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Architecture Within a Societal Context, 2002.
Several buildings and city designs from various ages are evaluated within the context of their society and period.
1,324 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
Apart from possessing a functional and ornamental value, architecture also tells the story about the character and the culture of a society, thus reflecting the spirit of the people and the age. The paper shows that the architecture that is most representative of a society consists of ordinary and drab buildings. Although they cannot be considered esthetically pleasing to the eye, their value rests in their reflection of the reality of the ordinary people. The paper evaluates several buildings and cities such as Ancient Greek cities, the Great Mosque of Kairawan and the city of Chicago. It shows the important role architecture plays in every society, not only because it reflects the society of its time, but also because it has the power to influence the people.
From the Paper
"As a part of the City Beautiful Movement started to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Columbus? discovery of America, Chicago was transformed by Daniel Burnham who was appointed director of the project. The transformation included the creation of a lakefront park system, an inner harbor and a civic center. According to Burnham, the redevelopment of the city served an important purpose in creating uniformity and order against the chaotic development of a city affected by massive immigration of people with different cultures. Thus, to him, the orderly city would reinforce an American order over the diversity of cultures (Kostof 671). However, in this case, the City Beautiful Movement failed because it was more concerned with the aesthetic ideal than the lives of the people in the city. The City Beautiful Movement limited itself to changing public facilities, but did not seek to improve the housing needs of the poor. Therefore, it produced architecture that was divorced from the actual reality of the ordinary people it sought to represent."
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Art and The Young American Society, 2002.
Examines how the United States used art, sculpture and architecture to develop a new identity after the Revolution.
1,164 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
The success of the American Revolution meant that the former colonists had to take on the difficult job of building a new kind of nation, with a new style of government, based on ideas about freedoms and rights that had never been tried before. The young country wanted to draw on what was best from its European heritage, but also to distinguish itself from Britain's culture which had been the principal cultural model. The paper shows that in the first century, the United States formally and informally used painting, architecture, and sculpture to carry important messages about the nature of American society and to develop styles that were distinctively American. Examples of two works from each of these branches of the arts demonstrate the variety of ways in which the country's art presented American ideals, promoted American self-confidence and developed an American character.
The works discussed are: Gilbert Stuart's painting "Vaughan Portrait" (1795); Thomas Jefferson's architectural design of the Virginia State Capitol Building (1785-99); the statue "Justice" (1824) by sculptor William Rush; Hiram Powers' bust of General Andrew Jackson (1835); Robert Mills' Treasury Building (1836-42) and Albert Bierstadt's painting "The Oregon Trail" (1869).
From the Paper
"Almost as soon as the Revolution ended painters and engravers began to meet an overwhelming demand for portraits of George Washington and other leaders. In addition to being a major symbol of independence, Washington was also painted as the embodiment of "American virtue, restraint, courage, and strength--in short, of American republicanism" (Baigell 27). Gilbert Stuart, an American who trained in England, produced some of the finest and most popular versions in such paintings as George Washington or the Vaughan Portrait (1795). Stuart showed a rather "patrician and remote" Washington, partly because he trained in the aristocratic portrait tradition in England (Baigell 36). But, as Baigell notes, Stuart was a Federalist who did not approve of the growing popularity of Thomas Jefferson and his more democratic ideals. The Vaughan Portrait also reflects, therefore, "the mood of the Federalist hierarchy, fearful of runaway populism . . . and anxious to fix a national image in the minds of Americans to counter endemic localism" (Baigell 36-37)."
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The Seven Wonders of the World, 2002.
This paper looks at what has become the accepted list of the "Seven Wonders of the World", highlighting each one for its outstanding characteristics.
1,074 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
The original list of the Seven Wonders was compiled when the city of Egypt was the center of Western civilization. This paper describes how over time the list of Wonders became regularized, the finalists being the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos, the Mausoleum at Halicamassus, the Colossus of Rhodes and the Pharos at Alexandria. The writer looks in detail at each wonder.
From the Paper
"The first Wonder of the World is the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The Great Pyramid was built over a twenty year period. The site was first prepared, and then blocks of stone were transported and placed. An outer casing was then used to smooth the surface. Although it is not known how the blocks were put in place, several theories have been proposed. One theory involves the construction of a straight or spiral ramp that was raised as the construction proceeded. A second theory suggests that the blocks were placed using long levers with a short angled foot. The online Wikipedia Encyclopedia says, ?There is enough blocks in the pyramid to build a wall 10 foot tall, all the way
the country of France? (Seven 1). The Great Pyramid is one of the most important because it has withstood weather conditions and aging."
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Pyramids Of Giza, 2002.
Description of the form of the Egyptian pyramid.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
Description of the form of the Egyptian pyramid. Symmetrical perfection. The tomb as the center of a complex of buildings. Purpose of pyramid as a monument to a dead king (Cheops). Construction of the pyramid; materials and equipment used. Stone architectural achievement. Labor of slaves. Cultural, social and religious significance.
From the Paper
THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
The pyramids of Egypt are, of course, the best-known and most famous. "They were the tombs of kings, and sometimes queens and other important persons. Most have the perfect symmetrical form of those at Gizeh." (No author 87) Many of the pyramids, or tombs, are over 5,000 years old. However, "the pyramid in its fully developed form was not an isolated structure, but part of a complex of buildings enclosed by a wall which was supposed to be the residence of the deceased king during his life after death." (Goedicke 40)
In looking at this complex, one can see that the center was the tomb itself, the pyramid which served as the monument to the dead king. Of course, pyramids were constructed during the lifetime of many of the Pharaohs (or kings) who planned very ..."
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Smart Windows, 2002.
A technical discussion of electrochromic windows.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 12 sources, AU$ 179.95
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Abstract
Technical discussion of electrochromic windows. Their solar-optical properties and commercial and residential applications in the U.S. Energy and glare control. Advantages of energy conservation, cost and performance over ordinary windows. Architectural and technical concerns. Manufacture. Suppliers and markets. Installation and maintenance. Technical details; how electrochromic windows work. Diagrams.
From the Paper
"Switchable Windows: The Product
Introduction: Fenestration
Department of Energy (DOE) energy performance simulations revealed that prototype electrochromic windows with solar.optical properties that are achievable today meet cost.effectiveness criteria marginally for commercial and residential applications throughout the U.S [1].
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, needless expenditure on energy costs amounts to more than $20 billion a year. Unfortunately, most people are unaware that they have alternatives, in the form of more energy.efficient windows and other fenestration products. Electrochromic windows can control the amount of daylight and solar heat gain through the windows of buildings and vehicles. The ability to control these parameters using an ..."
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Charles Mackintosh, 2002.
Discusses the work of the Scottish architect and designer.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
Discusses the work of the Scottish architect and designer. Influence on his work of the Arts and Craft Movement and Japanese design. Aspects of the Glasgow design style. Use of materials. Analysis of three chairs designed by MacKintosh; their style, simplicity, materials used. His famous high-backed chair and its design innovations.
From the Paper
"Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928) was a Glasgow-born architect and designer of furniture and interiors whose work was carried out primarily in that city and its environs. Mackintosh, who collaborated in much of his design work with his wife, designer Margaret MacDonald Mackintosh (1865-1933), attended the Glasgow School of Art. He joined the architectural firm of Honeyman and Keppie in 1889 and in 1896 he won the competition to design the new building for the Art School (1897-1909). The school was his most important commission but others included William Davidson's home, Windyhill (1901), at Kilmalcolm and Catherine Cranston's Hill House (1903-4) at Helensburgh. Mackintosh also took on a fair number of design commissions for furniture and interiors and Cranston was his most important client. All three of the chairs discussed in this essay were ..."
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Church Design And Construction, 2002.
Compares two styles: the Romanesque and the Gothic.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
Compares two styles: the Romanesque and the Gothic. Connections and variations between the two movements. Com0ares the Norman Romanesque Abbey Church of Saint-Etienne, and the Gothic Cathedraal of Notre Dame in Paris. How the two churches demonstrate characteristics of each movement. Difference in aesthetic aims. Conception of space and effects.
From the Paper
"The Romanesque and Gothic movements both included a wide range of variants that developed over the centuries and from one locale to the next. The two styles were also intimately connected since many of the advances in church construction made by the Romanesque builders were the basis of the achievement of the Gothic era which took them, literally, to new heights as builders strove to make churches lighter, more open, and more brightly glowing than had been dreamed of before. Despite the intrinsic connection between the two movements the distinctions between them are very significant and, despite the range of regional and chronological variations, churches of both types consistently present numerous characteristics that distinguish them as Romanesque or Gothic. A comparison of the Norman Romanesque abbey church of Saint-Etienne (begun c. 1068) at ..."
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Walter Gropius And The Bauhaus, 2002.
Discusses the history and aims of this movement.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
Discusses the history and aims of this movement. The Bauhaus and work of architect Gropius as a response to German industrialization and commerical standardization. Ideology of this New Architecture. Need for artists or architects to recognize their obligation to the community. The German Craft Association. Life, work and influence of Gropius.
From the Paper
"Walter Gropius and the Bauhaus
In the first decade of the twentieth century, the Deutscher Werkbund or "German Craft Association" was formed with the expressed aim of improving the aesthetic quality of manufactured goods and industrial architecture while producing both less expensively (Adams, p. 477). The creation of this Association was very much a response to two complementary pressures. On the one hand, Germany was undergoing a period of rapid industrial development in which the factory and the machine were replacing the cottage and the craftsman's hands as the locus and source of production. On the other hand, a sense that many of the machine-made products and machine-serving buildings and other structures were of less aesthetic quality (and greater cost) than was desirable was also emerging."
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European Public Spaces, 2002.
A description of two prominent examples of public space shaped by aesthetic and political forces: St. Mark's Square in Venice, Italy and the ULM, a German design and art college.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
Describes two prominent examples of public space shaped by aesthetic & political forces: St. Mark's Square in Venice, Italy & the ULM, a German design & art college. Detailed descrption of the Square, its architecture & sculptures, its evolution, its place as the center of Venetial social life. Describes archtect Mies Van der Rohe's design for ULM; emphasis on environmental design.
From the Paper
"Public space is shaped by a number of forces, but primary among them is the use to which the space will be put, the political forces able to make this work, the aesthetic forces prevalent at the time, and changes that might take place through history. The Piazza San Marco and the ULM are public spaces both shaped by prevailing political and aesthetic forces and developed for specific purposes, and Piazza San Marco has been reshaped by history, while the ULM has not been in existence long enough to be so affected by time, though there have been changes in its short life just the same.
The Piazza San Marco, or St. Mark's Square, in Venice is not a strict rectangle but instead opens wider at the basilica end, thus enhancing the perspective and creating the illusion that it is even longer than it is. The square is bordered by..."
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Palenque, 2002.
A discussion of the importance of this Mayan architectural site in Mexico.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
Discusses the importance of this Mayan architectural site in Mexico. Its variations from the Mayan norm. Its utilization of new forms of architecture and art-forms. Innovations. Describes the site. Composition of its structure. Excavations of the ruin. Discoveries, including a Pyramid. Intricate hieroglyphs found. Historical and cultural value of Mayan glyphs.
From the Paper
"Palenque is the most important Maya architectural site in Mexico, surpassing even Chichen-itza in its grandeur. Discovered by the Spaniards in the late eighteenth century, Palenque has amazed archaeologists for generations. Palenque?s main attraction for archaeologists lies in its many variations from the Maya norm. The Mayas who constructed the Palenque compound utilized new forms of architecture, unveiled new kinds of art-forms, and left behind perhaps the finest sarcophagus in all the Americas. Because of the sheer number and scope of the revelations that Palenque has provided on the Maya who built it, the site stands as arguably the most important Maya architectural site. Regardless of its standing among its peers, Palenque remains unique because of the hauntingly beautiful nature of the site?s plan and scope."
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Architect Richard Morris Hunt, 2002.
Discusses the life and body of work of 19th Centiury architect Richard Morris Hunt.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
Discusses the life and body of work of 19th Century architect Richard Morris Hunt. His successful career; contribution to city architecture (especially New York City). Key works he designed and created. His aesthetic views. Background of 19th Century architecture & role of the architect. Impact of the Industrial Age. Appendix with illustrations of some of Hunt's major buildings.
From the Paper
"Richard Morris Hunt (1827-1895) was born in Brattleboro, Vermont into a prominent family. He went to study in Geneva, Switzerland and later he enrolled at the prestigious Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris France. In fact, he was the first American to study at this prominent institution.
Hunt was the most respected architect of his time and was popularly known as ?the dean of American architecture.? He was awarded many professional honors and was one of the most highly acclaimed Americans of the nineteenth-century. In the forty years of his practice, he designed and created buildings remarkable for their wide variety of styles and types. The fact that many of his buildings are now seen as national treasures is a tribute to the man and his work. As..."
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Architecture and the Christian Church, 2001.
A look at the evolution of the structure of the Christian church over the centuries and the many architecture styles and features it has encorporated over its lifetime.
1,149 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper follows the architectural progression of the Christian church from its earliest beginnings and examines how between the sixth century and the thirteenth centuries in Europe, there wre many advances and changes in the methodology of church building. In particular, the paper shows how Hagia Sophia from the Early Christian Period, Ste.-Foy from the Romanesque Period and St.-Denis from the Gothic Period can be compared and contrasted in the progression of the Christian design.
From the Paper
"Five hundred years later, between 1050 and 1120, Church building entered the Romanesque style of architecture. The church of Ste.-Foy in Conques is a perfect example of this style. Constructed as a pilgrimage church, it is rather small but has a large transept. Having to deal with a large traffic flow, the biggest innovation of the Romanesque design was the radiating chapel scheme. Unlike Hagia Sophia, which contained an apse under each semi dome, Ste.-Foy had an apse from which a series of three chapels radiated. Flanking the apse on either side are two more, slightly larger chapels, for a total of five. This use of an ambulatory allowed for maximum traffic flow."
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Pantheon, 1995.
Discusses this Ancient Roman domed temple's purpose, construction, structure, materials and statuary.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 89.95
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From the Paper
"The Pantheon in Rome is the most complete surviving building of ancient Rome. Since the Renaissance the great dome and its huge interior space have made an indelible impression on anyone who saw it and the structure became one of the most influential buildings in history. The dome of the Pantheon, or Rotunda as it is also called, covers a span that was never surpassed by more than a few feet until the use of steel and reinforced concrete much such expanses routine. The scope of the architect's achievement was impressive by Roman standards and remained just as impressive for many centuries. There is some debate over the precise function of the great temple. But the building was clearly the culmination of a new interest in architecture as contained space rather than as external structure. This volumetric approach was to determine the course of Roman ..."
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Frank Lloyd Wright and Japanese Architecture, 1995.
Traces the Japanese influence on theories, methods and works of this American architect.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 102.95
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From the Paper
"Throughout his life Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1959) denied that Japanese architecture had any influence on his own work. He did, however, allow that Japanese prints had exerted an important influence on him. Curiously, Wright has often been taken at his word on this subject, even though there is a great deal of evidence that shows he was, for whatever reason, creating a personal legend in which his creativity owed very little to one of its major sources. The visual evidence of the work itself, scholarly digging into possible influences, and even the nature of the Japanese prints that were admitted to be an influence all demonstrate that Wright was protesting too much. Japanese architecture, whether it was seen in photographs, in person, in the prints, or even seen through the eyes of a mentor, was a major influence on Wright's creation of his theory of organic ..."
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Architecture and Computers, 1995.
Examines the impact of technology on architectural design and construction, examples, advantages, imaging, training and the future.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 217.95
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From the Paper
"Architectural traditionalism, with its emphasis on handwork, drawing and precise modeling, has been slow to turn to computers. But now that the rush has begun, computer visualization is opening new areas for design, community integration and an emerging architectural role in cyberspace's electronic world. In the studio and on the building site, firms of all sizes are finding that ability to use the right computer software has become indispensable for gaining clients and making practices easier to run. A look at the field presents many examples.
With its rounded curves, jagged edges and multiplicity of upthrust geometric shapes, the model for the Walt Disney Concert Hall's addition to the Los Angeles Music Center looks more like a city in the clouds than a complex whose distorted geometric shapes have been plotted on a computer screen. Conceived as an ..."
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Public Housing Projects, 1995.
This paper is a research proposal to determine bases for location decisions for public housing projects: Opposition from the rich, well-being of tenants or economics.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 114.95
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From the Paper
"The location of public housing projects is a contentious issue in the United States. Advocates for the economically disadvantaged contend that society would be better served if affordable public housing was located out of the inner cities and in more affluent neighborhoods. Critics of policies affecting the location of public housing projects frequently charge that inner city locations are selected because of strong opposition from the residents of more affluent neighborhoods. Defenders of inner city locations for public housing contend that ... "
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