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Endocarditis, 2006.
This paper discusses endocarditis, the heart-related infection of the mitral valve.
1,895 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer studies endocarditis, that is a heart related infection of valves and some of the lining inside the muscle of the heart, or the 'endocardium'. The writer explains that this infection is uncommon, although not rare, and it can be serious. Infection may either be caused due to contraction during dental or medical procedures and/or in someone with a predisposing heart abnormality, but this is not always a given factor according to medical sources. The writer looks at the management of endocarditis. The matter of postoperative care is discussed in this paper and the writer also looks at diagnosis.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Incidence of the Disease
Etiology of the Disease
Pathophysiology of the Disease Process
Clinical Manifestations Associated with the Disease Process
Nursing Care
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"This disease was chosen as the topic of this research because a family member, specifically a child of the researcher has a high-risk of this disease due to mitral-valve with regulation and an ASD repair performed two years ago. Endocarditis is a heart related infection of valves and some of the lining inside the muscle of the heart, or the 'endocardium'. This infection is uncommon, although not rare, and it can be serious. Infection may either be caused due to contraction during dental or medical procedures and/or in someone with a predisposing heart abnormality, but this is not always a given factor according to medical sources.
Natural heart defense is present in the lining however, some bacteria do manage to break that barrier and feed on the blood of the individual also releasing what is called 'vegetations' which act as clot in the blood...thereby affecting heart valves and causing problems."
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Ecological Community Concepts, 2006.
This paper describes the different types of ecological communities found in nature.
3,050 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and describes the different sorts of ecological communities found in nature. Each section of the paper defines and explores specific ecological concepts. The Caspian Sea region is selected as a biologically diverse and thriving ecological community.
Food Webs
Succession
Climax Community
Biodiversity
The Nature of a Community
From the Paper
"Furthermore, characterization of communities can occur based on the number of species and feeding links per species. As community diversity increases, the number of trophic levels, such as the herbivore or omnivore levels, and the number of guilds, such as the leaf eaters of the herbivore trophic level, also increase. These trophic levels, then, help influence the food web by describing either a top down or bottom up energy chain. In top down chains, predators depress populations of other animals, such as herbivores, resulting in a "green" earth. In bottom up chains, plants resist consumption by toxins and digestion inhibition, resulting also in a "green" earth. In both cases, predation and production form intricate parts of the food web (Ricklefs, 2001)."
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Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus (MRSA), 2006.
This paper is a complete research project to determine the rate of methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA) in the radiology department and the procedures most likely to be linked to its transmission to patients.
3,885 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 149.95
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Abstract
This study hypothesizes that patients are more likely to become exposed to methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA) in the radiology department via multi-use items, such as ultrasound probes using trans-dermal gel. The author reports that twelve bacterial isolates were recovered from ultrasound probes after typical cleaning procedures were used; however, no significant bacterial isolate was found on the endoscopes used for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The paper concludes that the risk of MRSA contamination in patients is higher in radiological procedures, which use multiple use probes cleaned only with local measures, rather than endoscopes, which undergo a rigorous timed and chemical disinfection process.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Literature Review
Methodology
Methods and Procedures
Evaluation
Ethical Considerations
Dissemination
Budget
Human Subjects
Results
Conclusion
Discussion
Importance
Recommendations
From the Paper
"One interesting study reviewed the use of maggots in the treatment of MRSA. While not specifically germane to the subject at hand, it will show what a significant problem this health care issue has become. In this study, it was felt that it was important to discover alternatives to antibiotic resistant wounds in which no other form of treatment appeared to suffice. The goal of the study was to find a way to combat wounds and promote a healing. Ultimately it was felt that maggot therapy has been seen to act on MRSA in wounds and constitutes another area in need of study, with greater emphasis on evidence based practice."
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Inadequacy of Forensic Hair Analysis, 2006.
An in-depth study of forensic hair analysis and its role in crime solving.
5,774 words (approx. 23.1 pages), 45 sources, MLA, AU$ 193.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes forensic hair analysis, and traditional evidentiary methodologies, concluding that although forensic hair analysis is often instrumental to crime solving, it is essentially inadequate unless extensive nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis is also conducted and considered. It also discusses technological advances in this area, and the future of DNA testing in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Forensic Hair Analysis
Hair Analysis: The Process
DNA Testing
Forensic Hair Analysis and DNA Analysis
DNA Testing Compliance
Comparison of Hair Examination and other Evidentiary Methodologies
Future Advances in DNA Testing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The science of hair comparison has been used in thousands of criminal cases all over the United States for decades. Hair, because of its widespread presence at crime scenes, has great evidentiary value in forensic science. Even if a suspect has tried to clean the crime scene of any evidence such as personal possessions, fingerprints or footprints, hair strands always seem to stick in the matter found in that area. Since hair is so personal to individuals, it serves as a great indicator of who was there. The forensic testing of hair strands has very early roots. It was first used as evidence in 1861, but did not gain scientific acceptance until after the turn of century, and public acceptance until the late 1950's. During this time the public acceptance of hair testing was widespread, and police received enormous support for any evidence consisting of hair strands."
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Epidemiology of Staphylococcus Aureus, 2006.
The study of staphylococcus aureus, a highly infectious disease in hospitals which particularly affects the elderly.
1,412 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
One of the more challenging problems associated with hospital stays is the nosocomial infections which are caused primarily by staphylococcus aureus. The pathogen appears to be developing specific resistances to the pharmacological weapons developed to date, and the disease continues to represent a threat for many elderly people and those who are already weakened by other physical problems. To determine the cause and potential continuing threat represented by this bacterium, this paper provides a review of the epidemiology of staphylococcus aureus to determine the development of the current body of knowledge about the disease. This is followed by a summary of the research and concludes that this threat will continue and the precautions that need to be taken to try to avoid it.
From the Paper
"While the world has never been a sterile place, it would seem that one of the most prevalent and virulent of mankind's microscopic foes has always been Staphylococcus aureus. In fact, staphylococci are ubiquitous, and approximately 30 percent to 50 percent of healthy human beings will be carrying staphylococci at any one time (Eidson, Olson & Sewell, 1997). Staphylococcus aureus is a genus of spherical bacteria of the family Micrococcaceae; the Staphylococcus aureus is universally present in enormous numbers on the mucous membranes and skin of humans and other warm-blooded animals. The umbrella term, "staphylococcus" is popularly used for all the species of the family, and is a reference to the cells' tendency to aggregate in grapelike clusters (Staphylococcus, 2005). Staphylococci are microbiologically characterized as gram-positive (in young cultures), non-spore-forming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes (e.g., not requiring oxygen); the cells of S. aureus average 1 mm (micrometer; 1 mm = 10-6 meter) in diameter and are usually clustered (Staphylococcus, 2005)."
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When does Human Life Begin?, 2006.
Examination of when human life begins.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the question of when human life begins. The author argues that life does not begin at conception, but rather during the third trimester of pregnancy. Current research is used to reinforce these beliefs. The author further contends that since fetuses cannot feel, react, nor function outside of the womb, they are not autonomous humans, capable of body function, some form of thought, and communication. It is these functions, it is argued, which truly define a human life.
From the Paper
"According to Mary Ann Warren, there are two senses of being human. First, there is a genetic human, or one that holds the genetic makeup of a human. Secondly, there is a human that is a person, and thus has rights by morality. Warren believes that being a genetic human is not equal to being a person, and that those with only a sense of genetic humanity cannot be said to have "life". To be a person, Warren argues, a genetic person must be conscious of objects, events, or internal conditions, particularly in terms of pain sensation, must be able to develop reason, must be able to achieve self-motivated behaviors, independent of genetic or external control, must be able to communicate in some way, and must be self-aware (Warren, 223). Warren's point, then, is that life begins at the point where the genetic human becomes a person that is capable of feelings, thinking, reasoning, and communicating. Thus, life begins far after conception."
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Radio-diagnostic Imaging in Forensic Medicine, 2006.
A paper on the role of radio-diagnostic imaging in forensic medicine and forensic investigation.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the use of radio-diagnostic imagery instead of the more standard form of autopsy in forensic medicine. The paper examines the pros and cons of using images provided by machinery such as MRIs instead of the information provided by the more invasive autopsy procedure. The paper discusses the accuracy of radio-diagnostic imagery compared with its less technologically advanced counterpart in determining causes of death. The author concludes that while radio-diagnostic imaging can be useful in forensic medicine, it can not yet replace traditional autopsy.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Negative Findings in the use of Radio-diagnostic Imaging in Forensic Medicine
Positive Findings in the use of Radio-diagnostic Imaging in Forensic Medicine
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There has been an increase in the use of MRI in forensics in making a diagnosis when death involved either injury or disease. Stated to be one of the: "main criticisms of the use of MRI as an alternative to conventional autopsy is the lack of validation of this imaging technique." This is due to the mixed results that have been reported related to MRI post mortem examinations in the fields of neuropathology and paediatrics."
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Great Basin Spadefoot, 2006.
This article examines the Great Basin Spadefoot species and looks at the threat of extinction.
3,400 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the Great Basin Spadefoot species and looks at where they can be found in the world. The writer discusses conditions and habitat for the Great Basin Spadefoot and describes their eating and living habits. The writer describes features of the species, including hibernation, reproduction, danger of extinction and various aspects of the spadefoot life. In this article, the writer discusses research and studies that have taken place regarding the Great Basin Spadefoot including mention of a large-scale collapse of an entire community of frog species and growth experiments. The writer makes use of the writings and studies of biologists and other experts to provide this insight into the spadefoot world.
From the Paper
"Within the United States, the Great Basin Spadefoot lacks special state or federal status. They occur throughout the Columbia Basin and are locally common in many areas and within Washington state, there have been no declines documented. Spadefoots apparently can tolerate some habitat alteration, which often persists in irrigated agricultural lands. Moreover, it is believed that they may have actually increased in abundance due to the prevalence of breeding sites provided in some areas by irrigation water, however no systematic surveys have been conducted to document such patterns."
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Animal Testing, 2005.
This paper argues against animal testing.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that people might talk about the benefits of animal testing but it is established that animal testing can delay the production of drugs, which would be beneficial to the humans, because they expressed adverse reactions in the animals. The author suggests that there are other alternatives to animal testing including test tube experimentation of human tissue cultures. The paper states that, even though it is difficult to measure the degree of pain and stress caused animals through this inhumane treatment of animals, which no legislation can prevent, this use of animals is immoral and unethical.
Table of Contents
Animal Testing - The Cons
Animal Testing - The Pros
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Moreover, vivisection does not guarantee the accuracy of the treatment as human diseases differ from animal diseases and the result can be very misleading at times. Further the therapy of the drug differs depending on the species that it is used upon. Therefore a drug might have beneficial effects on a monkey but it could have adverse effects on a human. Belladonna is harmless to rabbits but can kill a human. More examples like these are seen throughout history and one was seen in England where Opren, an anti-rheumatic drug, caused the death of over 70 people and put over 3000 people into critical conditions."
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Genetic Engineering, 2006.
This paper argues primarily in favor of genetic engineering (GE) but also points out some potential problems.
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that what is called "genetic engineering" has been accomplished for centuries via cross-breeding; however, the risk with GE is that genes can be combined in ways never before possible and with possibly unpredictable results. The author points out that (1) GE often benefits society by producing new materials, (2) plants can be produced that grow more vigorously, produce more food and are more resistant to insects and other crop-reducing problems and, (3) possibly the most compelling one, is that we can benefit medically from its use. The paper reports that the fundamental principle of the ethical standards for GE is that the likely benefits must outweigh the likely risks.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"Other concerns involve the role genes play in who we are. While some believe that all of human health, illness and even behavior are driven by genes, others recognize that the external environment in which the human resides affects gene actions, including whether they switch on or switch off certain proteins. Those actions affect how the gene affects the body. Nature and nurture often work together, even when genetics play a strong role in a medical problem. Some sociologists are calling for a new sub-discipline of medical sociology, which they would call "genetic sociology," to monitor and evaluate the effects of GE on society. This might be a good idea for all uses of GE, and not just for medical uses. It would be hubris to assume that we can predict all possible outcomes from gene manipulation."
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Gray Wolves, 2006.
An introduction to the grey wolf, its history, habitat and its relationship with humans.
1,945 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the grey wolf, an animal that is specific to North America. In particular, the paper researches the gray wolf, discusses the natural history of the animal, its living habits, and range, as well as the ongoing controversy over relocating wolves in the American West.
Table of Contents
Abstract
The History of the Wolf
Wolves in Folklore and Myth
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Most packs live in secluded dens or caves that keep them safe from man, other predators, and the weather. If a cave is not available, wolves will dig a hole in the ground or under a rock, or even take over the lodges of other animals, such as beavers (Smith & Phillips, 2000, p. 220). Packs usually range anywhere between 50 and 100 miles each day as they hunt for prey, but in areas where food is scarce, and studies show they can travel up to 500 miles a day in search of food. Common prey "include deer, moose, elk, pronghorn, bison, mountain goats, and mountain sheep" (Donnelly, 1999, p. 180). Scientists and ranchers know they can also prey on sheep, lambs, calves, and other domesticated livestock, which is another reason ranchers and many others distrust them and even hate them in the American West. Ranchers see them as a threat to their livestock, and they fought hard to keep the government from reinstating wolves into Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming in 1995."
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Nature verses Nurture, 2005.
This paper argues that the discovery of the gene does not change the traditional discussion of "nature verses nurture"
1,585 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper questions that, as evidenced by the ancient civilizations, how can it be assumed that genes are constant and uniform in all human beings and will determine what man will be like? The author stresses that the question of genes is their effect on the physical and behavioral traits of humans and does not change the view of society on what a well-nurtured human is. The paper concludes that society still expects the products of good nurturing such as people who are honest, sensitive to environment and non-violent and self-restraint; however, even in the Old Testament, there is the tale of Cane and Abel which demonstrates both nature and nurture.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Thesis Statement
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In June 2000, President Clinton had organized a press conference to mark one of the most important milestones of the century and that was the cracking of the human genetic code. Two of the men most responsible for the two competing genetic projects were there - Francis Collins, director of the National Human Genome Research Institute and J. Craig Venter, president of Celera Genomics. They were also individuals involved in finding out the 3 billion 'letters' of the human genome, or the biochemical recipe encoded in our DNA that were the reasons for birth and operating a human being."
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Literacy Garden, 2003.
A discussion on the benefits of literacy gardens.
1,159 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by defining literacy gardens. It continues to mention already existing gardens and explains, through example, their advantages and functions. It discusses how literacy gardens add the element of verbal learning to nature and science. In conclusion, the author explains how these gardens are effectual in re-enforcing what has been learnt in the classroom in an informal environment.
From the Paper
"The Holy Cross School (l"Ecole Sainte Croix) has grown considerably since its founding in 1927. Designed to serve a bilingual community, the Holy Cross School can uniquely benefit from the planting of a literacy garden. Removed from the confines of the classroom's four walls, students can learn new vocabulary words through visual and other sensory stimuli. For example, flower and tree names will be printed in both English and French. Just as a successful literacy garden in Providence, Rhode Island helped Hmong Laotian immigrants learn English, so too will the Holy Cross School's literacy garden help its young students grasp the linguistic concepts they learn through traditional school curriculum. In addition to promoting reading, writing, and communications skills, the literacy garden will have numerous benefits for students and community members."
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Retina Biometric Technology Applications, 2006.
A paper on the pros and cons of retina biometric technology applications (retinal scanning).
1,187 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This work reviews the "retina biometric technological application" in relation to the practical use of this application as well as the drawbacks, failures and successes that have been experienced with this technological security application. The paper explains that retinal scanning has been called the most precise biometric technology available today. The paper describes the positive and negative effects of using retinal scanning for security purposes. The author describes how it is possible that retinal scanning could be abused in future applications, creating a real invasion of privacy.
From the Paper
"In the high-tech world of today, security systems are prevalent in both the public eye and in the view of the individual who seeks to protect their property and family. The equipment utilized is stated to be "electronic, optical and acoustic security, detection, monitoring and surveillance systems" (Market Research Report, Business Communications Co. 2002) Further, all of these technological advances in security are used for the purpose of protecting" persons, organizations and companies, commercial and social operations, civil and military installations both at national and international levels....[ranging from] "the personalized security systems of a home to large-scale systems for the protection of crucial national installations." Included in these systems are closed-circuit television cameras which comprise the omnipresent all-seeing eyes throughout the cities and in railway and subway stations. The constant recording and transmission of these hidden cameras informs law enforcement and security personnel of any impending threats."
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Genetic Engineering, 2006.
This well-researched paper focuses on the controversial and highly debated topic of cloning.
2,352 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the ethical and moral aspects surrounding cloning and genetic engineering, while also pondering the various reasons for this particular form of science. This paper delves into the legalities surrounding genetic engineering by discussing the current patent laws regarding DNA and genetic findings. This paper also explores the various types of genetic research currently being done, which according to the writer, has no practical use in science, by creating living organisms that are neither animals nor plants. According to published reports, pigs implanted with spinach have been created by Japanese scientists. The report mentioned that it was the first plant gene to be inserted into any animal.
From the Paper
"The types of animals and products that are being discovered now often seem to have no direction and soon a day may come when individuals will be developing items to satisfy their own personal idiosyncrasies, somewhat similar to the creation of computer viruses, or virus attacks. This is seen in the creation of a virus accidentally by an Australian group. This kills every one of its victims through the method of removing the immune systems of the group involved in the attack. The virus that has been created is a mouse-pox, and does not affect humans though it is similar to smallpox. This is similar to technologies that can be used for terrorist activities. Originally the developers had no intention of preparing a virus, but they wanted to make a contraceptive vaccine for pest control for mice. For creation of a contraceptive vaccine for mice, the group was trying to stir up the antibodies against the eggs of mice and thus make them infertile."
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Stem Cell Research, 2005.
A discussion on stem cell research as an example of genetic engineering.
1,225 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how embryonic stem cells are of great interest due to their ability to develop into virtually any other cell produced by the human body. It discusses how it is likely that the first potential applications of human embryonic stem cell technology will be in the area of drug discovery because the ability to grow pure populations of specific cell types offers a "proving ground" for chemical compounds that could have medical importance.
From the Paper
"In the three to five day old embryo, called a blastocyst, stem cells in developing tissues give rise to the multiple specialized cells types that make up the lung, skin, heart, and other tissues. In some adult tissues, such as bone marrow, muscle, and brain, "discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tar, injury or disease. Scientists believe that stem cells may become the basis for treating diseases such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes, and heart disease."
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