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"The 13th Element", 2002.
A book review of "The 13th Element: The Sordid Tale of Murder, Fire and Phosphorus" by John Emsley.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "The 13th Element: The Sordid Tale of Murder, Fire and Phosphorus" by John Emsley and seek to review this book on the history of the element Phosphorus. The book reveals many fascinating facts about the many different uses of this common element.
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The 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments, 2007.
An analysis of the importance and the application of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution.
3,234 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 150.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history and application of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution. The paper analyzes each amendment and describes its importance with regards to the close of the slavery era in the U.S. The paper also discusses the implications of the landmark court-case, Plessy v. Ferguson and how these amendments related to it.
Table of Contents:
The History of These Three Amendments
Why Support These Amendments
The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
Who Benefited From The 13th Amendment?
Hard-Line Southerners and Their Evil Deeds
The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
Plessy v. Ferguson
The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
From the Paper
"In 1910, Arthur W. Machen wrote in the Harvard Law Review - forty years after the passage of the 15th - that this amendment has been "despised, flouted, nullified, evaded," and moreover, had never up to and through the time Machen wrote his piece, been backed by the High Court to assure the suffrage rights of black citizens. And indeed it took the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to truly move the country forward into an era that the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution were supposed to open the door for. Jim Crow and Southern segregation were alive and well even up into the 1960s in some Southern states, as witnessed by the fact that President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and U.S. Attorney General Bobby Kennedy had to send federal troops into Mississippi in 1962 to allow James Meredith to enter the University of Mississippi."
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John McTiernan's ?The 13th Warrior?, 2004.
This paper discusses director John McTiernan's allegorical 1999 film, ?The 13th Warrior?.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that ?The 13th Warrior? rates as an example of effective, if not perfect, filmmaking, which carries a less than subtle message about society's need to subjugate and dominate the primitive nature of man. The author points out that the movie's main storyline, which is tightly plotted, concise, largely self-evident, and linear, serves to show clearly the struggle between the civilized Vikings and the less advanced Wendol. The paper relates that the cinematography of Peter Menzies, Jr., one of the best features of the movie itself, acts as a lavish backdrop to the struggle between the civilized and the primitive.
From the Paper
"This subtext of the fight of the civilized against the barbaric is set against the atmospheric, moody tone of the film. The Viking's foes are the disturbingly creepy Wendol, a creature that is half-man and half bear. We are introduced to the Wendol as "mist-monsters" and flesh eaters who appear only in the mist and carry off soldiers. Battle scenes occur in the dark and mist, and blood is spilt copiously and with great graphic detail, creating a deeply disturbing atmosphere of terror and evil that permeates the movie. A great deal of the film is shot in almost darkness, and the battle scenes are carried out in an atmosphere evocative of a suspenseful horror movie. Overall, the effect is spooky and engaging, and illustrates the fight of civilization (seen in the light) against the unknown horrors of barbarism and the primitive (seen in the brutal violence of the mist and darkness)."
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Mongol Empire in the 13th Century, 2002.
A review of the economic and political growth of the Mongolian Empire in the 13th century.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the reasons, causes and effects of the growth of the Mongolian Empire in the 13th century. It is descriptive in character and analyzes the subject in depth.
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Italy's 13th Century Military Strategies, 2003.
Examines the role of mercenaries (paid soldiers) as a tool of protection for Italian states. Describes the tactics and control mechanisms used to keep the soldiers' loyalties and whether their loyalties were intact.
1,344 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
The mercenary is a professional soldier whose conduct is dictated not by his membership of a political community but above all by his desire to gain. The paper begins by describing the military and political systems that were in place in the 13th century and the "how" and "why" the employment of mercenaries came about. The paper focuses on the effectiveness of this system. The author describes the organizations created to keep such a system operating favorably for both sides.
From the Paper
"However, how far did they keep to these contracts? Unlike conventional armies, the bonds tying mercenaries to the state they serve, are not patriotic, but based on money. There is no sense of loyalty or national pride to keep them fighting on the battlefield, only the promise of material gains. This was the only personal interest the mercenaries had vested in the outcome of a battle, apart from their survival. They were not fighting for the freedom of their families, or homes or the independence of their nation, they were fighting to make a living, which can make all the difference when it comes to war. With no ties of loyalty connecting them to their employer, only a monetary contract, it would be more than likely that many mercenaries switched sides to the enemy, if they were offered enough money to make it worth their while. Also, no hired soldier is going to fight to the death just for a monthly salary, making a company of mercenaries more likely to retreat sooner from the battlefield than a conventional army of troops who have at least some ties of loyalty to their overlord and the cause for which they are fighting. It is possible that mercenaries would also be less efficient and less aggressive warriors in battle due to the fact that they would feel quite indifferent towards their enemy ? the only reason they have for fighting them is that they are being paid to. They would lack the ferocity and desperation of men fighting for a cause they believe in. "
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Islamic States in 13th & 14th Centuries., 1999.
Examines rulership, economics, and social aspects, looking at threats, fragmentation, military, reunification, instability & internal rivalries.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 63.95
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From the Paper
" ISLAMIC STATES AND RULERSHIP IN 13TH AND 14TH CENTURIES
This research paper discusses the most important developments in the nature of Islamic states and rulership during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (1200-1400 A.D.). By 1200 the great Arab expansion and consolidation of Muslim imperial rule which had begun in the 7th century had peaked and receded under the pressure of external military threats from the West and Central Asia and the effects of internal processes of political fragmentation and decay.
During the succeeding two centuries, that process of disintegration continued, even accelerated largely in response to the invasions of the Crusaders and the Mongols, but the first steps were taken toward the reunification of portions of the Islamic world on a new basis. That new basis varied considerably.."
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Black Codes and the Ku Klux Klan, 2005.
A look at the link between the 13th Amendment, Reconstruction, and circumscription of federal constitutional authority as they related to the Black Codes and the Ku Klux Klan.
1,514 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes two examples of state circumvention of the de facto constitutional authority of the 13th Amendment to protect black Americans against the severe limitations on their day-to-day rights and freedoms formerly imposed by slavery. It shows that, by enacting the Black Codes, starting in 1865 following the 13th Amendment, however, and by giving birth, in 1866, to the Ku Klux Klan and its reign of terror over the freed men, the southern states successfully circumvented the actual enjoyment by blacks of most of the freedoms granted them by the 13th Amendment.
From the Paper
"Through its clandestine activities that terrorized the blacks, the Ku Klux Klan effectively, even if not legally, more or less enslaved them using fear, despite the freedom granted them by the 13th Amendment. Clearly, the 13th Amendment did not entirely free them, then: it was not until 1871 that "Congress passed the Ku Klux Klan Act, which gave the federal courts jurisdiction over conspiracies against the freedmen and authorized the President . . . to declare martial law in any terrorized community" (Carman 739). Even then, however, various state laws continued to interfere with federal laws protecting blacks, and even well into the 20th century, "The Supreme Court nullified laws Congress passed to protect African Americans from intimidation and murder by lawless mobs" (Reconstruction 7)."
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France and England in the Middle Ages, 2002.
A discussion of why England achieved centralized power in the Middle Ages and why France became more powerful than England in the 13th century.
1,362 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how both France and England vied to become the most powerful monarchies in Europe and how throughout the 13th and 14th century, wars for land and supremacy were fought until each became a power in its own right. It focuses on the questions of how England achieved centralized power much faster than France, due to the political and territorial layout of the country and how France become more powerful than England in the 13th century due to the leadership of Louis the IX and other events culminating in the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 which forced the English king to relinquish much of his power.
From the Paper
"The King of France was only able to achieve centralized leadership through territorial sovereignty through inheritance, marriage and finally war. This was not an easy task because there was a great deal of loyalty within the cities and they supported their local jurisdictions. The problem was finally resolved when the Crown allowed regional powers to maintain some of their local customs and laws but was governed by a selected official of the Crown.
But France had to struggle with the clergy and issues that would affect them as well as the constituency. They never quite achieved the level of support for royal initiatives from the church that was needed to perpetuate the Crown as a central authority."
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Lancelot: the "Synfull Man Of The Worlde? ?, 2006.
An analysis of the spiritual development of Lancelot in the 13th century piece "La Morte Le Roi Artu".
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the spiritual development of the Lancelot character in "La Morte Le Roi Artu", from the 13th century. The author, referring to an English translation of the original French version, deals with a quote by the character Malory, who calls Lancelot the best of only sinful men of the world. In a similar romance from the French Vulgate Cycle (which Malory used as his main source), Lancelot develops spiritually.
From the Paper
"In La Morte Le Roi Artu, Lancelot achieves contemptus mundi and his character develops a genuinely spiritual aspect. In Le Morte D'Arthur, which used The Le Morte Le Roi Artu as a source, Lancelot remains a static character unable to free himself from the material world. Both Lancelots begin their stories with comparable degrees of worldly attachment but only in La Morte Le Roi Artu does Lancelot find redemption. In La Morte Le Roi Artu, Lancelot undeniably commits adultery with Guinevere. This transgression gives him a definite depth of sinfulness from which to rise, whereas in Le Morte D'Arthur, Lancelot hovers ambiguously near adultery for the entirety of the book. In La Morte Le Roi Artu, Lancelot's sins are frequently mentioned by other characters, but as his character develops, these sins are mentioned less often and Lancelot is sometimes absolved of guilt. There is a similar contrast regarding Lancelot's involvement in wrongful quarrels: Lancelot's spiritual development is reflected in the causes for which he fights and in his reluctance to fight at all. During La Morte Le Roi Artu, Lancelot's focus shifts from the outer, courtly world, to an inner world of faith, conviction, and disregard for reputation. In Le Morte D'Arthur, however, Lancelot cannot fully turn from the outer world and no inner world opens up to him. Ultimately, Malory's story of Lancelot is wholly tragic, while La Morte Le Roi Artu allows for redemption."
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The Literati of the Song Dynasty, 2002.
Examines the role of the literati during the period between the 11th and 13th century, known as the Song Dynasty.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
The Literati where highly educated men who shared a common culture of Confucianism, refined men who also vied with each other at poetry, painting, and calligraphy. This paper examines the role of the literati in government between the 11th and 13th century.
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The Poetry of Jala-uddin Rumi, 2002.
An examination of the works of this 13th century Persian poet.
1,995 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
A look at the lessons Rumi wishes to teach from his classic poetry. The writer shows that Rumi believed in learning from mistakes, not disapproving the impurities of life but rather learning from the situations that occur choosing your own individuality and raising yourself on your own instinct.
From the Paper
"Jala-uddin Rumi was a 13th century Persian mystic who is now one of the most widely read poets in America. The expression of passion, the capacity for mystical understanding and the power of yearning in Rumi's work account for his newfound popularity. Rumi was born on the Eastern shores of the Persian Empire in 1207, and settled in Turkey. He has been called the greatest mystical poet of any age; some scholars believing that Rumi?s work is comparable to that of Dante and Shakespeare. Sustaining the Divine Perspective is the ability to always see events and people from the highest perspective of Love and Unity and to not slip into egoistic judgment and opinion. Rumi founded the school of Sufism, ?Though Sufism comes from Islamic lineage, he recognizes people of all faiths. His words are not dogmatic. Sufism is not insular. You hear acceptance, supreme intelligence, passion and understanding of peoples difficulties.? (The Toronto Star, Scrivener) His poems show egotistic judgment at its worst, just to make sure the reader realizes this and can learn from this mistake. "
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?The Tale of the Heike?, 2004.
Examines the historical and ritual importance of this 13th century Japanese text.
1,908 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
The "Tale of the Heike" is a collection of tales of heroism, tragedy, and splendour surrounding the fall of the Taira. The literary work is a combination of fiction and historical fact and is not the work of a single author. The paper examines why the tale is considered to be one of the most valuable texts to represent Japanese literature. It uses references by literary scholar Herbert Plutschow, who provides insight into the importance of "The Tale of the Heike".
From the Paper
"The Fight at Dan No Ura portion of the work describes the famous battle in which the Minamoto family defeated the Taira family and is a classic tale of self-sacrifice and loyalty. In a tragic passage, the story also illustrates how far people would go to obey their lords. Lady Nii, whose sovereign lord has been killed, is determined not to fall into enemy hands and says, ?I will accompany my Sovereign Lord.? She also decides to take the seven-year old Emperor with her. ?The Lady Nii took him tightly in her arms and with the words, ?In the depths of the ocean is our capital,? sank with him at last beneath the waves.? This loyalty is described in The Famine segment of the work as it related to ordinary people. When husbands and wives decided not to separate, the partner with the greatest love for the other one would die first."
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Battles Between Muslims and European Countries, 2004.
This paper discusses the history of Muslim battles with European countries in the 13th to 18th centuries.
1,806 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
A discussion of the conflict between Islam and the West, including the Battle of Lepanto against Spain, the Siege of Vienna against Austria and Poland, and the Battle of Constantinople in 1483. It explains how these three battles were significant in world history for a number of reasons; had their outcomes been different, the face of the world could have been very different today.
From the Paper
"The Muslim nation has always been made up of warriors, unafraid to do battle with those outside their faith. Writer John L. Esposito says their culture combines "a warrior culture with an Islamic tradition that believed in Islam's universal mission and sacred struggle (jihad), to establish themselves as worldwide propagators and defenders of Islam" (Espisito 61). Because of this long tradition, Muslims have fought in numerous battles throughout their extensive history, including such decisive battles as the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Siege of Vienna in 1683, and the Battle of Constantinople in 1483. These battles were all significant for a number of reasons, and they are still important today in the interpretation of Muslim influence and history around the world."
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Stained Glass in Gothic Cathedrals, 1996.
Religious significance, features, colors, content (Biblical stories), cost, in 12th-13th Cent.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 89.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of building Gothic cathedrals was to build a temple worthy of God. In the twelfth century, bishops became independent of the secular power and took their destiny, and that of the Church, into their own hands. The growing power and prestige of the bishops combined with the architectural development of the flying buttress and rib vaulting enabled the building of the great Gothic Cathedrals. Stained glass work attained its epiphany in the windows of these Gothic cathedrals. The stained glass windows constructed during the thirteenth century are considered some of the finest examples of this art..."
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Shifting Work Patterns, 2004.
This paper looks at changing work patterns in Greece, Rome, and London in the 12th and 13th centuries.
1,021 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
An examination of how society was impacted by the reorganization of work patterns in the ancient societies of Greece, Rome, and London. The paper explains how some professions gained in popularity, while others saw their earnings decrease. The banking industry was in its early beginnings during this period, and the term ?interest? originated then. It is still used in accounting practices today.
From the Paper
"There began to be a shifting of work patterns in a number of professions. This was noted in some of the more important and higher paid jobs such as architects who built structures, towns and buildings, and were highly in demand and paid high wages for their services; and armorers who were usually blacksmiths as well, but as war became a more frequent event many blacksmiths could afford to relinquish their skills of crafting metalworks and strictly pursue the field of marking armor. Most Armorers were members of the Middle Class and were often very wealthy."
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Ottoman Empire, 1999.
Background, rise & fall of empire from 13th Cent. to 19th Cent. Politics, war and culture.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 140.95
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From the Paper
"The history of the Ottoman Empire is marked by the pursuit of traditional Islamic ideals of conquest combined with the development of an efficient centralized state capable of supporting extensive conquest and managing the administration of the empire. The gazi ethos that drove the early conquest of Anatolia and, eventually, Constantinople reached a plateau following the so-called Golden Age of S?leyman I (r. 1520-66) and subsequently faded in importance as the consolidated imperial state faced new kinds of political and economic challenges. In the course of building their vast empire the Ottomans had also developed a unique variant of Islamic society in which the state was the dominant institution. The institutions of the Ottoman state were drawn from several models and served the needs of the centralized state extremely well. But, like the gazi ideology..."
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