| Papers [273-288] of 1831 :: [Page 18 of 115] | | Go to page : <— 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 —> | |
|
|
Childhood Obesity, 2006.
This in-depth research paper provides a qualitative examination of the physiological and psychological effects of obesity among American children as well as the factors contributing to this growing epidemic.
9,375 words (approx. 37.5 pages), 39 sources, MLA, AU$ 310.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This well-researched paper details the results of various studies that prove obesity and overweight conditions among adolescents are the results of multiple elements. This paper explores the genetic influences that can increase an individual's susceptibility to overweight or obese conditions. This paper analyzes the factors that contribute to obesity while focusing on the genetic, environmental and parental issues. One factor that is contributing to the nation's obesity epidemic is inadequate participation in active sports by young children. This paper details the results of a study that sampled 50 physical educators to determine their perceptions of the unintended physiological and psychological consequences of childhood obesity in their classrooms. This paper looks at the nutritional and dietary habits of adolescents which determine what factors are most likely to contribute to obesity. The writer of this paper explores the social, emotional and physical effects of obesity among children. This paper details the physical effects in obese children, which prove they are more susceptible to suffering lifelong health problems such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes and even orthopedic problems.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Methodology
Findings
Discussion
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"With regard to nutrition and dietary intake, the data currently available indicates that Americans are consuming more calories but are not compensating for them with increased physical activity. According to the U.S. Department of agriculture, Americans in the 1990's were consuming more food and several hundred more calories per day than they did in the 1970s. Much of this observed increase can be associated with an increase in eating away from home. A study by McCrory and colleagues found that an increasing proportion of household food income was spent on food prepared away from home and that frequently eating restaurant food was associated with being overweight. In two-career families where there is no one at home to prepare healthy meals, warming up packaged foods, picking up fast food, or dining out has become the norm. "Eating is also a form of entertainment and a forum for socializing, as the number and variety of restaurants has mushroomed in recent years." Grantmakers in Health. As a result of this, the amount of meals eaten outside the home has almost doubled in the past few decades."
| |
|
Evolution, 2006.
A discussion of the evolutionary process as it pertains to teeth.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 110.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the evolutionary process and the changes it has led to in mammals. The paper provides scientific and statistical data regarding changes in animals' body size, mass and cranial capacity, in addition to oxygen intake levels and reproductive behavior. The paper then focuses on how evolution has led to changes in the diets of many mammals, which have affected the number and types of teeth, as well as in the sexual dimorphism in teeth between males and females.
From the Paper
"These primates, generally grouped into the suborder of Plesiadapiformes, are known only to modern scientists by tooth remains. According to fragments found in Africa, these early primates were mostly fruit and insect eating animals (Milton, 89). Their dental records show three incisors, one canine, four premolars, and three molars on both the top and bottom jaw, with blunt cusps (Bramblet, para. 2). In the late Paleocene primates, the structure of the molars and incisors began to alter, showing longer incisors and variable molars, suggesting the beginnings of dietary differences, including consumption of increased plant materials (Bramblet, para. 3)."
| |
|
Agriculture and Genetically Modified Food, 2005.
Discusses agriculture and GM food in the development of third world countries.
1,628 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is used to describe agricultural crops and plants which are grown for both human and animal consumption, through the use of techniques from the science of molecular biology. This paper examines the heated debate which surrounds the topic of GM products. In many third word countries, GM products are associated more with big business and money and less with help for poverty stricken countries. The paper shows that, nevertheless, the prevalence of GM produce cultivation and usage is on the increase globally. The paper includes a graph.
From the Paper
"Despite these aspects, there is a large body of dissent and opinion against GM products in the third world and elsewhere. Much of this disagreement originates from developing counties, particularly in Africa. There are many reasons given for the opposition to GM crops. The central argument against GM products is that many feel that these foods have not been tested enough over a sufficient period of time. Many critics also see the use of GM product in third world countries as a form of experimentation. There is also a high degree of awareness throughout the word of the possible dangers of tampering with the genetic composition of foodstuffs."
| |
|
18th Century Botanical Art, 2005.
This paper traces the history of 18th century botanical art as an outgrowth of the Age of Enlightenment scientific botanical explorations.
3,005 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 142.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that the exotic new plant species brought back from the many 18th century global scientific explorations created an interest by men and women in landscape gardening and gardening magazines. The author points out that the botanical illustrations originated as a help to Carolus Linnaeus' classification system, which greatly influenced the botanical art (also called linnaean art) of the era, and soon became very popular, appearing in garden magazines along with cultivation instructions and even as textile prints. The paper compares the similarities of the work of Claude Aubriet (1665-1742), the first botanical artist to be part of an expedition, with commercial textiles, noting that in both examples all the 'working parts' of the plants are depicted.
From the Paper
"A president of the Royal Society subsequent to Sloane, Sir Joseph Banks, was one of the most powerful men in the British scientific community at the time, and he commissioned or caused to be published significant numbers of botanical illustrations that would have influenced both artists in other genres and the public, still hungry for information about exotic plants. Banks was also unofficial director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, giving him yet another platform from which to influence the public taste. Banks himself had sailed with Captain Cook on the first of Cook's voyages around the world in 1768."
| |
|
Canine Hypothyroidism, 2006.
An overview of hypothyroidism in dogs, its symptoms, causes and consequences.
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 81.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explores canine hypothyroidism and its impact on canine behavior. The author examines research about canine hypothyroidism and its causes, symptoms and how these things ultimately impact the behavior of the dog.
From the Paper
"Pet owners often love their pets as much as if they were human. When the pet begins to act like he or she is not feeling up to par it warrants an immediate trip to the veterinarian to see what the problem is. Many dog illnesses are obvious, such as bites, infection, fever or flu, but there are also disorders or illnesses that are less obvious at first. One such disorder is canine hypothyroidism. Canine hypothyroidism is similar to human hypothyroidism in many ways. It impacts the adrenal system, it affects weight, mind and behavior in the canine just like it can in humans. One of the problems with canine hypothyroidism is that the animal cannot tell the owner what is wrong. The symptoms can go on for quite some time before anyone in the family figures out that something is wrong. Usually the first indicator is the behavior of the animal because the earlier symptoms are not something the dog can express."
| |
|
The Effect of Red Tide on Manatees, 2005.
Examines how red tide effects the manatee population of Florida.
1,422 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the manatee population of Florida which has suffered devastating effects not only from the fishing and boating industry but the from re-occurrence of the red tides has killed large numbers in recent years. This has lead to much research and numerous efforts regarding manatee protection and algae controls.
From the Paper
"Between 1995 and 1996, about twenty percent of the Florida manatee population died from exposure to red tide, a toxic algae bloom that occurs naturally in the Gulf of Mexico, and to which manatees have been exposed to for many years (Trouble pp). Scientists believe that perhaps the blooms are more concentrated due to the increasing levels of pollution in Florida's coastal waters, and moreover, that the pollution may be reducing the manatees natural immune system and its resistance to disease (Trouble pp)."
| |
|
Animal Rights, 2005.
Examines personal and ethical decisions which we need to make regarding animals.
1,131 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Just as each person has the responsibility to determine how they will live their lives so as to be most moral towards their fellow humans, each person must also determine how they can live so that they are moral towards their fellow animals. The paper shows that the main areas in which one must make decisions about personal morality are those regarding the eating of animals and using their bodies for pleasure and profit, the use of animals for experimentation, and the appropriate way to live with animals who are our companions. The paper shows that in each of these areas, it is necessary to take into consideration the facts of the case in each area and balance the pain and suffering they entail with one's own self-interest.
From the Paper
"However, most animals who are eaten today are not killed in a humane way. The movie "Meet your Meat," narrated by Alec Baldwin, describes the way in which animals are raised and butchered. They show cows still alive, strung up by their hind legs screaming as their throats were cut, or dunked in boiling water while still alive. In one clip, a half-slaughtered pig broke one of his own legs trying to get free, slipping and sliding on blood as he tried to escape the slaughter house. Chickens and pigs are kept in terrible conditions while alive."
| |
|
Homeostasis, 2006.
An analysis of energy homeostasis in the body.
1,052 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 58.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper begins by explaining that homeostasis generally refers to the ability of an organism, including a human to maintain a certain state of equilibrium. The paper then goes on to discuss the subject of energy homeostasis with regard to human physiology and reviews some of the available literature on the subject. The paper explains that this research indicates that men and women may require different levels of basic nutrients in order to maintain a state of homeostasis and that water, like other nutrients, is a vital component for maintaining the physiology of the human body.
From the Paper
"Energy homeostasis can be defined as the state of equilibrium where the body is not only producing an adequate level of energy to function, but where the metabolism is working synergistically with the rest of the body to burn and store nutrients as needed (Cone, 2001). This is an ongoing process that occurs as human beings feed and hydrate themselves day in and out. Energy homeostasis is affected by a number of factors, including how much exercise and how much sleep one gets during the course of a given day (Cone, 2001). If for example a person sleeps excessively, in theory they will disrupt the natural state of equilibrium in the body, potentially causing even more sleepiness (contrary to what one might think, that an individual might feel more rested)."
| |
|
Animal Testing, 2005.
Examines the ethical questions regarding the issue of animal testing.
3,778 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 167.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Around the globe, animals are utilized to test products ranging from shampoo to new cancer drugs. Each and every short of medication applied is first tested on the animals. Animals were also applied to develop anesthetics to alleviate human ailments and suffering during surgery. The paper shows that, currently, questions have been raised about the ethics of this usage. Several regulations have been devised and legislated to evaluate and control the application animals in all fields of studies, with the objective of ensuring that such research is carried out in a humanely and ethical manner. The paper show that acceptance of such experimentation is subject to heavy debate.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Arguments for Testing
Arguments against Testing
My Stance (Author's Point of View)
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Government and humanitarian agencies have financed researches into the substitutive strategies since the 1960s. (Animal Experiments) Revlon Cosmetics was considered premier in this line to finance research studies for substitutions with a grant of $750,000 to the Rockefeller University in 1979. Several agencies like the John Hopkins Center for the Alternatives to Animal testing - CAAT, the International Foundation for Ethical Research, the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, and the Soap and Detergent Association followed the trend and initiated their own projects in justifying the alternatives. (Animal Testing Alternatives) During the last 15 years, Germany has granted about ?4.2 million per annum in research grants, while the annual expenditure of Netherlands in this regard is ?1.4 million."
| |
|
Stem Cell Research, 2005.
This paper explains that stem cell research is leading scientists to investigate the possibility of treating disease with cell-based therapies, often referred to as regenerative or reparative medicine.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper relates that implanted stem cells used to repair or replace damaged tissues are less likely to be rejected by the body's immune system than other foreign cells. The author points out that germ line cells and adult stem cells are less versatile than embryonic stem cells, which can develop into every type of tissue found in an adult; however, the processes that control this development are at present not fully understood. The paper discusses that BioMark International, a privately funded Biotech Group, provides access to a unique method of Cord Blood Stem Cell (CBSC)processing by which CBSCs are derived from the umbilical cords from natural full term births of consenting mothers, all of whom have been tested according to standards set by the American Association of Blood Banks .
From the Paper
"In May 2004, Nancy Reagan, whose husband former President Ronald Reagan was at the time suffering the advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease, urged the Bush administration to support embryonic stem cell research and said that too much time had been wasted discussing the issue. Although a Republican, Mrs. Reagan has been critical of the Bush administration for blocking public funding of stem cell research due to the party's ethical reservations concerning embryo research. Speaking at a fundraising dinner for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, she said she believed the research could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's disease, and "may provide our scientists with many answers that for so long have been beyond our grasp...I just don't see how we can turn our backs on this...We have lost so much time already...I just really can't bear to lose any more.""
| |
|
Mad Cow Disease, 2006.
An overview of this brain disease which affects cattle and humans.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Mad Cow Disease is a brain disease of cattle, which was first identified in the United Kingdom in the mid-1980s. Although not as widespread as some other livestock diseases, such as hoof-and mouth-disease, the Mad Cow Disease has attracted a lot of publicity because of its apparent apparent ability to transmit to humans, the fact that there is no known cure for the disease and the horrifying nature of the brain decay it causes. This paper explains the cause of the disease, how it affects the organisms, how it is transmitted from one organism to another, and the ways in which it could be transmitted to humans. The paper also discusses the human equivalents of the disease.
Paper Outline:
Cause of the Disease
How the Disease Affects the Organism
How is the Disease Transmitted from one Organism to Another
The Ways in Which it Could be Transmitted from Cows to Humans
Human Equivalents of the Disease
Works Cited
From the Paper
"This theory about the spread of disease is based on the observation that incidences of the disease have mostly been found in the UK where feeding of meat and bone meal to cattle was most common. Although other European countries also fed meat and bone meals to cattle as a protein supplement, the British laws about high temperature sterilization of the protein meal were relatively lax in order to keep meat prices competitive."
| |
|
Genetically Modified Food, 2005.
Examines the debate surrounding the issue of genetically modified food.
1,284 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Genetic modification is the direct manipulation of the genetic makeup of organisms and is especially common within the agricultural industry. This paper shows that during recent years, the appearance of genetically modified foods in the marketplace has spawned much heated debate in the public arena regarding the ecological and human health factors. The paper explores some of these issues and examines the views of those who are pro-GM and their critics.
From the Paper
"The ISP report claims that not only have GM crops failed to increase yields or reduce herbicide and pesticide use, they have cost the United States an estimated $12 billion in farm subsidies, lost sales and product recalls due to transgenic contamination (Independent pp). Moreover, in India, massive failures in "Bt cotton" are up 100 percent (Independent pp). Moreover, triple herbicide-tolerate volunteers that have combined transgenic and non-transgenic traits are now widespread in Canada, and multiple herbicide-tolerant volunteers and weeds have emerged in the United State (Independent pp)."
| |
|
Frederick Law Olmsted, 2006.
An overview of the life and career of Frederick Law Olmsted, American environmentalist landscaper.
1,077 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Towards the end of the 1850s, city beautification became an issue that more and more leaders followed and explored. The theory behind this movement was that the more aesthetically pleasing you make a city, the more people will want to live in that city, and the happier they will be. One of the greatest champions of the City Beautiful movement was Frederick Law Olmsted. The paper explores the life and achievements of Olmsted who was the leading landscape architect of the post-Civil War generation, and has long been acknowledged as the founder of American landscape architecture.
From the Paper
"Olmsted had high expectations for his design's psychology and visual effects on people. He believed that the perfect antidote to the stress and artificialness of urban life was a nice stroll through a pastoral park. He foresaw places with graceful undulating greensward and scattered growths of trees. He believed and promoted the idea that such an environment would promote a sense of tranquillity. Olmsted's vision was that the sense of calmness that would come from the park by his separation of the different landscape themes and conflicting uses."
| |
|
Co-Evolutionary Interactions, 2.
Provides evidence for co-evolution of mammalian herbivores and plant secondary compounds in boreal forests.
2,907 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 34 sources, MLA, AU$ 138.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper considers the potential for co-evolutionary interactions between plant secondary compounds and browsing mammals in a relatively simple system. It first briefly presents several theoretical ideas on plant-animal co-evolution and then present the evidence on interactions between mammalian browsers and woody plants in boreal regions that may bear on the co-evolutionary questions.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Theoretical Co-evolution
Browsers and Food Plants in the Boreal Forest
Variation in Secondary Compounds and Browsing Resistance
Estimating Plant Fitness
The Herbivores: Hares, Moose, and Voles
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The evidence for the effects of secondary compounds on fitness has not been measured directly for boreal mammals. However, the evidence presented above suggests that they may be important. Both the fine-scale selectivity of browsers among similar plants and plant parts that vary in their levels of secondary compounds (Bryant et al. 1991a,b, Bryant et al. 1992) and the potentially severe effects of these chemicals on the herbivores' nutritional status (Iason and Palo 1991) suggest that the ability to avoid or detoxify secondary compounds is a result of selection."
| |
|
Substitute Skin, 2006.
This paper discusses the engineering of substitute skin.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 25 sources, MLA, AU$ 147.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains the demand for substitute skin is because (1) the loss of significant amounts of this layer can result in functional morbidity or death and (2) the many burn injuries and dermatological disorders such as chronic skin ulcers and nevi excision, which require substitute skin. The author points out that, to design a skin substitute, it is necessary to replace both the dermal and epidermal layers because the dermal layer cannot spontaneously regenerate in humans and the epidermal layer is needed as protection for underlying dermis. The paper relates that the three main types of temporary skin substitutes, which are used for coverage of wounds that do not completely eliminate the dermis or for areas where skin is being removed as a donor site, are allograft, synthetic, and bio-synthetic; whereas, the two main types of permanent skin replacements are bio-synthetic and biologic, but many of the newer types of artificial skin being developed are a combination of both categories.
From the Paper
"The basic design criteria specified by Yannas and Burke have become standards used to fabricate new skin alternatives. These criteria utilize two separate stages of design. The initial stage involves keeping bacteria out of the body and retaining water within the body [9]. Once these goals have been met, a second long-term stage involves improvement of cosmetic appearance and tissue scarring, minimizing contracture of the skin, and anchoring to the underlying tissue [9]. In addition, it is assumed that the skin is non-toxic. Researchers have added several more goals to the design criteria since the original publication by Yannas and Burke. These goals are to make the artificial skin easy to store and use and to produce it inexpensively [7] as well as reducing heat loss and pain in the area and providing a hypoxic area wherein wound healing would occur faster."
| |
|
The Concept of Species, 2006.
An examination of ways to define the concept of species.
804 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this report the author looks at ways to define the concept of species. He considers that in a biological sense, it is a difficult task, considering that so many different organisms and variations of organisms exist. This author looks at the concept of species as having been pursued since the time of Aristotle and how it has consistently been revised, scrutinized, rejected and accepted by different disciplines and schools since the birth of western science. He then proceeds to suggest ways of defining species whether it be as an organism that can reproduce or the essential concept. The paper concludes with the summation that whether or not species is a convention created by humans, it has become an integral and fundamental unit of science.
From the Paper
"If two individuals in nature can produce fertile offspring, they are of the same species, and the opposite is true if offspring are produced but are infertile. The interbreeding of a horse and donkey is an excellent example of reproductive isolation. The individuals can successfully reproduce, but the offspring that is produced is not fertile. Therefore, the horse and donkey are not of the same species. With this, and the concept of reproductive isolation in mind, a species can then be defined as a group of reproductively isolated individuals. However there is a group of organisms to which this does not properly apply; those that reproduce asexually."
|
|
|
