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Creativity, 2009.
This paper creatively and progressively illuminates our understanding of creativity by briefly analyzing it from eight different points of view.
2,161 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by critically reviewing Howard Gardner and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's perspectives on ongoing creativity, pointing out their shortcomings. The writer next discusses Csikszentmihalyi's research on creative flow, and then takes a look at what it means to be a Renaissance man like Leonardo da Vinci. Csikszentmihalyi and Poincare's theories on the way creativity manifests are briefly looked at, and a short overview of evolutionary psychology is given. The writer also discusses the findings of neuroscience on brain structures and systems associated with cognitive functions such as logical ability, mathematical prowess, musical thinking, and spatial relations. From here the paper moves on to computer programs which simulate such functions, and concludes with a short piece on how artificial intelligence can offer useful models of creativity.
From the Paper
"Creativity is not necessarily qualitative in nature, as Gardner and Csikszentmihalyi suggest. Therefore, creativity is not necessarily expressed in regular intervals over time as with a novelist like Stephen King. A sudden burst of productive inspiration can be tremendously meaningful and wholly representative of the creative process. The burst reflects the mysterious power of the brain and mind to synthesize ideas or generate art and music. Creativity is not measured in volume of output but in quality of output."
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Dehydration, 2009.
A brief look at the effects of dehydration on the human body.
996 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effects of dehydration by looking at why water is essential to health maintenance, the functions of water in the body and what happens to the body when it does not get the water it needs. It further compares and contrasts how different electrolytes including sodium, potassium and chloride function in the body. In addition, the paper examines the effects of alcohol and caffeine on hydration levels in the body and what steps people can take to ensure they do not become dehydrated.
Outline:
Introduction
Water and the Body
Water's Role
The Body's Shifting Need For Water
Salt and Water for Proper Hydration
Signs of Dehydration
Effects of Alcohol on Body's Hydration
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper
"As the body ages and particularly in the twenties when there is a decrease in growth hormone production the body's perception of thirst decreases. Growth hormones "regulate water in conjunction with histamine." (Klotter, 2001) Aging of the body results in a lesser awareness of thirst and resulting is a lessening in water consumption and the water content "within cell decreases so that cellular water can be redistributed to the brain and other vital functions" of the body. When the body does not intake enough water the body's neurotransmitter "histamine is activated" which in turn "activates prostaglandins, kinins, and vasopressin, in an effort to redistribute water according to priority." (Klotter, 2001) When the body doesn't receive enough water, resulting can be problems that include damage to the DNA as well as "reduced efficiency of DNA repair system, immune suppression, and irregular protein production in cells, which encourages cancer cell formation." (Klotter, 2001) "
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Language Vs Animal Communication, 2009.
An exploration of the language systems of humans and primates.
1,456 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a literature review on the evolution of language in humans and primates that explores why man is overtly superior to non-Homo sapiens. The paper reveals current findings that have demonstrated that chimpanzees can communicate verbally. The paper proposes a study that will identify brain activities occurring in chimpanzees and localize areas involved in the production of verbal language.
Outline:
Review of Related Literature
Objective of the Proposed Study
Study Design
From the Paper
"Numerous studies have been conducted to further understand the unique ability of man to use language as a tool for communication. Common issues have been attempted to answer by developmental scientists and psychologist with regards to the evolution of language in humans and primates (Pinker and Jackendoff, 2004). One of these issues is to discern which components of language are learned from the environment, and which are innate in man and other species. The influence of one's external surroundings - education system, interaction with others, and ability to pick up a new language system - has been dissected. At the same time, the biological and neurological characteristics of man have been investigated to understand why man is overtly superior to non-Homo sapiens. These characteristics innate in man must be contributory to the development of a highly sophisticated language system."
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Human Intelligence, 2009.
This paper explores the nature and theories of human intelligence.
3,017 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at studies that show that human intelligence is indeed correlated to the development and anatomical structure of the brain. The paper discusses theories of human intelligence, including Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Spearman's law of diminishing returns, Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence and Gardner's multiple intelligences theory. The paper then looks at the factors affecting human intelligence, specifically vision and hearing. The paper concludes that the endless debate of whether intelligence is an innate, inheritable trait, or a result of one's environment cannot be answered with absolute exclusivity.
Outline:
The Anatomy of Human Intelligence
Theories of Human Intelligence
Factors Affecting Human Intelligence
From the Paper
"Recent studies have provided evidence that human intelligence is indeed correlated to the development and anatomical structure of the brain. The improvement of neuroimaging techniques has demonstrated the relationship of intelligence quotients (IQ) and total brain volumes. These studies have shown activities in the frontal, temporal, and occipital cortices among test subjects. Intelligence is found to engage multiple areas of the brain, instead of just having one intelligence center (Than, 2007). The differences in development among children ages 6 and 19 also demonstrated a difference in their IQ. Those with highest IQs were found to first have relatively thin cortices, which rapidly thickens before reaching a peak, and then rapidly thins (Vedantam, 2006)."
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Is Technology Good?, 2009.
A discussion on the benefits and hazards of technology.
700 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that throughout the history of science, new advances were often met with religious opposition. The paper further relates that new technologies and modern applications of science are not necessarily entirely risk free. The paper asserts that while the criticisms voiced by religious conservatives and the uneducated lay public are unfounded, the profit motive certainly does increase the chances of ecologically dangerous developments associated with modern scientific applications. The paper therefore shows that scientific progress and technology may be used responsibly for the good or irresponsibly; it is solely human choice that makes science dangerous.
Outline:
Background and History
Discussion of the Issue
Analysis and Opinion
From the Paper
"Throughout the history of science, new advances and discoveries have had to confront criticisms from those worried about the possible dangers associated with new technology. During the Middle Ages, astronomers like Giordano Bruno were burned at the stake for publicizing astronomical observations that contradicted religious teachings about the origin and history of the Solar System. Even Galileo was branded a heretic, threatened with torture and death, and ultimately confined to the Medieval equivalent of "house arrest" for the remainder of his life (Bishop 1997)
"On the other hand, new technologies and modern applications of science are not necessarily entirely risk free. Especially when science is conducted or applied for the purposes of business for profit, the risks naturally associated with them are magnified dramatically. Ecological history provides numerous examples illustrating the potential risks of irresponsible scientific applications (Rifkin 2004)."
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Brain Remodeling, 2009.
Applies research into understanding changes in the chemistry and neurological pathways of the brain during motor and cognitive processes to the field of education.
1,620 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews literature that indicates that, particularly during the past five years, scientists have gained new insights into how the human brain works and what specific changes take place in the brain because of various motor and cognitive processes. The paper reports that these discoveries hold enormous promise for helping educators formulate improved methods of delivering educational services. The paper clarifies, however, that much research is needed still because the human brain is so enormously complex and every individual is unique. Despite these constraints, the writer believes that a fundamental paradigm shift in education will take place because truly individual educational approaches will be based on how different people learn at the molecular level.
Table of Contents:
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These cost-effective techniques in educational services delivery have assumed new importance and relevance in recent years as American schools continue to struggle to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse student population. Therefore, identifying how young people learn by mapping the corresponding regions of the brain may provide better ways of teaching the approximately 80 percent of students who are not linear learners."
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The Evolutionary Basis of Human Mate Selection, 2009.
An examination of the biological basis for human mate selection.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 20 sources, APA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the biological bases of human romantic interest, mate selection, the prevailing patterns of promiscuity, infidelity in marriage and gender-based biological responses to marital infidelity, both real and imaginary. The paper discusses the research for each of these areas and examines how the concluded facts affect human mate selection. An annotated bibliography is included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Biological Basis of Human Sexual Attraction
The Significance of Symmetry, Hormonal Variation, and Fertility Indicators
The Role of Scent and Genetically-based Histocompatibility
Universal Gender-based Differences in the Response to Jealousy and Infidelity
From the Paper
"Even the human response to jealousy is largely dictated by evolutionary responses (DeSteno, et al 2002) rather than concepts of higher moral principle. According to Margulis & Sagan, (1999), human males who suspected (rightly or wrongly) that their partners had been unfaithful produced dramatically higher concentrations of sperm in their ejaculate upon their first sexual contact after either reunion or reconciliation. Likewise, a study by Pietrzak, et al (2002) demonstrated the degree to which hormonal responses to infidelity differ between human males and females differed in terms of whether the threats involved emotional intimacy or sexual intimacy."
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The Siberian Husky, 2009.
Presents the domestication history of the Siberian husky.
2,835 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Siberian husky, a working dog, is bred by the Inuit Eskimo people for pulling sleds across the very harsh environment of the vast snow-driven plains. The author explains that the Siberian husky is more closely related to the wolf than are other domestic dog breed. Therefore, they are difficult to train. The paper stresses that, in the absence of any possibility of studies on wolves, the Siberian Husky is the closest candidate for helping solve the mystery of the extreme stamina and physical endurance of wolves.
Table of Contents:
Introduction - Background and History of the Siberian Husky
Canine Domestication Theories
The Siberian Husky Breed as a Working Dog and a Pet
Training Siberian Huskies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Whereas certain breeds were selected for traits like retrieving, or for their scenting abilities, or speed, the Siberian Husky was developed primarily to feature extreme physical stamina and endurance over long distances while pulling a heavy load. As is always the case in circumstances of purposeful artificial selection for specific traits, other (non-selected) traits often become diminished in successive generations that produce the desired characteristics of breeding efforts. In the case of the Siberian Husky, the particular traits for which they were artificially selected by humans mirror many of the
predominant traits associated with wolves."
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Biomedical Technology Research, 2009.
A persuasive paper highlighting the benefits of biomedical technology for mankind.
2,821 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 13 sources, APA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that restraints on areas such as embryo research have produced a devastating impact on the expansion of the biomedical technologies involved with regenerative medicine. The paper considers the ethical issues involved and posits that while there must certainly be a level of restraint in dealing with the possible misuse of these new inventions, it must not be so restrictive as to limit any room for advancements in the field. The paper asserts that there must be some middle ground upon which both sides of the issue can agree that the wonders of this field are for the benefit of humanity and not its destruction.
From the Paper
"The field of Biomedical Technology has been growing by leaps and over the past half-century. At the beginning of that time many research scientists and their funding corporations were starting to realize the amazing potential of this field for both for humanitarian and commercial use. The advances alone in the use of recombinant DNA techniques as well as that of cell fusion and other advances in were revealing tremendous potential regarding their impact on the health, life and the longevity of human beings. (Blackford, 2006, p. 526) Biomedical technology has become a tremendous boon to mankind creating completely new approaches in the treatment of diseases and the consequent extension of life expectancy than had never been imagined previously. In our lifetime we have certainly seen the immediate effect of this in fact; evident in such advances that have enabled paramedics and doctors to artificially maintain the body's critical functions in emergency situations that would have otherwise resulted in immediate death ("Death," 2007)."
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The K-9 Unit, 2009.
Discusses the history, training and effectiveness of the K-9 unit, the use of dogs in warfare and police work.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that dogs, now called K-9 units, have been used in warfare since the days of Egypt. The author describes the tasks of the K-9 units and the training program for both the dog and the police officer or soldier. The paper stresses that the police dog is worth the investment if the police dog is well-chosen and trained, cared for correctly and utilized effectively by the individual who handles the working K-9.
Table of Contents:
History of the K-9 Unit
Training of K-9S
Figure: Orientation
Figure: Age/Appropriate Socialization
Effectiveness of the K-9 Unit
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The dog motivated by confidence is: (1) able to focus on task; (2) appropriately friendly toward strangers; (3) has the appropriate defense posturing, controlled aggression or attack in response to a real threat, and quick recovery when threat is removed; (4) curious investigation of a new objected interjected into the dog's environment; and (5) is confident anywhere. The dog that is motivated by fear is: (1) distracted by fear and loses ability to focus; (2) inappropriate fight, flight, or avoidance; (3) inappropriate response to a real threat, slow recovery when threat is removed..."
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Histone H2AX, 2009.
This paper delves into the field of biology and examines one of the main histones, histone H2AX.
4,644 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 31 sources, APA, AU$ 156.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that in the study of biology, histones are the main, large, organic compounds made of amino acids that are considered to be among the most important elements of chromatin. Chromatin is the compound and compact form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the nucleus that makes up chromosomes. The paper studies one of the major and core histones, the DNA that wraps the nucleosome around two copies each of histone proteins, the H2AX and focuses on histone as a gene or protein in the aquatic environment. The paper also discusses that histone H2AX is characterized by having a long terminal tail on one end of the amino acid structure and that this feature is the main difference from H2A.
From the Paper
"Once the DNA is damaged and its physiology is disturbed in normal healthy individual, the p53 protein or TP53 is activated and can start a cell cycle arrest. The tail of H2XA, also known as the carboxy terminus, rapidly becomes labeled with phosphate groups that generate species called gamma-H2AX. This protein functions as a tumor suppressor and protects the genes as it is closely controlled by phosphorylation. The phosphorylated histone H2AX cooperates in repairing the genetic damage. It preserves the stability of the cells and prevents the onset of tumors. In DNA repair, chromatic reorganization plays an important role. Chromatin is responsible in packaging the DNA into a smaller volume for it to fit in the cell. This process aims to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis, where the cells divides and separates into two identical sets. This is also vital in apoptosis, cell cycle checkpoints, and serves as a mechanism to control inheritable information from a gene. The H2AX histone phosphorylation kinetics correlated well with the kinetics of DNA-adducts removal at earlier recovery time points. The chromatin reorganization is composed of proteins that are involved in the process."
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The Controversy of GM Crops, 2009.
An overview of the issues surrounding the genetically modified (GM) food revolution and agricultural biotechnology.
2,443 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the long-term prospects of GM crops by looking at the scientific controversies regarding these crops' effects on our health, effects on children, their impact on the environment and the possibility of gene contamination. The paper shows how it is not yet clear if the biotechnological revolution is destined to be the magical cure for the famine-torn third world nations or just a temporary solution that may be ridden with unwanted health and economic consequences. The paper concludes that with the divided opinions as to the safety of GM crops, embracing the 'biotechnology way' as a solution presents a difficult choice.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
GM Food Regulations and Patenting
GM Foods (Health Effects)
Antibiotic Marker Genes (Danger for Children)
The Environmental Factor
Gene Contamination
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Biotechnology has advanced at an amazing pace and what was only a talk in the last decade is now already a reality. GM food has become a topic of heated debate over the last few years. The ethical perceptions and opinions about GM food are quite varied. Robert Shapiro the CEO of Monsanto feels, "There now exists an opportunity to create a genuine science of nutrition, something that has never existed in human history". In the UK prince Charles' opinion, "I happen to believe that this kind of genetic modification takes mankind into the realms that belong to God, and God alone" [Michael Specter] Besides the ethics of GM food, issues pertaining to the health, environmental effects, Patents and safety regulations and other public concerns have to be carefully ascertained. With millions of people in African (Sudan, Zambia, etc) countries facing chronic hunger and severely malnourished the prospect of GM food as a potential solution to the food crisis needs to be rigorously evaluated."
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Organ and Tissue Donation, 2009.
This paper discusses a community education proposal for the promotion of awareness of organ and tissue donation.
934 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that cultivating organ donor awareness could be one of the most illustrious ways of sharing the gift of life. Thanks to the major surgical advances during the past decade, organ transplantation is no longer an experimental procedure. The writer discusses that while the number of transplants needed each year continues to rise, the number of organs recovered for transplantation remains the same. The writer maintains that the proposal discussed will assist in educating the participants about tissue and organ donorship, establishing an understanding for the need, ease and goal of organ and tissue donations. The writer notes that by taking the organ and tissue donation quiz, reading the accompanying pamphlets and listening to the guest spokesperson, the community will be able to identify at least three ways of how to sign up and give someone a second chance at life.
From the Paper
"The third measurable goal of this presentation is to educate people on how to obtain a donor card and let your wishes be upheld by family, friends and hospital personnel. As we have established, this may be a sensitive topic for certain people who are not comfortable talking about death and life, and therefore awareness to the community's specific needs should be displayed. For example, having a private conversation to help allay any anxiety would be an appropriate intervention. The community will also receive information kits that include organ and tissue donation brochures, organ donation pins, sign-up workplace partnership sheets for life organ donation, and list of available resources and web sites for further information."
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Tissue Engineering, 2009.
This paper discusses tissue engineering that can be used for the repair and regeneration of various connective tissue structures.
1,744 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer first explains that tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field which utilizes the principles of life sciences as well as engineering for the creation of biological substitutes or replacements that can heal, improve, maintain or restore the functions of tissues. The writer notes that tissue engineering can be utilized to manufacture whole tissues in vitro or outside the body. The writer discusses the tissue engineering process and looks at biological printing and bionanotechnology. Further, the writer discusses the treatment of patients with spinal cord injury and the applications of tissue engineering in agriculture. The writer concludes that ethical and political aspects of fertility treatments, cloning, stem cell research and genetically modified food can influence or hamper further research and development in this field.
From the Paper
"Another new technology being used to engineer tissues is bionanotechnology. One of the major advantages of using this technology is that the patient's own cells can be used to fabricate the artificial tissue. This would effectively deal with the issue of organ rejection as the new tissue would have the same immunological characteristics as the patient's own tissue. Tissue engineering with the help of nanotechnology involves the manufacture of a "smart matrix" on a nano-scale containing signals for the growth and differentiation of the cells. The matrix provides a framework of scaffold for the systematic arrangement of embryonic or adult stem cells and provides them with an optimum environment for the growth of the engineered tissue. An interesting fact about stem cells is that they have the capability to differentiate into diverse tissues with different morphology, sensory abilities, functions and synthetic capabilities. Various research studies have suggested that the application of external electrical stimulus can effectively control the process of organ formation."
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Ethics & Sharks, 2009.
This paper discusses the ethics aspect involved in the human treatment of sharks.
1,479 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that prior to the scientific understanding of the physiological basis of pain reception in vertebrate animal species, it may have been understandable that humans disregarded the unnecessary pain that they imposed on animals. However, the writer maintains that today one understands completely that even the animals we raise for slaughter deserve to have any pain, trauma, and discomfort associated with our use of them minimized or eliminated, rather than utterly disregarded. The writer discusses the suffering caused to sharks by humans from an ethics point of view. The writer concludes that the vast majority of shark attacks on human are attributable to the ridiculous practice of feeding sharks in the open ocean, such as in conjunction with tourist cruises and diving expeditions. The writer argues that even were it true that sharks actively hunted humans to the extent that it required culling their numbers, that issue remains completely distinguishable from the obligation to do so less cruelly rather than more cruelly, without regard for their suffering.
From the Paper
"The concept of human sensitivity toward non-human animals has taken a long time to develop and in many respects, still lags far behind other moral concerns. In much of modern Western society, dogs and cats are kept as pets, along with various other species of animals, in conjunction with which Americans provide them with veterinary care and other benefits of love and protection from harm. At the same time, we exhibit comparatively little moral concern at all for many of the animal species we raise for consumption.
"In other parts of the world, animals are often afforded substantially less consideration and absolutely no thought at all to the excruciating pain and other unnecessary suffering that our treatment of them causes, despite the fact that reducing or eliminating it would take very little effort at all."
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Pain Perception, 2009.
An in-depth study of the cognitive and psychological aspects of pain perception.
3,293 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 122.95
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Abstract
The paper studies attention redirection as it applies to altering both physical and psychological pain reactions. The paper focuses on two specific types of research, that which develops attention redirection and then tests the biological response to pain, as well as studies that attempt to explore psychological pain reaction. The paper shows how both types of research indicate strong support for highly cognitive attentional redirection effecting the physical and/or psychological affect of pain perception. The paper therefore concludes that the mind-body connection is an essential element with regard to pain perception, in both a psychological and physical sense.
Outline:
Introduction
Pain Perception and Attention
Examples of some Alternative Pain Treatments
Types of Research
Pain Perception and Attention Physical Cue Research
Psychological Pain Reaction with Attention Redirection or Cognitive Assessment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Pain is one of the most studied phenomena in research circles, psychological, sociological and medical alike. Each discipline has demonstrated an intense desire to understand pain as a way of treating it by both secondary and primary means, as it is one of the most common human conditions individuals seek help for and live with. Pain perception and attention is a particularly interesting area of psychological inquiry, as a result of the fact that the phenomena of reduced attention to pain stimulus may help reduce psychological and physical symptomology of pain and allow some to more easily cope with pain in an acute and chronic state. It is commonly understood that pain is perceived differently, and therefore responded to differently as a result of different attention processes."
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