimate concerns, but if the use of appropriate legal measures and ethics are applied, than there should be a compromise, which can satisfy most. Nurses should be prepared for the future of new technology in medicine, and welcome it as well. They will see individuals progress in ways that in the past would have been impossible. They will need to learn new skills, but much of the workload may disappear. If the use of "spare parts" lives up to its potential, then there will not be so many dependent on nursing care. The nurse will be able to focus more on the patients who are in need of care and hopefully will not be overworked, as is the case today."
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Efforts to Reduce Global Warming, 2006.
A look at Finland's and Spain's efforts to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in their respective countries.
2,824 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the approach to reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases taken by both Finland and Spain. The paper describes the domestic measures both countries have implemented in their efforts to help fight global warming, how successful they have been in meeting this objective and how each country would be affected by the imposition of a global environmental tax designed to help control greenhouse gases emissions globally.
From the Paper
"The leaders of both Spain and Finland have been working hard for years to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. Large quantities of greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere are responsible for global warming. If global warming continues it will have catastrophic consequences on the world's environment. World leaders have proposed many ideas to solve the problem of global warming, but have had little success. One answer to the problem is to impose a global environmental tax. However, leaders in many European countries feel that the burden on their economy will be too great. In addition, conflicting results from studies aimed at projecting the effect an environmental tax will have on their economy has confused leaders, and made them reticent to commit to a tax."
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Salt Consumption, 2006.
A discussion of the nature/nurture issue as it related to the consumption of salt.
2,795 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the use of salt in our diets and how it is not merely a matter of essential health, but also of taste. The paper then relates the need and taste for salt to the nature/nurture issue, explaining why the body requires salt and how the taste for salt could have developed as a result of both genetics and environment.
From the Paper
"Salt is the world's oldest known food addative. It is an essential nutrient for both human beings and animals, since it is necessary for life and health, but is not produced within the body. A human body contains about 250 grams of salt. Salt aids in the transmission of nerve impulses to and from the brain, and also the contraction of muscles, including the heart. Apart form health issues, a number of functions are fulfilled by salt regarding food. It brings out the taste in foods and reduces blandness. It reduces the sourness of acid and increases the sweetness of sugar (Salt Manufacturers' Association, UK). The taste of food is thus generally improved through this additive. Other fuctions of cooking include salt used a s a preservative, a texture aid, a binder, for fermention control and as a color developer."
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Evolutionary Models, 2006.
A paper looking at the different methods of analysis used to learn about evolutionary change.
1,406 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper considers which scientific methods of analysis in the study of evolution are more compatible with the ideas of punctuated equilibria. More specifically, the paper compares Cladistic Methods with the methods of Phyletic Gradualism in terms of their compatibility with the ideas of punctuated equlibria and then considers whether the concept of adaptation is more important in either model of evolutionary change. Included with this paper, in addition to the sources used to write the paper, is a list of recommended sources as well.
From the Paper
"Biological systematists who wished to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies of species based on morphological similarities originally develop phylogenetic analysis. The German entomologist Willi Hennig was the first author to propose an explicit method of phylogenetic analysis, and the publication of his work in English (Hennig 1996) quickly led to the widespread use of his approach. Phylogenetic methods used to reconstruct the relationships between macro-molecular sequences also involve the application of Hennigian principles."
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The Exxon-Valdez Disaster, 2006.
Examines the environmental effects of this 1989 oil-spill which took place in Alaskan waters.
1,454 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
In March 24, 1989, Captain Joe Hazelwood and his crew impaled the oil tanker Exxon-Valdez on Bligh Reef, spilling more than 42 million liters of oil into the waters of Alaska's Prince William Sound. This paper shows that it was the worst environmental disaster ever to happen in American waters. The spill area was about the size of three football fields and covered nearly 1,400 shoreline miles of the Sound. The paper examines the immediate and long-term effects on the environment as a result of this spill. It also discusses the role of the media in the disaster.
From the Paper
"Immediately after the spill, nearly 800 birds were captured and laundered by scientists, but after their re-release into the environment, most birds only survived an average of one week before dying. Sea birds often gather at the places of land-water and air-water interface - the areas most disrupted by the spill itself. In the long term, however, the lowering of sea bird populations was related to their reproduction cycles, which were inhibited by the presence of oil in their nesting areas."
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Self-Shading, 2006.
A paper discussing factors that lead to self-shading during the development of leaf canopies.
1,010 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of self-shading that takes place during the development of leaf canopies, the factors that lead to self-shading and the importance of avoiding self-shading for the healthy growth and development of the canopy.
From the Paper
"Leaves are the main photosynthetic organ of higher plants. self- shading is not a problem, for example in plants exposed to very bright sunlight or having long narrow leaves, petioles may be missing. Large, thin leaves offer the maximum surface area to intercept sunlight for photosynthesis, but are highly susceptible to wind hurt and are likely to exhibit high transpiration rates. In addition, large thin leaves may less effectively capture CO2 than smaller leaves. Air moves more smoothly over large surfaces than over smaller ones, leaving a thin layer of non-moving air at the surface of a large leaf."
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Global Warming, is it a Deadly Trend?, 2006.
A look at the growing problem of global warming and what can be done to curb the threat it presents.
2,589 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the environmental phenomenon known as global warming and looks at what is causing the problem as well as what we should be doing to minimize its effects. It describes the effects that global warming has on the ecosystem, human health and the sea level and discusses some immediate measures that should be taken to help curb the problem.
Outline
The Greenhouse Effect
Global Warming and Agriculture
Global Warming and Human Health
Global Warming and Sea Level Rise
Conclusion: Zero Emissions?
From the Paper
"According to A Primer on Global Warming, life on earth is dependent on the so-called "greenhouse effect," which keeps the planet about 59 degrees F warmer than it would otherwise be. It was the French mathematician and physicist Jean Fourier who first described in 1827 how Earth's thin atmospheric blanket warms the earth. The atmosphere, Fourier suggested, possesses special greenhouse-like properties that permit solar energy to enter and strike the earth as visible light, but which then impeded the energy's return into space as infrared heat. These "properties" are in fact the so-called greenhouse gases, which permit solar energy as visible light to pass through the atmosphere, but which absorb and re-radiate a portion of the same energy as it leaves Earth's surface as infrared heat. The net effect is a warming of the atmosphere. The relative warmth of a cloudy versus a cloud-free night sky is an accentuated example of this effect, since the water vapor making up clouds is itself a greenhouse gas."
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The Human Eye, 2004.
An examination of the human eye.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the human eye. The paper focuses on the origin of the sensory neurons in the retina. The paper contends that the sensory neurons play an integral role in maintaining a virtual "communications" network within the human body, especially regarding the eyes. The paper presents a detailed anatomical description of the eye in general and the retina in particular.
Outline
Introduction
A Look at the Eye
Sensory Neurons in the Retina
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The human eye is a fascinating function. If not for our eyes, we would not be able to enjoy the visual interpretations of people, places and things. Of the five known senses - see, hear, feel, touch and smell - the gift of sight is probably the most valued. For if an individual lost four of the senses - hear, feel, touch and smell - he or she would still retain sight. We have seen movies for example, wherein someone loses their sight. Amazingly, the other four senses become more highly developed and sensitive than when the individual could see."
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Bull Shark, 2006.
A discussion about the habitat and characteristics of a bull shark.
2,154 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the bull shark is the most dangerous form of shark known to humans. It examines the physical characteristics of this shark and then looks at its food habits and living habitat. The way it reproduces is also discussed and a look at whether the species is endangered or not.
From the Paper
"Growing anywhere from 7 to 11 feet long and weighing up to 500 pounds, the Bull Shark has no distinguishing markings. However, a short snout that is wider than it is long, small eyes, an off-white underside, and gray topside can identify it. The first dorsal fin of the Bull Shark is much longer and pointed than the second. As an adult, it possesses no fin markings, but may in some cases have a pale stripe along its flank. Also, the Bull Shark lacks a skin ridge between the two dorsal fins, which most other shark species possess."
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Plant Growth and Reproduction, 2006.
An overview of how plants grow and how they reproduce.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly explains the basic principles behind plant growth and reproduction. It looks at the cell division process, describes the inner and outer cell layers and what is inside a cell and finally explains the process of cell division and photosynthesis.
From the Paper
"In order to understand exactly how plants grow and how they reproduce, one must first have a basic understanding of the principles behind these two biological functions. In essence, the so-called "building blocks" are known as cells which exist in a great variety of shapes and forms with each cell having a specialization for bring about certain functions and biological operations. All of these specialized cells develop from identical cells through a process called cell differentiation, "a highly regulated process in which specialized chemical reactions control the cell's length and width, the mass and architecture of its walls and the nature of its internal structure." 1 Due to the fact that the growth of a plant involves the development of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and related structures, a continuous supply of new materials is required which is made possible through a process known as cell division."
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Military Food Research, 2006.
The impact of military food research on the food industry.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
The impact of military food research on the food industry has emerged in recent years as a topic of growing significance and importance to citizens, scientists and government officials alike. This paper explains that military research on food has had a significant impact on the food industry, mainly because military research in this area often consists of food preservation, nutrition and performance enhancements. The paper points out that all of these categories directly impact the economic and nutritional aspects of the food industry. Research indicates that food intake in the military is influenced by the same factors that influence food intake in non-military settings. This paper analyzes and discusses the impact of such research on the food industry as a whole.
From the Paper
"Military research on the food industry often consists of studies conducted on the diets of those serving in the military, and how those diets may be modified to improve performance. The National Academy of Sciences published a report in 2004 from the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board concluding that combat soldiers engaged in extended field operations might improve their mental sharpness and physical stamina by eating a diet supplemented with specific food components. Similar research indicates that other food components also have been shown to have beneficial effects, but some do not live up to performance expectations. In the 2004 report, the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board examined six food components; tyrosine, choline, carbohydrates, caffeine, carnitine, and structured lipids."
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Euthanasia, 2005.
Presents arguments in opposition of mercy killing.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
Euthanasia or "mercy killing" is a life and death issue. Recent advances in medical sciences that have conquered many previously incurable diseases and greatly extended human life spans, make the issue more relevant today than ever before. As a result, euthanasia continues to evoke heated debate among doctors, philosophers, academicians, lawyers and the general public, with well meaning people taking committed positions both for and against the issue. The paper shows that proponents of "mercy killing" look at the issue as a compassionate act and advance a number of seemingly valid arguments in support of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Opponents of euthanasia, on the other hand, advance equally compelling arguments against taking of lives, irrespective of the justification. The author of this paper, despite sympathizing with some pro-arguments, is firmly against the practice of euthanasia for a number of medical, religious, ethical and moral reasons. Besides presenting these arguments in the essay, the paper examines some of the major arguments in favor of euthanasia and shows why they are misplaced.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Some Relevant Definitions
Types of Euthanasia
Arguments for Euthanasia and their Rebuttal
Further Arguments Against Euthanasia
Possible Abuses of Legalized Euthanasia
References
From the Paper
"Even when it is not possible to eliminate pain entirely, lessening it to a manageable level is almost always possible. In the present day and age, if a person's pain cannot be relieved sufficiently, it is almost certainly due to inappropriate treatment due to inadequate access to the required medical facilities and/or inadequately trained doctors in palliative care. The problem, therefore, that needs to be tackled is the lack of proper pain management training for doctors and access to adequate medical coverage for everyone, rather than access to legalized euthanasia and assisted suicide. (Foley, 1997)."
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Diminishing Wilderness, 2005.
This paper discusses that the main reason for most endangered species is habitat destruction and suggests ways of overcoming the problem of the diminishing wilderness.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while some animals are resilient enough to cope with major habitat destruction, others, particularly those animals who have evolved to live in very specific types of habitat, cannot. The author points out that the ecological problem for the pygmy-possum was that the mountain on which the females live became a popular ski resort area with a road cutting across the path the males used to get to the females; ecologists solved the problem by constructing a corridor --a man-made tunnel under the road--for the males to use to get to the females. The paper stresses that biologists need detailed information about the ways endangered animals live, feed and reproduce in order to find a solution to diminishing wildernesses.
From the Paper
"There are numerous examples of habitat destruction and its effects on wildlife. For instance, the Richmond birdwing butterfly is a beautiful butterfly found in subtropical rainforests in Australia. This butterfly feeds almost exclusively on one plant -- the Richmond birdwing vine. As habitat shrank, a second problem developed: a vine called Dutchman's pipe pushed out the Rhichmond birdwing vine. The butterflies laid their eggs on the Dutchman pipe, which made a good environment for the eggs but was poisonous to the caterpillars. The result was that the butterfly lost nearly 70% of its habitat, and a further decline because of the intruding vine, which was not native to the area."
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The Role of Genetics in Ataxia, 2006.
A look at the neurological disorder Ataxia, its characteristics, genetic make-up and diagnosis.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a general overview of Ataxia, a neurological condition, wherein spinal and cerebellum nerve cells slowly but progressively deteriorate. It describes the characteristics of the disorder, treatments used to help alleviate its symptoms, the prognosis for those who suffer from Ataxia and the genetics of the disorder. It also discusses the diagnosis of the disease, its progress, the different types of Ataxia, and the parts of the body most affected by it.
From the Paper
"Ataxia is a neurological disorder that is characterized by unsteady walking, loss of muscle coordination and slurred speech. It is no longer a rare condition in that more is known about it. It is dominant hereditary, recessive or sporadic. It is dominant hereditary if both parents pass the gene on to their offspring and DNA tests detect this condition. It is recessive when only one parent transmits the gene. And it is sporadic if there is no evidence to show this. Friedrich ataxia is the most common recessive type of ataxia, with first symptoms developing in childhood. The ataxia gene may also be mutated and develop into ATM. No cures are known for ataxia and the prospects are dim."
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Designer Babies, 2005.
This paper discusses the possibility and limitations of controlling the genetic composition of unborn babies.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that today, science is close to having the ability to selectively choose which babies will be born based on their genetic characteristics; therefore, now is the time to decide the ethicacy of this action. The author points out that the first applications of genetic manipulation will likely be medical; embryos will be manipulated to treat some genetic illness, such as Huntington's Chorea, or will be chosen selectively based on the absence of the Huntington's gene. The paper relates that, already in 2002, a hospital in Scotland was issued a license by the British government not to create "designer babies" but only to allow parents, by the use of abortion of defective fetuses, to avoid babies who are doomed to have some serious genetic disorder.
From the Paper
"The problem is that genetics is rarely that simple. Most of the time, genes only show a tendency, and experts cannot say whether the developing child will develop a specific illness or not. Even in identical twins, sometimes one develops a disease influenced by genetics, such as schizophrenia, while the other does not. Nevertheless, genetic researchers believe that eventually we will be able to screen embryos for combinations of genes that predispose people not only to life-threatening illnesses but for personality traits as well. However, people's personalities aren't as simple as a cluster of traits."
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