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Greek & Roman Art & Architecture, 1989.
Discusses Greek form vs. Roman space in architecture and idealism vs. realism in sculpture.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 76.95
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From the Paper
"Greek and Roman art and architecture were both innovative and distinguished by features which can be compared and contrasted. In both cultures the major trends in art and architecture were set in their respective archaic periods. However, the comparison and contrasting of both are best restrained to the more mature periods of each society.
Classical Greek art begins around the Fifth Century B.C. During this time the Greeks had consolidated their military victories by ousting the Persian invaders, reduced civil unrest by removing the old kingships and replacing them with oligarchies and democracies, and limited the mercantilism of the Greek poli or city.states (Greer 66-69). In terms of art and architecture, however, it should be remembered that Greek art was largely commissioned by the demos of relatively small cities (...)"
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Great Egyptian Pyramid, 1989.
Explores theories on purpose behind construction of pyramid. Discusses religious beliefs, tomb theory, architectural aspects, "value of measurements," scientific purpose and puzzles of construction method.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 153.95
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From the Paper
"The definite purpose of the Great Pyramid of Egypt is unknown to any living person, but many scholars have speculated on the purpose and on the many other mysteries associated with the Egypt-ian pyramids. Thousands of articles and books, both scholarly and popular, have been written about the Egyptian pyramids. After all, "the Pyramids of Egypt are immensely large, immensely ancient, and by general consensus, extremely useless" (Mendelssohn 9). Towering above them all, the Great Pyramid of Khufu stands alone, unique in both size and proportion. Its base covers 13 acres, or 7 midtown blocks of the city of New York. Over this large area, over two-and-a-half million blocks of limestone and granite, some weighing as much as 70 tons, as high as a modern forty-five story building (Tompkins 1). The Pyramid continually captivates the minds of scholars and sparks the imagination of nearly everyone who discover (...)"
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Byzantine Art, 1980.
This paper discusses Byzantine Art, post-Roman Empire art: Political and religious contexts, architecture, statuary, geometric painting, icons and monumental sculpture.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 76.95
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From the Paper
"The following research concerns Byzantine Art. Byzantine Art developed after the split in the Christian world which took place after the division of the Roman Empire. Christianity came to the fore in the Roman Empire during the first three centuries of the Christian era. The emperor Constantine was converted in the fourth century A.D., and this was but the official recognition of a development toward Christianity that had long been in preparation. This new religion gave hope to the masses of people for whom living conditions had become impossible. Rome finally fell not so much because of outside invasions as from internal social decay, poverty, corruption, and the loss of control by the civil government. When Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople, the empire was divided into west and east..
Constantinople was the new name for the Greek town of ... "
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Ancient Greek and Roman Housing, 1978.
This paper discusses Greek and Roman houses according to their individual components and the artistic vision they reflect and to compare the two: Exterior and interior, including styles, artistic vision and social/political influences.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 179.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to discuss Greek and Roman houses according to their individual components and the artistic vision they reflect and to compare the two. Since architecture is not an art which arises from a vacuum but generally reflects the needs and philosophic level of its time, mention will be made of the social, political, economic and philosophical aspects of the architecture in question.
The foundation of the classical Greek building, whether temple, amphitheater or house rested on the foundations, grounded in the Greek system of thought, of order, proportion and space.
In determining the order of Greek architecture, we may refer to its congruity with the Greek city-state and the needs of its citizens. In Greek urban life, Greek architecture was: "first and foremost, the expression of a community and, more, especially ... "
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The Design of Early Gothic Cathedrals, 1972.
The paper discusses the key magic of numbersand the practical design of Early Gothic cathedrals.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 153.95
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From the Paper
"The great cathedrals which are the high points of any cultural tour of Europe are almost all the product of a single century. In the space of about 100 years, beginning about the middle of the 12th century, medieval artisans succeeded in developing the Gothic style from the Romanesque style, and began building some of the noblest testimonials to the human spirit ever created. This effusion was most clearly marked in France, probably because it was the first part of Europe to achieve a national identity and a stable government.
The first Gothic cathedral is generally considered to be that at St. Denis, begun by the Abb? Suger in 1137. Within the next half-century, other notable French cathedrals were begun: St. Etienns at Sens in 1140, Noyon in 1150, Laon in 1160, Notre Dame de Paris in 1163, Bourges in 1199, Rouen in 1202, Rheims in ... "
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The Ancient Greek Amphitheatre, 2002.
A discussion of the evolution of the Ancient Greek Amphitheatre.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of the architectural form and cultural function of the amphitheatre from its modest beginning in ancient Greece through to the Roman influenced theatre of today. It examines how, although some aspects of their design and function are debatable because so little of their physical structure exists today, Greek theaters can be chronologically classified into three categories: The early Athenian, Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman. It discusses how all of these theaters could be divided into essentially three parts: the theatron (or auditorium), the orchestra and the skene (or scene building) and how these standards developed over time.
From the Paper
"In its simplest form the orchestra of a theater is simply a circular plot of land designated as a place for dance and this idea defines the orchestra employed during this time. It was circular in shape with a diameter of about 66 feet and was believed to be a locus for supernatural powers. An altar (or thymele), described as "a short drum of marble decorated with low-relief carvings of garlands and satyrs, or other Greek icons? was usually erected in the epicenter of the orchestra. It was primarily used prior to performances for sacrifices in honor of the god Dionysus, however plays with religious content often incorporated the altar into the performance. A level surface area, raised one foot from the orchestra and situated below the skene, termed the proscenium, served as the area in which the majority of the dramatic action transpired."
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The Pyramids, 2001.
This paper discusses the purpose, structure and design of the ancient pyramids.
2,048 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how ancient Egypt was one of these first civilizations and how the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt were the first real kings in the world and because they were so powerful, they had the ability to build such astonishing structures such as the great pyramids. It discusses how the Egyptian pyramids are the oldest stone buildings in the world, standing for nearly 5,000 years and how their size, strength and age is the reason pyramids fascinate people to this day. It describes how the Egyptian pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs and were said to be the pharaoh?s ?Castle of Eternity? in order to preserve their bodies for the next life. It examines the architecture, the design, the materials and the strict criteria to which they had to conform as well as the logisitics of how they were built at the time.
From the Paper
"The base of the pyramid had to be a perfect square. This meant that all four sides had to be perfectly even in length. All four angles would have to be perfect right angles. This would prove to be difficult for the large distances that had to be measured. Each side of the Great Pyramid is measured at 755 feet in length. The Egyptians didn?t have measuring tapes like we have today. They made these measurements with cords of palm-fiber or flax-fiber, which tended to stretch when used to measure such distances. After this the base would finally be ready for the start of construction. While the base was being prepared and measured stone was already being quarried and brought down the river to be placed near the proposed sight for the pyramid (Pace, Mildred)."
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The World Trade Centre, 2002.
A discussion of whether the World Trade Center was defectively designed and whether it should still remain standing today.
1,009 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the chronological events that occurred on September 11 2001 that led to the eventual collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC). It provides structural information on the exact architecture of the two towers and examines how the downfall of these two buildings occurred through a series of steps that eventually led to the cataclysmic chain reaction of each floor smashing into its corresponding lower floor, eventually destroying both towers. The primary factor leading to this disaster was the immense heat the structural design withstood and the impact of the airliners that hit them. It concludes that the WTC Towers were not defectively designed since no designer could have ever anticipated a catastrophe of the magnitude that occurred.
From the Paper
"The structural integrity of the WTC depended on these closely spaced columns around the perimeter. Lightweight steel trusses spanned between the central elevator core and the perimeter columns on each floor. These trusses support the four-inch concrete slabs that separate each floor and tied the perimeter columns to the core. These trusses supported the vertical forces acting on the building. These steel structures were coated with an aluminum alloy for extra strength."
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The Ancient Galilean Synagogue, 2002.
A look at the Galilean Synagogue and how this represents a classic synagogue of ancient times.
4,251 words (approx. 17.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 182.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the synagogue as the place of assemblage of the Jews in terms of the name, origin, history, organization, liturgy, building, interior setting and styles of architecture. This paper also looks at the Capernaum synagogue as a specific example of the Galilean style of synagogues and looks at this synagogue in terms of its role, meaning, people and community
From the Paper
"Luke describes Jesus in volume 15 as teaching in the Galilean synagogues (philiphoward.sch.uk). Therefore, within the historical, cultural, religious setting of Judaism, Jesus thus appears as a rabbi (philiphoward.sch.uk). Jesus is seen as teacher, a communicator, and a man of words (philiphoward.sch.uk). It is natural that Jesus teaches in synagogues because the synagogue is the place of Jewish community teaching (philiphoward.sch.uk). Judaism is a religion, first and foremost, of the family and most Jewish worship and teaching occurs within the family, within the home (philiphoward.sch.uk). Judaism also has, however, a strong sense of the wider community, which is where the synagogue has its role (philiphoward.sch.uk). The word 'synagogue' comes from the Greek 'synagog_', which means, literally, 'meeting' (philiphoward.sch.uk). Strictly speaking, the 'synagogue' is the 'meeting', the 'assembly', the 'congregation' of the community; the word applies most accurately to the community itself (it is rather like the Christian church (philiphoward.sch.uk). "
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Architecture and the Industrial Revolution, 2002.
Examining the architecture of previous civilizations and their impact on the Industrial Revolution.
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper shows how architecture had a profound effect on the development of the Industrial Revolution. This paper explores these effects and displays the ways in wish architecture influenced the industrial age. Ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Rome are analyzed as well as architecture from more "recent" 16th century Rome.
From the Paper
"The impact of architecture on the industrial revolution is as old as time. For the purpose of this discussion we will begin with the architecture of the ancient world. In pre-industrial times those who constructed building also lived in them and they were forced to use whatever material was available and they also had to make their own tools. The idea of using cement to build structures dates back to the Roman Empire but waterproof cement was not created until the 1800?s during the industrial revolution, this is just one impact that early architecture had on the industrial revolution. (?Architecture?)"
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Architecture Of Beijing, 2000.
A hiistory of the buildings of the Forbidden City, their significance, grand design, structure, temples and palaces.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The architecture of the forbidden City in Beijing reflects the worldview of the Chinese, a philosophy that is expressed in the way the buildings are arranged and designed, a philosophy that also reflects the function for which the buildings are intended. This style of architecture has been emulated both in China and in structures outside of China that have been built in Chinese communities.
Beijing, once called Peking in the West, served as the capital of China for six dynasties over six centuries, and the capital has been modified and maintained continuously over that time. The city is made up of the northern Inner City and the southern Outer City, and the city as a whole is made up of numerous smaller walled-in courtyards. Against this background a core of structures stands out more meaningfully in the orderly..."
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"A History of Architecture" by Spiro Kostof, 2000.
A review of the work on architecture as a reflection and shaper of society through history with a focus on religion in Ancient Greece and Muslim culture.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
"Apart from possessing a functional and ornamental value, architecture also tells the story about the character and the culture of the society, thus reflecting the spirit of the people and the age. Even though historians tend to consider only public monuments and majestic buildings as "architecture," the architecture that is most representative of the society consists of ordinary and drab buildings (Kostof 15). Although they cannot be considered esthetically pleasing to the eye, their value rests in their reflection of the reality of the ordinary people. As Spiro Kostof points out in his book, A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals, the images of the history of the South are incomplete without including the "slave cabins, out houses, herb gardens, and water vats" (15
From the Paper
"Apart from possessing a functional and ornamental value, architecture also tells the story about the character and the culture of the society, thus reflecting the spirit of the people and the age. Even though historians tend to consider only public monuments and majestic buildings as "architecture," the architecture that is most representative of the society consists of ordinary and drab buildings (Kostof 15). Although they cannot be considered esthetically pleasing to the eye, their value rests in their reflection of the reality of the ordinary people. As Spiro Kostof points out in his book, A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals, the images of the history of the South are incomplete without including the "slave cabins, out houses, herb gardens, and water vats" (15). Although these structures can hardly be considered beautiful, they constitute..."
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Notre Dame De Paris, 2000.
The history and features of the cathedral including its Gothic style, structure, windows, portals, sculptures and Christian subjects.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
In his famous novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Victor Hugo wrote of the Notre Dame Cathedral,
Each face, each stone of this venerable monument is not only a page of the history of the country, but also of the history of knowledge and art . . . Time is the architect, the people are the builder (Hugo 162, 164).
Davis agrees and writes,
From the Paper
"Introduction
In his famous novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Victor Hugo wrote of the Notre Dame Cathedral,
Each face, each stone of this venerable monument is not only a page of the history of the country, but also of the history of knowledge and art . . . Time is the architect, the people are the builder (Hugo 162, 164).
Davis agrees and writes,
From this perspective, the bold monumentality of the twelfth century project reflects the reassertion of royal power under Louis VI and Louis VII; the forceful reign of Philip Augustus finds its architectural expression in the triumphant stability of the west facade; the spiritual charisma of Louis IX resonates..."
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L.A. Central Library, 1999.
A history and architectural analysis, site evaluation, preservation, downtown renewal projects, regulations, focusing on itsrebuilding after the 1986 fires.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 217.95
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From the Paper
"The Los Angeles Central Library consists of a nearly-destroyed building that was elaborately rehabilitated and its expansive addition. The choice to rehabilitate was made on the grounds that it was an historic building worthy of preservation. The building was held to have symbolic importance, to make a vital aesthetic contribution, and to provide badly needed public space to the heavily developed downtown area. The facility was expanded with an eight-story wing that houses the great majority of the library's public functions. The attempt to replicate most practical and decorative features of the public spaces in the old building has produced a very large landmark that also serves a valuable public function.
The Los Angeles Public Library system's Central Library building is located in downtown Los Angeles on a large two-block ..."
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London Bridge, 1999.
A historical, cultural and architectural analysis of the bridge and its evolution, fate and succeeding structures.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
"When people in the United States today hear the term "London Bridge," they are most likely to think of one of the most peculiar sights anywhere within the United States that of the London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.
From the Paper
"When people in the United States today hear the term "London Bridge," they are most likely to think of one of the most peculiar sights anywhere within the United States that of the London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. Surrounded by faked-up Tudor buildings and busloads of tourists, the large bridge is dwarfed by the majesty of the desert Southwest. The entire enterprise stands as a monument to a deep human appreciation for irony, for what else could explain the immense cost and energy that went into transporting such an immense structure such a long way for so very little purpose.
But this peculiar structure in the desert is in fact not the real London Bridge at all (if any bridge can in fact lay claim to that title, which seems unlikely), but the New London Bridge, designed in 1831 by the Scottish engineer John Rennie ..."
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Skyscrapers, 1999.
Examines history and evolution, major architects, building materials, regulations, styles and New York City buildings.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 217.95
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Abstract
The term "skyscraper" first came into use in the 1880s as the first such buildings were constructed. Several forces and developments came into being at the same time to allow for the creation of such buildings. The term was first applied to buildings of 10 to 20 storeys, but heights have so increased that now it applies to buildings generally greater than 40 or 50 storeys. The skyscrapers of the 1880s and 1890s fit reasonably into the existing urban context, and their novelty was to be found in their technology rather than their size or style.
From the Paper
"THE SKYSCRAPER
The term "skyscraper" first came into use in the 1880s as the first such buildings were constructed. Several forces and developments came into being at the same time to allow for the creation of such buildings. The term was first applied to buildings of 10 to 20 storeys, but heights have so increased that now it applies to buildings generally greater than 40 or 50 storeys. The skyscrapers of the 1880s and 1890s fit reasonably into the existing urban context, and their novelty was to be found in their technology rather than their size or style. They were taller than what had existed before, but not so tall as to dominate the skyline. Previously, churches had been the tallest buildings in the city (Goldberger 4).
More business space was needed in the United States in the second half of the 19th ..."
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