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Human Egg Donation, 2008.
Examines the ethics of compensation for human egg donation.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the combination of deep-seated emotions, cutting-edge technology and huge amounts of money has made the supposedly intimate act of creating a child into a serious multi-national industry. The author of the paper points out that the growth of "the baby business" raises serious ethical concerns and then relates arguments for and against the practice of compensation. The author also points out that the obvious fear is that women will be exploited for their reproductive potential. The paper urges the creation of more federal regulations to adjust the various competing interests that weigh on this procedure.
From the Paper
"Critics charge that the payment of large sums of money amount of "commodification" of egg donation. This amounts to a label more than a sound objection. The market puts a price on virtually everything, and merely adding a financial element does not necessarily make something unethical. Perhaps the greatest need in this field is not control over payments but regulations to ensure that anyone agreeing to undergo the procedure is fully informed of the nature, risks, and potential complication involved, and that reproductive clinics accept responsibility if complications develop."
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Effects of Tobacco, 2008.
This paper discusses the effects of smoking on the individual.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the history of tobacco's inculcation into mainstream culture and looks at the pleasure it provides smokers. The writer also discusses the health risks involved in smoking tobacco, addiction and second hand smoke. The writer maintains that organizations that are raising awareness about the dangers of smoking are no doubt creating a healthier environment for everyone. The writer then concludes that though quitting is difficult, every smoker should make every effort to break the habit. This step would not only benefit them, but also everyone they associate with, casually or otherwise.
Outline:
Introduction
The History of Smoking
Smoking and Health
The Allure of Smoking Tobacco
Heart Disease
Cancer
Addiction
Second Hand Smoke
Recent Government Reaction to Tobacco Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It could be argued that tobacco's colourful history is part of the substance's attraction. The first recorded European smoker was Rodrigo de Jerez, who was a colleague of Christopher Columbus during his exploration of the New World. Jerez started smoking cigars in Cuba. Having returned to Europe, Jerez lit a cigar publicly in 1493, which led to his imprisonment in 1493 by order of the Spanish Inquisition."
"Tobacco was initially slow to take over European consumers. It is believed that not until well into the following century that tobacco was brought to Europe from its native Americas."
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Oxygen Cascade and Disease, 2008.
This paper describes the lungs and how it functions, especially oxygen cascade, and its relationship to disease.
3,380 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the main organ responsible for gas exchange, the lungs, are efficient not only in their anatomic and histological structure but also are physiologically efficient to provide oxygen to tissues and cells such that oxygen extraction can be increased in altered, demanding physiologic states within the bounds of physical laws. The author points out that the oxygen cascade, essentially described as the "diminishing returns" phenomenon, represents a natural barrier to the limits of mammalian and human cellular respiration. The paper concludes that, from uptake of oxygen, to transport of oxygen to the periphery to its delivery to tissues at the cellular level, at the different steps, oxygen tension decreases pathologies at the tissue level, which are heavily dependent on perfusion and are the most vulnerable to hypoxia.
Table of Contents:
Lung Anatomy and Physiology
Oxygen Cascade
Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Regional Distribution of Oxygen Delivery
Diffusion from Capillary to Cell
Cellular Use of Oxygen
Lung Pathophysiology
Oxygen Cascade Pathophysiology and Relevant Disease States
Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Delivery of oxygen to the tissues is heavily dependent on the heart and the vascular system associated with it. This branching, closed-circuit system perfuses all organ systems. In normal individuals, global delivery of oxygen (Do2) is often more than adequate to ensure that all tissues receive enough oxygen to meet their aerobic respiratory needs (Vo2). Do2 is the product of cardiac output (Qt) and oxygen content of blood (Cao2). Cao2 is similarly the product of oxygen saturation (Sao2), hemoglobin content (Hgb), and a constant K (the coefficient for hemoglobin-oxygen binding capacity)."
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The Human Genome Project, 2008.
A look at how hominid evolutionary studies will be aided by the completion of the human genome project.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses recent discoveries in evolutionary studies, including the human genome project, and will speculate on the impact that these new discoveries will have on evolutionary studies. The paper concludes that we can look forward to substantial and possibly profound breakthroughs in terms of understanding what it is to be human, but warns that we should not expect to find the meaning of life with our microscopes.
From the Paper
"For example, since the completion of the human genome project, scientists have achieved another milestone: they have completed the genetic map blueprint of the chimpanzee. Due to the chimpanzee's close relationship to humans (in evolutionary terms), we now have the opportunity to better understand the evolutionary processes that have combined to create human beings. The scientific analysis has revealed that some 96% of human and chimp genomes are exactly the same. More important still are the insights provided by the differences between human and chimp genomes."
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Bones, 2008.
A look at the anatomy of the human bone.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the function of bones and identifies the five types of bones and their seven levels of bone structure. The paper looks at three types of bone cells and summarizes the most common medical conditions that affect bones.
Outline:
Introduction
Function
Bone Types
Hierarchical Organization of Structures
Bone Cells
Medical Conditions
From the Paper
"Bones also have a degree of toughness and elasticity that are required by their function. An examination of a bone structure will reveal that it is made up of two types of tissue. The first type of tissue is located on the external side and it is dense in texture and it is called compact tissue. The second type located internally is made up of thin fibres and lamellae, which are joined to form a lattice like reticular structure called cancellous tissue."
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Identical and Non-identical Twins, 2008.
This paper looks at two common types of twins and one rare type.
704 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the two most common types of twins; identical and non-identical twins, also known as monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The paper looks at the differences between identical and non-identical twins. The paper then talks about a third type of twins; half-identical or polar body twins.
Outline:
What Are Twins
Types of Twins
Identical Twins
Comparing Non-Identical Twins with Identical Twins
A Third Type of Twinning
From the Paper
"In a normal pregnancy, a single baby develops in the uterus of the mother. In very special circumstances, two and sometimes even more babies develop simultaneously in the mother's uterus. This is called a multiple pregnancy. Twins are two babies in a multiple pregnancy. Twins are considered very special and present a fascination for science and society. In the fields of psychology and sociology, there is a special subfield called "twin studies". Twins studies are especially important in the search for answers to the nature vs. nurture question. What is the most important factor in human development: genetics (nature) or environment (nurture)?"
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All About Cloning, 2008.
An overview and analysis of the cloning debate.
1,231 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how cloning evokes powerful emotions - for some, it evokes hope of miraculous cures for the paralyzed and the terminally ill; for others it evokes spiritual horror and a dread of where human science is taking us. This essay examines the facts that lie beyond these two extreme reactions.
From the Paper
"To the best of our knowledge, a human being has not yet been created in this manner. However, many other animals have been created by cloning, and some of us may even have eaten cloned animals without even knowing it! In fact, it is estimated that at the moment there are some 200 cloned cattle in the USA, and it is thought that some of them are being used for breeding (Ruse and Sheppard). Of more concern is the fact that this scientific process continues to be used to create human embryos for medical research purposes. However, it is strictly limited by most governments, including the US government (Dunn). This kind of cloning is referred to as therapeutic cloning. "
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Human Cloning, 2008.
An analysis of the current issues that involve both religion and medical science in relation to developments in human cloning.
1,315 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the medical issue of human cloning, noting that it is pertinent to ethics, since it involves a great deal of scientific questions as to how science is "playing God." The religious perspective is analyzed through Roman Catholic arguments against human cloning to better understand how this conflict is developing between both factions. In essence, this paper analyzes the two sides of the "playing God" issue in relation to the medical scientific advancements of human cloning.
From the Paper
"The Catholic point of view on procreation is an act that occurs from the union of two people, those married under God's union and vows. Cloning is direct violation of the act of two people, and socially makes for an unethical third party (scientists) to be involved in this sacred union between two people. This perspective often brings forth the changing element of a society that is steadily becoming less dependent on religious doctrines, which invariably must give way to the empiricism of modern science. In essence, Catholic Bishops oppose cloning of new human lives because mankind does not have the right to play God."
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Chives: Allium schoenoprasum L., 2008.
An analysis of the characteristics and uses of the plant known as chive or Allium schoenoprasum L.
1,219 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the plant known as chive or Allium schoenoprasum L. The paper first discusses the plant's physical characteristics and biological and chemical make-up. The paper then discusses chives in terms of food and flavor and then analyzes its medicinal uses. Finally, the paper looks at the hazards that are associated with chives, including toxicity and allergic reaction.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Physical Characteristics
Distribution (USDA database)
Biology
Cultivation
Chemistry
Food and Flavor
Medicinal Use
Anti-tumor Properties
Anti-oxidative Properties
Allergenic Extracts
Biological Control in Gardens
Environmental Use
Hazards
Toxicity
Allergic Reaction
From the Paper
"Cultivation of chives is relatively easy because the plants are hardy and can grow in a broad range of environmental conditions. They can grow in different kinds of soil, from sandy, to loamy to heavy clay. However, the soil should be moist but well-drained. Chives can grow in a broad range of soil pH from acidic soil, to neutral or and even in highly alkaline soil. They thrive in areas with semi-shade or direct sunlight."
"Bulbs or seeds should be planted in early spring and bulbs should be planted deeply. Bulbs grow in clumps and have to be divided 3 to 4 times a year. Because they are perennial plants and resistant to frost, they can be planted outside and the leaves can be harvested the whole year round."
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Throat Cancer, 2008.
This paper looks at how the treatment for laryngeal cancer effects the patient's voice and speech.
964 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the risk factors and causes of throat cancer, as well as the treatments for the cancer and the resulting voice impairments. The paper futher discusses how speech rehabilitation and assistive devices impact on the emotional and psychological status of a patient. In light of this, the paper then offers recommendations for speech rehabilitation.
From the Paper
"Cancer of the throat can be caused by a virus or by lifestyle habits such as a long history of smoking or excessive alcohol intake. When a virus is involved, the prevalence is much higher for women whose cancer develops because of an infection with papillomavirus (HPV), which is the same virus that causes cancer of the cervix (American Cancer Society, 2007). When throat cancer is not caused by smoking and alcohol, the prognosis is good with radiation therapy. The likelihood of the cancer returning and leading to death is reduced for patients whose cancer originates with a virus (American Cancer Society, 2007)."
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Cloning of Human Beings, 2008.
This paper argues that the cloning of human beings should be outlawed worldwide.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that cloning offers the prospect of scientists being able to create a new individual genetically identical to another person. The writer points out that the science to do this has almost been perfected. The writer notes that some people believe that cloning technology should be vigorously developed, as it offers an enormous potential to cure diseases and so reduce human suffering. However, this essay argues that this potential benefit is outweighed by the massive potential ethical problems. Therefore, it is argued that cloning of human beings should be outlawed worldwide.
From the Paper
"One compelling reason to ban cloning is with regard to the human rights of potential cloned beings. Things that are manufactured are usually, by definition, property, and so do not have human rights. Thus, if a company were to clone human beings, it could possibly have the power to use these people as "spare parts" for rich clients. This potential ethical minefield was explored in the recent film, The Island. In this film, rich people have clones made from their DNA, and "store" them in an underground facility. The clones have no idea they are clones - they think they are the survivors of a nuclear holocaust, kept confined for their own safety. When their "owners" become sick or are injured, the clones are simply killed to provide spare parts. The clones are even used for breeding purposes. In this way, a female customer of the clone company can "give birth" to her own genetic offspring without the inconvenience of being pregnant."
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Organic Chemistry and Life, 2008.
This paper looks at organic chemistry in relation to the writer's own life.
808 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why organic chemistry is important in the writer's life. Specifically, the paper looks at how organic chemistry can offer tips on how to better treat oneself. Further the paper also offers insight into why human beings act as they do and why the human brain occasionally malfunctions - sometimes with tragic consequences. More than that, the writer looks at what organic chemistry can teach us about the surrounding world - and what it can teach human beings about the past and future.
From the Paper
"Organic Chemistry is important to each and every one of us in the sense that it reveals to students the myriad ways in which chemicals reacting and interacting within the body allow us to perform our daily activities - and shape the kinds of human beings we become. For instance, students need to know all about vitamins C and E and what these elements do within their bodies so that they can know all about why it is vital that certain fruits and vegetables be ingested by them on a daily basis. In my own case, it was not until I came to understand what I was doing to myself on an organic, physiological and biological level when I neglected certain foods that I began to see an improvement in my own health and in my vitality over the course of a long day."
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Gender Bender, 2008.
This paper looks at whether there are scientifically proven differences between the brains of men and women.
1,149 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that there really are scientifically provable differences between the brains of men and women. Specifically, the paper explores how the brains of men and women atrophy over time. The writer then looks at how men and women have different intellectual competencies - differences which, broadly stated, suggest that men are better in the realm of mathematics and mathematical logic while women are better in the realm of language arts and visual memory. Lastly, the writer notes that evidence provided by Doreen Kimura suggests that boys and girls differ in their levels of aggression because they really do have minds shaped by widely divergent hormones. The writer concludes that it is simply not smart to suggest that men and women are exactly the same.
From the Paper
"Simply put, the process by which the brain atrophies in men and women is quite pronounced, can be measured quantitatively, and suggests that men and women experience varying levels of mental acuity and efficacy at different points in their lives. As an addendum, this sort of thing clearly indicates that the differing behavior of men and women in, say, their middle to late 50s is not necessarily predicated upon sociological constructions but upon differential aging of the brain and the changes in behavior this creates.
"There are also cognitive differences between men and women that suggest different patterns of competencies - not necessarily, as ideologues on both sides of the gender debate might like to argue, different intellectual capacities. For instance, a host of studies conducted over many years proves that men perform better than women when it comes to spatial tasks such as those that involve object manipulation and/or envisioning an object moving through space."
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Immunobiology and HIV, 2008.
An analysis of the mechanisms involved in HIV infection and the role of chemokines in suppression of HIV replication.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationship between immunobiology and HIV. It analyzes the research in an attempt to understand the mechanisms involved in HIV infection and in the operation of various related biological effects. The paper then addresses the role of the chemokine MIP-1 beta, among others, in T cell mediated suppression of HIV replication.
From the Paper
"Patke, Green, and Shearer examine the role of beta-chemokines and their chemokine receptor on HIV B lymphocyte function. To test this interaction, the researchers used highly purified normal human B cells from seronegative donors, isolating them by adherence to CD19-coated beads. They then treated IL-4 plus anti-CD40-activated B cells with recombinant gp120 (10 ng/ml) before exposure to beta chemokines or receptor. At that stage, cyclic nucleotide generation was assessed at six hr, DNA synthesis at day threem and IgM production on day seven. Also, cell surface marker expression was determined by flow cytometric analysis using the Coulter EPICS-XL. What the researchers found was that there ia a role for MIP-1 beta and RANTES on the early B cell events of proliferation, cyclic nucleotide generation, and cell surface marker receptor modulation in opposition to the beta chemokine receptor, CCR5. the researchers also note that the ability to regulate early B cell events might be a targeted area in the development of novel designer molecule therapeutic approaches to AIDS, though further research is needed finally to demonstrate this possibility."
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Marine Species Conservation, 2008.
This paper explores the Elkhorn Coral and what can be done to rescue this vulnerable marine species.
1,366 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the precarious position of the Elkhorn Coral and identifies the features of an effective conservation policy at the national and/or international level. This includes keeping human beings and animals away from the reefs, developing non-intrusive bulwarks as a protection from large-scale hurricanes and distancing industrial works and run-off from the reefs. The paper concludes that an effort should be undertaken to build up an international coalition of environmentalists and sympathetic policy-makers who can remind political elites around the globe of under-reported marine species such as the Elkhorn Coral.
From the Paper
"One of the most obvious problems currently bedeviling the Elkhorn Coral is its susceptibility to disease. According to the United States Office of Protected Resources, the Elkhorn Coral has had problems with rampant disease since the dawn of the 1980s (para.4). Indeed, by the middle-1980s, scientists were becoming increasingly alarmed by the spread of calicoblastic neoplasms or cancerous lesions among Elkhorn Coral colonies in the Florida region - most notably among those colonies housed at the Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary in Key Largo, Florida (Peters, 895)."
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Drug Trial for Cancer Medication, 2008.
This paper discusses the drug Zometa that is used as a support medication for treating symptoms of cancer.
2,427 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the research and development on a new drug is expensive and time-consuming, followed by a lengthy trial and a lengthy approval process by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The writer points out that Zometa was approved for the treatment of hypecalcemia, a common metabolic complication associated with cancer. The writer discusses that research into the action of the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (marketed as Zometa) was undertaken to gain FDA approval for use of the drug for the treatment of osteolytic bone metastases, and research is also under way for use of the drug for other purposes as well. The writer concludes that so far, approval has only been given for its use in treating cancer patients with bone metastases, though there are indications that it will be valuable for breast cancer patients facing other difficulties.
Outline:
Introduction
Medical Problems to be Addressed
Drug Action
Approval of the Drug
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Hypercalcimia of malignancy is considered the most common life-threatening metabolic complicastin of malignancy. It affects some 10 to 20 percent of patients with advanced cancer, varying widely with the type of cancer involved. It occurs most often in patients with multiple myeloma and carcinomas of the lung, breast, kidney, and the head and neck. Antihypercalcemic therapy is used, but median survival under these conditions has been found to be 30 days. Certain symptoms diminish the quality of life for these patients, such as nausea, vomiting, and altered mental states. HCM can also produce renal failure. Patients with bone metastases can also develop HCM. Factors that mediate hypercalcemia stimulate excess bone resorption and the release of calcium from the bone matrix, meaning that patients experience bone loss, a weakened bone structure, and higher circulating calcium levels. Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption and are the most effective therapy for HCM. Pamidronate has been one of the most commonly used treatments for HCM."
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