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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 2004.
Examines two works by minimalist architect, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
1,871 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
More than any other architect of the 20th century, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe represents the ascendancy of Modernism in its most Minimalist incarnation. While this emphasis on the importance of spare lines and lack of fussiness is understandable, given what had come before in terms of both architecture and decorative arts, this does not necessarily make it more palatable from the perspective of the 21st century. This essay focuses on two specific buildings by Van Der Rohe: the 1930 Tugendhat house in Moravia and the 1929 German Pavilion that he designed for the International Convention in Barcelona, Spain, as a way of delineating the strengths of his work, as well as serving as a reminder of the distinct limitations of Minimalism within the realm of architecture.
From the Paper
"When we look at Tugendhat House what we see is a building that rather aggressively protrudes from the hill to which it is anchored. Mies set the building apart from the hill both in terms of color ? it is gray and black, entirely lacking in the greens and earth-tones of the surrounding hillside ? and in terms of form. The hill is rounded, gently sloping, its curve emblematic of the ways in which water and geological stratigraphy and wind shape the earth. The building?s exterior is none of these things: It is not only rectilinear (as are most structures in the modern world) but it flaunts this rectilinearity. Its solidity emphasis the human-constructed nature of the structure: We would never (no matter from what distance we viewed this building or from what angle) confuse this with something created by nature."
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Structural Failure Due to Fire, 2004.
Explains the process by which a structure collapses from fire and talks about what can be done to slow the collapse.
2,057 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a complete explanation of structural failure caused by fire. The paper provides statistics about fires, describes current fireproofing and fire retardant technology, and flame retardant materials. In addition, the paper focuses on the individual measures and technological advancements made to the individual structural members, which can extend their life when exposed to heat and flame.
From the Paper
"The rate at which a structure experiences deformation and loss of structural integrity leading to building collapse does not proceed along a straight line. The Figure 1 below illustrates that during the three stages of a fire, 1) ignition and growth, 2) full development, and 3) decay, the rate at which the building will sustain loss increases as time increases. The longer a building is exposed to the fire, the more rapidly the structure moves from the stable, static system toward the dynamic state in which member failure, and structural collapse if imminent. For this reason, the technology of fire prevention focuses on prolonging the stable period of the individual members by reducing the effects of the fire on each individual member."
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Gothic Cathedrals, 2004.
This paper discusses and analyzes the topic of Gothic cathedrals.
1,958 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper identifies the key aspects of Gothic cathedrals with a few examples and comparisons of the cathedrals. The paper explains how Gothic cathedrals are some of the most beautiful and enduring buildings in Europe. It looks at how they have survived for centuries as testaments to the workmen who created them and the architects who designed them. The ornate buildings are as impressive today as when they first grew on the skyline, and they represent a high point in the culture and society of the Middle Ages.
From the Paper
"Gothic architecture, perhaps one of the most famous and ornate forms of architecture of any period, began in northern Europe as early as the twelfth century, and spread throughout Europe. It gradually replaced the Romanesque Style of architecture, which had grown in popularity throughout Europe beginning at about the millennium year of 1000. Romanesque buildings offered many of the same intricate details as the Gothic cathedrals, because building practices had evolved, and better tools, such as the stone saw (Calikins 100). Romanesque buildings incorporated intricate arches and vaulting, along with repetitive bay systems, flat and round ribs, but they did have their limitations. One architect historian wrote, "Reliant on the sheer power of mass to abut and restrain the tremendous outward thrust of thick nave barrel vaults, Romanesque architecture could not open up to the light" (Roth 288)."
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Boston Architecture, 2004.
This paper discusses two Boston architecture sites: Trinity Church and the John Hancock skyscraper in Copley Square.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that Trinity Church (1876) remains a historical wonder of religion and beauty, but the John Hancock skyscraper is both aesthetically unpleasant and structurally unsound. The author points out that the Trinity Church heralded the signature "Richardsonian Romanesque" style of its celebrated designer, H. H. Richardson, and presented a bold, fresh, new face and feeling for ecclesiastical architecture in America. The paper relates that neighboring the Trinity Church is the modern minimalist John Hancock skyscraper (1976), by far the tallest building in all of Boston, with a facade of blue reflective glass that makes it look like a giant test tube, a bizarre juxtaposition in style and purpose.
From the Paper
"The original Trinity Church in Boston was built by John Indicott in the 1700?s. However, in 1860 the Vestry voted to move the church to a new location. In January of 1872, a 24,800 square foot plot of land was purchased in Boston, having been carefully chosen as the site for the church, and soon after committee meetings began to review architectural plans for the building. Gambrill and Richardson, a firm of H. H. Richardson, was commissioned to design the church. Additional funds were set aside for the building, allowing an additional plot of land to be purchased, adding nearly 15,000 feet to the original plan. The church is surrounded on all sides by streets, not other buildings that would restrict the view of the church. In April of 1873, engineers began driving wooden pilings, most of which were completed from July to September of this year. However, the Vestry became discouraged by the building cost estimates -- ranging from a soaring $355,000 to $640,000 -- and they halted work on the building until Richardson revised his plans, capping off the new estimates around $400,000. In November of 1876, the building was finally complete, and it was paid in full by February of 1877."
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Egyptian Art, 2004.
Architectural and artistic description of the Temple of Luxor and the Temple of Amon Re.
1,496 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a detailed description of two Egyptian temples at Karnak, the Temple of Luxor and the Temple of Amon Re. The paper describes the two temples as the earliest and most elegant examples of Egyptian architecture representing the Old and New Kingdoms. The height and length of the temples are described, their columns, the history of their construction, the architectural and artistic renderings of the temples, and the great halls of the temples are all described in this paper.
From the Paper
"The Temple complex at Karnak serves today as a reminder of the stately Pharaonic governments and the humble yet dedicated civilization that once thrived on the fertile banks of the Nile River some three thousand years ago. And it was at Karnak, the most important political and religious center as part of the ancient city of Thebes, that ?the great temples were erected and dedicated to the veneration of the god Amon with the blue waters of the Nile close at hand? (Harris 157)."
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Ancient Egyptian Culture and Architecture, 2001.
A look at the influence of ancient Egyptian culture on modern culture, focusing on architecture.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper is a comparison between ancient Egyptian culture and more modern cultures. Comparisons are made with respect to the arts, architecture, cultural tradition, agriculture, art, religion, language, and several other areas.
From the Paper
"Ancient Egyptian religion, though it was quite different from that of modern religion, has proven to be quite influential on modern society. Dating back as far as the fifth millennia BC, the period which was characterized by the development of the calender. The calender was important to religion because it was based on the documentation of religious feasts.1 The calendar eventually evolved into its present form but it was the early Egyptian version that became the basis of documenting time. The Egyptians, much like other cultures, believed in the existence of higher beings(Gods of the earth, air, and heavens).2 Much like the Egyptians, most modern day religions are all based on the worship of a spiritual presence, giving reason to believe that the study of Egyptian religion is what has influenced the worship of other God?s throughout history. Another point to make about the influence of Egyptian religion is that religion was the central part of their lives for the most part,3 much like the way it is for people of the church and monks today. Other aspects of ancient Egyptian religion that can be viewed as influential could be the fact that they worshipped in temples,4 comparable to the churches and temples of today. A final point of interest with respect to ancient Egyptian religion is that they Visutskie 3 actually dealt with the idea of death and resurrection thousands of years before the Christians did with Jesus Christ. Egyptians actually celebrated the feast of Easter with the death, burial, and disappearance of their King, Osiris, on a Friday, and to celebrate his resurrection three days later, on the Sunday. The Christian celebration of Easter is, in fact, an exact replica of the Egyptian Easter with respect to time, details, theme, and objective.5 Aside from religion, perhaps the most influential part of Egyptian culture on modern culture is that of the architecture."
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The Merchandise Mart, 2004.
An architectural analysis of this 1930s Chicago building.
1,492 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
A modern monolith among many in Chicago, the Merchandise Mart was the world?s largest building in the 1930s at four million square feet. This paper examines this sprightly combination of commerce and transportation, which makes the Merchandise Mart a dynamic, energetic example of functional architecture. The paper traces the history of this building from the 1930s until the present day, focusing on its unique Art Deco architectural features.
From the Paper
"Just as the terrazzo floors flow through the interior of the Merchandise Mart, adding softness and color to what could be an imposing, cold structure, the Chicago River offers a similar sense of softness to the building?s exterior. The Merchandise Mart transforms its immediate surroundings into an aesthetically appealing industrial and commercial hub. One of the most striking visual features of the Chicago Merchandise Mart is its proximity to the Chicago River, which often reflects the edifice in its rugged cool waters. A strategic location for an industrial-commercial building that is not only serviced by railroad but river transport, the Merchandise Mart stands as testimony to Chicago?s rich financial and architectural history, blending into the environment and skyline seamlessly."
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Notre-Dame-du-Haut, 2004.
An architectural analysis of this chapel designed by Frenchman, Le Corbusier.
2,607 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
In the mid 19th century, Le Corbusier designed buildings that relied upon the raw concrete and the use of light to emphasize the beauty of the structure. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of one of his structures, Notre-Dame-du-Haut, a chapel set high above the village of Ronchamp, and an excellent example of the nontraditional use of light and raw concrete. The paper discusses the location of the chapel, its functionality as a church, and its strange shape. The paper also includes diagrams, sketches, and photographs of Notre-Dame-du-Haut.
From the Paper
"Le Corbusier?s sketchbook was in fact the genius of his design. With unconscious thought and process he drew out his interpretation and concepts of site, religion, and the ever so precious pilgrimage to Ronchamp, gathering his own personal view of the world. His sketches are far more significant and go far beyond the origins of typical reference sources. He even went as far as to publish his drawings arranged in a small book. This book and these sketches provide for a broader understanding of the construction and thought process that went into Ronchamp."
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Walter Gropius, 2004.
Biographical account of German-American architect, Walter Gropius.
2,336 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 22 sources, APA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the life and architectural career of Walter Gropius, as well as German architecture and Gropius's contribution to architecture during his lifetime. The paper looks at Gropius's contribution to functionalism and abstraction and Germany's rejection of these schools of art.
From the Paper
"Germany?s high culture of the late medieval period was followed by a slow decline. In the seventeenth century the Thirty Year's War wrecked her material and political potential for more than a century. In the late eighteenth century, during a period of political importance, classic German literature was produced in the small princely courts. In the early nineteenth century, a thin layer of highly cultivated individuals began to produce Romantic poetry and music, at a time when Germany as a whole was pervaded by a depressing political reaction, which expressed itself in bitter opposition to economic freedom in the development of commerce and industry."
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Comparison in Modern Architecture and Urbanism, 2004.
Compares the architectural designs and ideas of William Morris and Marcel Breuer.
1,848 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
William Morris and Marcel Breuer were architects that took two different physical approaches in removing worthwhile design out of palaces and putting it into the homes of ordinary people. Both brought to their design philosophy a substantial political agenda and, in fact, a substantially similar political agenda. The paper shows that Morris?s politics had the gentle color of his native England in the second half of the 19th century and of one of its great philosophers, John Ruskin. In comparison, the paper shows that Breuer?s political inspiration came, not from his native Hungary, but a post-WWI Germany and its socialist leanings and, later, from American abundance and willingness to experiment. The paper shows that where Morris?s ideas reflected the natural life of a still somewhat pastoral England that surrounded him (especially as he had the means to choose his locale), Breuer?s ideas reflected a more muscular, sinewy, hardened landscape of assembly lines and relentlessly turning crankshafts and gears. Where Morris was organic and 'green,' Breuer was skeletal and 'steely gray'.
From the Paper
"Despite the intent of both men to bring good design down to earth, the results could not have been more different. Morris, because of the time in which he worked, was limited to traditional furniture materials, mainly wood and metal used only in joinery and sometimes in decoration. In fact, it was in decoration that Morris excelled. His use of curvilinear carving in his wallpapers and furniture, especially his dining chairs, makes clear his connection to the pastoral settings so familiar to educated Englishmen. In addition, because his belief demanded that the overburdened workingman have a respite from the world of shoddy utilitarian objects, (or ugly goods, as he might put it), embellishment suitable to the object and its use was essential."
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Sphinx in Egypt, 2004.
A look at the architectural phenomenon of the Sphinx in Egypt.
871 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the exact location and construction of the Sphinx in Egypt to gain a better understanding of the people who lived during this time. It begins by discussing the Sphinx's age and then looks at various construction theories.
From the Paper
"Geologists state the erosion evident on the body could not have resulted from wind and sand, but instead was caused by water. Ancient Egypt experienced severe flooding, and ?this period coincides with the melting of the ice from the last Ice Age (13,000-8,000 BC). Wind-blown sand has little more effect than to scour clean ancient monuments, further illustrating the fact that the floodwaters of the Ice Age were responsible for the Sphinx?s unique erosion patterns (http://www.sacredsites.com/final40/261.html).? "
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The Bathroom, 2004.
This paper presents an extensive discussion of the history, design, and future of the bathroom and sanitation engineering.
8,865 words (approx. 35.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 300.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the first known bathtub was found in Greece in the great palace of Knossos and included impressive technologies that provided water for the tub, including a system of interlocking terra-cotta pipes. The author believes that the function of the bathroom needs to be pushed to a new extreme, allowing people, spaces, and domestic functions new potentials for hybrid activities. The paper relates that a complete home plumbing system requires three distinct networks of pipes: water supply lines, which carry water under pressure; a network of drain pipes, which works entirely by gravity; and a network of pipes, which serves to maintain equal air pressure throughout the drainpipe so that the flow proceeds without interference.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History of Bathing
Evolution of Sanitation
History of Water Closets
Environmental Aspects
Public Health Aspects
Basic Components of Modern Bathrooms
Toilet or Flush
Sinks
Tubs and Showers
Storage
Ventilation
Natural Lighting
Special Effects with Plants
Appropriate Plants for the Bath
Hydroponics
Spirituality
Landscape of Bathing and Relaxing
Metroscape
Artificial versus Real
The New Landscape in Metro Area
Water Supply Service
Purification
Boosting by Pump
Boosting by Pressure Cylinder Water Pump
Drainage
Vents and Traps
The Ideal Living, the Bathroom in New Product Design Context
The Future of the Bathroom Is Here
From the Paper
"In fact, until the mid-nineteenth century, streets were used as refuse dumping grounds, domestic animals roamed the streets and rodents ran rampant. Cesspools were located near houses and buildings, reeking and spreading germs. The Industrial Revolution and discoveries such as the germ theory brought about major changes in approach, raising the standard of living and ending serious epidemics. By 1900, improved nutrition, better sanitation, and, especially, contributions from bacteriologists increased life expectancy at birth by almost six years to age 47.3."
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Installing a Backyard In-Ground Pool, 2004.
Discusses the plan for installing a backyard pool and details the organizational structure of the team assigned to do the installation.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper provides additional information regarding the installation of a backyard in-ground pool. The organizational structure is included and discusses the reporting structure of the team as it relates to the project, a communications plan containing reporting criteria, and a revised work breakdown structure identifying the project milestones.
From the Paper
"The team members have been assigned functions and responsibilities for accomplishment of the individual work packages necessary to complete each phase involved in building the in-ground recreational pool. Construction of the pool will be done in phases and Earl will be the Project Manager of the project since he will have both a personal and professional interest in the economic, timely, and technically correct construction of the pool. He has five sub-contactors that he has long working relationships with, which he will call upon to construct the pool. However, Earl will be responsible for monitoring cost, time, and performance during all phases of the project over the five-week period."
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Christian Church, 2004.
Explores architecture in the development of the Christian church.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Byzantine and Eastern cultures were the predecessors to the Romanesque and Gothic Periods of architecture in the Christian church. It points out that the Cluniac order had a major influence in the Romanesque Period, which was highlighted with few windows, thick walls, and massive columns. The Gothic period, in contrast, had stained glassed windows, thinner walls, and carved columns, with the builders of the churches incorporating Christian architecture as a means of religious aspiration. It explains that each era?s architecture was a means to specifically convey their social and religious views of the Christian church.
From the Paper
"The term Romanesque ?points to the principle source of the style, the buildings of the Roman Empire. In addition to classical elements, however, Romanesque architecture incorporates components of Byzantine and Eastern origin (unknown, Columbia).? Romanesque structures feature characteristic elements such as ?the massive west fa?ade crowned by a tower or by twin towers, the complex design of the eastern part housing the sanctuary, and the rhythmic alternation of piers and columns in the nave (unknown, Columbia)."
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Albert Speer, 2004.
A biography of the Nazi architect, Albert Speer.
1,313 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, out of all the Nazi leaders aligned with Adolph Hitler, Albert Speer stands out as one of the greatest mysteries. It attempts to discover how such a refined, well-educated man, from such a good background, ended up as second-in-command to one of the century?s most abusive and tyrannical despots. Through a review of his autobiography, "Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs", it shows how, although he was born to a wealthy family, well-educated, son of a respected architect, and trained as an architect, Speer seems a tremendous misfit when compared to the army private who terrorized the entire Western world for more than decade.
From the Paper
"Speer acknowledged that he quickly came to accept events that most people would have been appalled by. Early in Speer?s new career, Hitler ordered Speer to remodel a building immediately. One official by the name of Papen asked for a few months? time, and Speer reported this back to Hitler. Hitler was enraged, so Speer began one of Papen?s assistants had been executed in his office. Speer, supervising the renovations, saw the blood on the floor, but was strangely unmoved by the sight. This suggests to the reader that it wasn?t really much of a stretch for Speer to accept what many people would have found entirely unacceptable. Nevertheless, the irresistible draw the architectural opportunities had for him clearly were immense."
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Modern Architecture, 2004.
A look at trends and styles of modern architecture and how they relate to the September 11 attacks.
1,254 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper looks at the various definitions of what constitutes ?modern? architecture. The next part looks at how the various styles sought to take advantage of new material and to address changing social needs. In the last part, the paper examines how modern architecture is responding to new concerns, such as a growing environmental awareness and the security concerns raised by the September 11 attacks on New York?s World Trade Center.
From the Paper
"The term "modern architecture" encompasses many styles and movements. However, experts generally agree that modern architecture was codified in the "International" style that resulted from the amalgamation of the several design ethics that were only made possible by the technological advances after the Industrial Revolution. By the 20th century, it had become apparent that technology was blurring traditional cultural boundaries, as commerce, industry, travel and immigration grew increasingly global."
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