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Animal Experimentation, 2005.
A discussion of the alternatives to animal experimentation and why they should be considered.
1,124 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the argument that alternative research methods exist and have been proven to be more accurate, less expensive and less time-consuming than cruel animal experimentation. It explains however, that those who benefit financially from experimenting on animals or supplying vivisectors with cages, restraining devices, food for caged animals and tiny guillotines to destroy animals insist that most medical advances has been made through the use of animal testing. It concludes that while most drugs and procedures must now be tested on animals before hitting the market, this does not mean that animal experiments are invaluable or irreplaceable. Alternative methods are a viable option.
From the Paper
"Vivisection, the practice of experimenting on animals, started as a result of religious prohibitions against the dissection of human corpses (WAVA, 2005). By the time these prohibitions were taken away, the practice of animal vivisection for medical, cosmetic and military purposes, had become common practice in various institutions around the world. Animals are subjected to tremendous suffering for the sake of science and technological advancement (WAVA, 2005). Estimates of animals tortured and killed in U.S. scientific laboratories range from 17 to 70 million per year."
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Nature vs. Nurture, 2004.
An analysis of the nature versus nurture debate with reference to the theories of Freud, Erikson and Darwin.
1,328 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature versus nurture debate. The paper illustrates the differences in interpretations of this debate, by discussing theories developed by Freud, Erikson and Darwin. The paper contends that although much progress has been made through scientific research on such things as genetics (especially with regard to identical twin studies), there is still much that is unknown. The paper assesses that the truth lies somewhere in the middle of the nature/nurture continuum. The paper agrees that there is evidence in support of both sides of the issue.
Outline
A Brief Introduction
Human Nature and Personality
Intellectual Development
Social Development
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For hundreds, perhaps thousands of years, people have wondered just what role "nature," or one's inherent traits from birth, and "nurture," or the role one's environment (physical, cultural, social, and familial) plays in one's physical and psychological identity. In modern times, especially since the discovery of genetics and DNA, this has become even more of a question for debate and study. Although there have been many differing interpretations of the nature vs. nurture question, the two extremes that are commonly cited are represented by the Darwinian Theory (nature), and the Freudian Theory (nurture). Although the complete truth regarding the issue is far but definitively decided, many today in science, psychology, anthropology and medicine believe the issue is far more complex than any one theory. However, as science progresses, it has become clear that the "nature" aspect of human development is far stronger than previously suspected."
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Reptile Systems, 2005.
This paper discusses the nervous and digestive systems of reptiles.
905 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nervous and digestive systems of reptiles, emphasizing their main characteristics and briefly compare them to the nervous and digestive systems at other vertebrates including humans. The author points out that the anatomical characteristics of the reptile's nervous system, such as the position of the brain or the spinal cord, resemble closely those of the human and higher vertebrates; the reptilian nervous system has developed to provide the best adaptation of the reptiles' necessities, with emphasis on sight, smell and motor functions. The paper relates that birds and reptiles are the only vertebrates to have the cloacae chamber, the removal system of the body, is where the faeces is discharged; the urodaeum receives the urogenital tract ducts and the proctodaeum acts as a common collecting area prior to evacuation.
From the Paper
"As such, the reptilian nervous system is formed of two different components: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is composed of all nervous tissues and structures that do not actually belong to the CNS. As at other vertebrates, the brain, constituent part of the central nervous system, is protected by the skull. The bones forming the skull similarly have names such as parietal and occipital, which also form the human skull, for example."
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Homeostasis, 2005.
This paper discusses the function of homeostasis in human biology.
2,685 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper defines homeostatis as the preservation of stability or constant condition in a biological system by means of automatic mechanisms that work against influences leaning towards disequilibrium. The author points out that, in human beings, many organs check homeostasis in the blood that gives fluid for all tissues; the kidney controls urea, pH and water concentration, the lungs control oxygen and carbon dioxide and the liver and the skin control temperature. The paper relates that homeostasis aids in discharge by eliminating injurious wastes from the organism: Lungs eliminate CO2 and water; blood vessels in the skin expand to let more heat to escape, sweat glands form sweat that pulls out heat from the body to evaporate it.
From the Paper
"For the existence of a cell, homeostasis is necessary and each cell provides as part of body system to homeostasis. Homeostasis relies on the body's incessantly working of many actions. Its main activities or functions are reacting to variation in the body's environment, exchanging materials between the environment and cells, metabolizing foods, and incorporating all of the body's miscellaneous activities. Over the years, the capacity of the body to do many of its functions changes slowly. Generally, the body performs its duties perfectly at both ends of life - in infancy and old age. At childhood, body works effectively and efficiently. At late maturity and old age the reverse is true. Slowly they become less and less able and operational."
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Animal Experimentation, 2005.
This paper argues in favor of the continuation of animal experimentation for medical purposes.
1,995 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that not testing on animals first would mean a marked increase in the loss of human life because new treatments would have to be tested on humans. The author points out that animal experimentation has been an integral part of many medical advancements throughout the modern age; utterly scrapping the process could only result in future problems for society. The paper stresses that acknowledging the moral position of animal experimentation does not free us from our obligations to minimize those animals' pain and suffering because humans possess some duties to nature that extends beyond our commitments to society.
From the Paper
"There have been numerous arguments made for and against experimentation on animals, and some are more compelling than others. Some people suggest that the practice is immoral because choosing to experiment upon animals is directly analogous to racial or sexual discrimination; or more closely related to discrimination on the basis of mental capacity. Others contend that it is wrong because, by their estimations, no clear advances in medical research have been made through animal experimentation, and alternative modes of research are emerging. Doubtlessly, animal experimentation is a delicate moral issue, but asserting that animals should enjoy the same rights as humans within a society is a weak claim. Arguments have been formed differentiating animals from humans depending upon both their moral status and biological status. Yet, the most obvious line of reasoning is associated with the fact that granting animals the same rights as humans within society leads to many logical contradictions."
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Forensic Use of DNA in Criminal Cases, 2005.
An overview of forensic use of DNA and why, at times, the use of DNA evidence in criminal case is problematic.
3,482 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses, in some detail, the way in which DNA is used for forensic purposes. The paper discusses DNA typing functions, its historical use in forensics and prosecution, the possible mistakes which may be made or encouraged by DNA typing, and the future of DNA in criminal and civic cases.
What is Forensics?
How DNA is Collected
How DNA is Read
Problems With DNA
Problems With DNA
From the Paper
"The forensic use of DNA has become widely accepted in America today as providing error-proof evidence for criminal cases. Many convictions are made on the strength of DNA evidence alone, and some fewer number of accused "criminals" have been cleared of all charges on the account of late-discovered DNA evidence. Depending entirely on one's perspective, DNA sequencing may be either a godsend or one of the most serious threats to an objective justice system to have surfaced in a hundred years. On the one hand, DNA evidence can accurately link a suspect to physical evidence left at the murder scene with a striking accuracy, with the probability for error being only one in five million when considered a (genetically) average suspect and an average gene pool."
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Sociobiology and Culture, 2004.
An analysis of sociobiology, the synthesis of sociology and biology.
2,609 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses sociobiology, a controversial science dealing with sensitive issues, uncovering intimate connections between social behavior and evolution. The paper examines opponents' claims that it degrades human social behavior by placing it under a microscope and comparing it with lesser-esteemed creatures, such as fish, birds, and monkeys. The paper explains that some opponents are dreadfully concerned with sociobiology's capability to undermine religion and social reform. The paper also explores the proponents' viewpoints, claiming that it does not assign judgments to its findings and is a valuable bridge between the natural and social sciences.
From the Paper
"Traditionally, researchers in various fields of study have generally limited investigations to their area of expertise. Social scientists attend to prescribed areas such as memory, deviance, and microeconomics. In addition, natural scientists restrict their focal points to phenomena like DNA, gravity, and erosion. This practice of detached exploration, which initially proved productive, is gradually giving way to interdisciplinary endeavors as new and overwhelming evidence indicates that many domains are profoundly interconnected. Although some conventional sociologists steadfastly resist such infiltration, the field is not immune to this growing interdisciplinary movement."
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Biometric Technology, 2005.
An in-depth discussion of biometric technology and its functions in today's world.
9,587 words (approx. 38.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 250.95
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Abstract
There are many types of biometric technologies in use today, each utilizing different physiological and/or behavioral characteristics to verify or identify an individual's identity. Each one has its own pros and cons. This paper explains that fingerprinting biometrics, or finger scans, are one of the most popular and is investigated in detail, as well as the current technological advancements and the organizations that are currently using biometric applications to enhance their security. The paper also looks at the future of biometric technology systems.
Introduction
History of Biometric Technology
Overview of Biometric Technology
Types of Biometric Technology
Bertillonage
Fingerprinting
Hand Geometry
Comparison of Biometric Systems
Table 1
Why Biometric Technology Has Taken so Long to Become Popular
Biometrics in Canada
The Newest Biometric Advancements
Current Applications of Biometric Technology
The Pros and Cons of Fingerprinting Biometrics
The Future of Biometrics in General
From the Paper
"The science and technology surrounding the techniques used to identify individuals, based on measuring the individual's physiological or behavioral features, is known as biometrics. The term, biometrics, is based on two Greek words. "Bios" means life. And, "metron" means degree. The most typical biometric technologies involve analyzing human physiological characteristics including: fingerprints, eye retinas, irises, voice recognition, facial patterns, and hand measurements. It can also include behavioral characteristics, which include: signature recognition, gait recognition, speech recognition, and typing pattern recognition ("Biometric")."
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The Cruelest Cut of All, 2005.
Examines the issue of cropping tails and ears off dogs.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
Over seventy breeds of dogs regularly have their ears and tails cropped without medical benefit. There are many claims made by the people who perform this cruel surgery regarding the reasons why it should be done, however, this paper argues that their logic is flawed and easily debunked. It argues that, in reality, cropping ears and tails is not only unnecessary and not beneficial to the animal, but it is also dangerous and painful. Cropping the ears and tails of dogs is a bad practice which may lead to infection or other health problems and interferes with communication with other dogs and people.
From the Paper
"Other dogs experience chronic pain and phantom sensations (like chronic itching) because of the cut nerves. The nerve damage can extend throughout the body and even effect the dog's ability to walk. Infection can lead to illness or death from the amputation. The ears become more prone to infection and infestation after they are cut because they are more exposed, and the immune system of the dog can be permanently damaged from the experience."
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Genetic Conservation, 2005.
This paper discusses the arguments surrounding genetic conservation, examining if it fulfills the standards of scientific credibility.
2,195 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the actual process of genetic conservation utilizes sophisticated technology and a method of "banking" animal sperm, eggs and embryos by means of keeping them on ice until they can be reintroduced to a species, a process that can be used not only for a species facing extinction but also for a species that has already become extinct. The paper relates that conservationists still struggle with the task of prioritizing and allocating effort; nonetheless, it appears that genetic conservation fulfills the standards of scientific credibility.
From the Paper
"Proponents of genetic conservation to save endangered species argue that this method of wildlife breeding is not genetic engineering, because they are not putting in genes that were not there before. The arguments for this are that genetic conservation does not create a new species based on a combination of genes, but merely preserves an existing species. They also argue that encouraging genetic diversity helps a species survive, and that in-breeding, which can weaken a species, does not occur. Supporters of genetic conservation hold the view that technology and committed people is what will ultimately save animals."
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Permian Mass Extinction, 2005.
An overview of the Permian period in history, when many of earth's species died out.
929 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
The extinction-level event that occurred during the Permian period, often known as the Great Dying, forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods. During this time approximately 95 per cent of all marine species died out. This paper presents an overview of this time period and the explanatory theories regarding this event.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Overview of Permian Extinction
Explanatory Theories Regarding the Permian Extinction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It has been suggested that this increase in carbon-12 could be the result of upwelling of frozen methane hydrate from the ocean floor. Experiments have shown that a sea temperature rise of 5?C would be sufficient enough to gasify solid methane hydrate. This would lead to huge amounts of greenhouse gases being expelled into the atmosphere, and could have led to the mass extinction ("Permian-Triassic")."
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Personality Development, 2004.
An analysis of the development of a person's personal identity.
858 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of one's personality. Based on a combination of the opinions of experts and the author's personal observations, the paper contends that all human personality development is variable and different. The paper also claims that personality development springs from complicated interactions of 'nature' and 'nurture' plus outside environmental characteristics, such as social and cultural expectations, peer group interactions and the influences of teachers and other relatives.
From the Paper
" Within all human beings, personal identity, or the image one has of oneself, is affected by an intricate mixture of genetic and environmental variables, unique to every individual. For example, studies have shown that even among identical twins raised under identical circumstances within the same households, less-than-identical personality characteristics emerge (Vandell, 2000; Harris, November 2000). According to Lykken (1997), the good or bad influences of one's peer group have more to do with personality development than often assumed, but others (Tavris, 1998; Vandell, 2000; Harris, November 2000) feel that a child's personality is most responsible for personality development. "
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Human Cloning, 2004.
An analysis of the controversial topic of human cloning.
3,102 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses various issues and concerns regarding human cloning. The paper presents an understanding of what cloning really is and gives insights into some of the potential advantages and disadvantages for the human race. The paper examines the implications of cloning experimentation that currently takes place concerning animals and plants.
Outline
Introduction
Where are We Today?
Define Cloning
Implications
Cloning and the Media
Real Uses
Stem Cell Research
Controversy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Human cloning calls into question the very nature and extent of moral rights. Aldous Huxley saw cloning as way to save the human race as far back as 1932 in his novel called 'Brave New World.' "One egg, one embryo, one adult - normality. But a bokanovskified egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide. From eight to ninety six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo, and every embryo into a full-sized adult. Making ninety six human beings grow where only one grew before." (Huxley, 3) In 'Brave New World', cloning represented the general mood of the citizens to wipe out a bitter past and seek a more utopian society after the devastating effects of World War I. There is no doubt that cloning still can be seen as a possible solution for man and his attempt to create a world that is different from the present."
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Cloning, 2005.
An overview of the pros and cons of cloning.
6,025 words (approx. 24.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 181.95
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Abstract
Cloning is the exact replication of a single individual gene or a part of a single individual gene achieved with the use of specialized DNA technology. This paper examines how cloning has an equal number of benefits and advantages as it has its failures and defects and disadvantages. It contends that it is up to the experts to decide whether the technology of cloning can be actually used to produce another human being and whether this bodes well for the entire human race. It also debates whether it is indeed safe to interfere with the ways of Nature and how cloning still needs a lot more research and experimentation before it can actually be used to propagate the human race.
From the Paper
"When Dolly was created, in the year 1997, there was a worldwide interest and concern and also a certain amount of controversy, as only expected. The very possibility that cloning could be applied to human beings raised quite a few eyebrows and the scientific and ethical considerations behind such an eventuality became major issues that took up a lot of time and energy. In fact, when the sheep that was cloned actually lived, it was termed as the breakthrough of 1997, and raised numerous questions as to what exactly 'cloning' is, and how it can be done. The three types of cloning as stated earlier, are 'recombinant DNA technology', 'reproductive cloning', and 'therapeutic cloning'."
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Integumentary System, 2005.
A brief paper about the importance of the integumentary system in the human body.
702 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 32.95
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Abstract
The integumentary system is comprised of the skin and skin derivatives including hair, nails, glands and receptors. Skin, glands and receptors have many important functions that are described in this paper.
From the Paper
"The skins keeps the inside structures in and outside substances out (Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology). Its strength and pliability make it very tough to outside physical forces. Keratin is a protein in skin cells that makes skin water repellant thereby providing resistance to many chemicals. Acidic skin secretions also help resist chemical damage and prevent bacterial growth. And, the skin protects the body from ultraviolet radiation damage. Coloration cells in the skin are called melanocytes. Exposure to sunlight increases the production of the pigment melanin in the Epidermis (thin outer layer of skin), creating a suntan. This darkening of the skin helps shield the cell nucleus from ultraviolet damage. Sebum, secreted by the skin prevents our bodies from evaporating too much water through the skin and helps prevent dehydration."
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Nitric Oxide (NO), 2005.
This paper explores whether nitric oxide is the same substance as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor, its use and its advantages and disadvantages.
64,020 words (approx. 256.1 pages), 130 sources, APA, AU$ 318.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that nitric oxide is an endothelium-derived relaxing factor, a neurotransmitter and an euro modulator present in the central and peripheral nervous systems. When generated in surplus, a likely toxic molecule forms part of the resistance against diseases. The author points out that the primary problem involved in the detection of NO result from its short span of life and a very low rate of concentration. Nonetheless, the paper demonstrates several quantitative modes for measuring NO and indicates their limitations. The paper stresses that the endothelium performs a vital role in the determination of blood pressure; primary endothelial irregularities, in addition to irregularities secondarily influencing the endothelium, are all possible suppliers to the advances of hypertension. Many charts and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Nitric Oxide: Advantages and Disadvantages
Is Nitric Oxide the Same Substance as Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor
Nitric Oxide's Interactions with the Vascular Endothelium
Ways Nitric Oxide is Measured and the Problems Associated with Measuring
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The hydrogen peroxide has been projected to be a freely diffusible EDHF as agonist evoked relaxation in some arteries that are NO and autonomous prostanoid are inhibited by the enzyme catalyse that destroys this reactive oxygen species. Such findings have not been general and hence the role of hydrogen peroxide in EDHF responses is evoked by gap junction dependent and independent mechanisms. It is seen earlier that EDHF-type relaxations evoked by acetylcholine, ATP, substance P and cyclopiazonic acid depend on gap junctional communication. But the calcium ionophore A23187 irrespective of evoking EDHF-type relaxations was not vulnerable to gap junction inhibitors. Incubation with catalyse resulted in marked attenuation of A23187 induced EDHF-type relaxations but only inhibited reactions induced by high concentrations of acetylcholine. This indicated that EDHF-type relaxations induced A23187 may be arbitrated by hydrogen peroxide and would not associate with gap junctions."
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