Abstract
This paper provides a succinct look at the types of storytelling used in "Eva Luna" by Isabel Allende such as magic realism and the use of stories within the world of the novel. The paper further discusses how, by using different literary styles "Eva Luna" is able to express to an audience the power and value of different types of storytelling in a contemporary society.

From the Paper
"The picaresque tradition arose much earlier in Spain during the early 1600's, and revolved entirely around the picaro, a central character who is able to achieve wealth and/or wellbeing after surviving the trials and conflicts of the world they inhabit. Eva Luna is a fairly conventional picaresque narrative when the genre's conventions are considered. Social commentary is an integral element, as the picaro will typically confront corrupt social institutions and figures of power on their journey. Eva is exposed to such an individual at an early age, getting "a job in the house of a cabinet minister." This ends in a confrontation with Eva rebelling, "liberating [her]self from humiliation" when she douses the minister in his own filth before turning to the streets. Social turmoil and change is also typically present, if only in the background of the narrative"

Tags:phallocentric, gynocentric, magic, realism, fantasy

Abstract
This paper discusses cinema's representation of transvestism in films such as, "All About My Mother", "Ma Vie en Rose" and "Tootsie", to name just a few. Moreover, the expected reaction of audiences to, predominantly, men dressed as women, is explored. Furthermore, the reasons for cross-dressing within society is evaluated. Also, to critique these films in a scholarly manner, academics such as Yvonne Tasker, Richard Dyer and Stella Bruzzi are consulted and cited to strengthen and support this paper. Importantly, the reinforcement of gender codes and gender identity, through a persons clothing, is discussed and examined.

From the Paper
"Bruzzi (1997 P.147) defines cross-dressing as, "The questioning and blurring of gender identities that occurs when characters do not wear the clothes deemed socially appropriate to their sex" while Stoller argues that "Transvestism should only refer to fetishistic cross-dressing and 'drag' is exclusively applied to cross-dressing as theatrical performance" (1985 P.176). In the mainstream cross-dressing comedy, the male dresses as a woman to generate comic effect based on the ridicule, whereas in the French film Ma Vie en Rose (Berliner; 1997), the implications of a little boy thinking he is a girl is explored, while All About My Mother provides us with a more accurate representation of the world of transvestites and transsexuals."

Tags:Transgender, gender, tootsie, cross-dressing

Abstract
This paper begins with a brief discussion of the background of women's entry into the legal profession, before taking in turn the main arguments presented by feminists and human and social capital theorists. Through this analysis, this paper argues that, whilst the feminist claim of institutionalised sexism does hold authority in its argument, it is not the only explanation. The writer maintains that human and social capital theories also offer explanations of contributing factors to explain the disparity between men and women in the legal profession. The writer concludes that whilst this paper finds that the feminist argument is generally supported by empirical data, it should not be taken as a clear indication of institutionalised sexism. Rather, the writer maintains that it appears that other explanations, such as those proffered by human capital and social capital theories, also contribute to explaining the marked differences between males and females in the profession.

From the Paper
"The legal profession is almost infamous for its culture of employing white, middle class men. As a traditionally male-dominated field, some branches of feminism suggest that the legal profession of today still embodies these historical roots of institutionalised sexism. It is argued by these feminists that discrimination against females is reflected in statistics detailing female career pathways, income inequalities, and workplace sexual harassment and discrimination. Conversely, supporters of human and social capital models use the same statistics to argue that sex differences in the legal profession are explained not by discrimination, but by factors including poor female academic rates, family commitments, and weak dedication to the profession."

Tags:female, discrimiation, law, occupation

Abstract
The paper discusses the exclusion of women from the symbolic representation of the Australian national identity conveyed by a typically masculine drinking culture. The paper also discusses how women were always present as workers in the pub, which seemed representative of their exploitation, but this work also provided women with a form of economic independence and feminine empowerment. The paper then describes how women had to fight for their presence in the pub as customers. The paper shows how far from being a space in which women were absent, the pub presents itself as a site of contested gender relations where gender codes were constantly negotiated across the century.

From the Paper
"Throughout the twentieth century emerged a typically Australian drinking culture shaped by the licensing laws implemented during the early years of the century. The powerful temperance movement's and religious leaders' reaction against modernity led them to focus on campaigns against public drinking (Kirkby and Luckins 2006, p.78). The Housewives Associations and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, in particular, concentrated on the issue of prohibition (Smart 1998, p. 215). During the Great War, wartime patriotism added to the general mood of temperance and resulted in introducing the 'six o'clock' or 'early closing' of pubs and hotels in all states except Western Australia and Queensland (Luckins 2007, p.08.2). It was considered a temporary measure, to be tolerated until the end of the war; however it became permanent in 1919 (Luckins 2008, p.297). The general impression was that it was the 'wowsers' (Dunstan 1968), or even women - who were prominent in temperance organisations - who caused the emergence of a new, 'uncivilised' mode of drinking: the 'six o'clock swill' (Luckins 2007, p.08.2). Indeed, although patrons and publicans resisted the new regulations through after hours trading and sly-grogging (Luckins 2008, p.296), for the law-abiding, drinking in pubs became something to do on the way home from work - at the time of the day when women were preparing dinner and bathing children. This resulted in the emergence of the 'six o'clock swill', when men rushed into the public bar to gulp down as many beers as possible before closing, marking the cessation of the pub as a place for entertainment and its emergence as 'a segregated place for drinking, in both the popular imagination and in actuality' (Kirkby and Luckins 2006, p.79). The major consequence of early closing was to turn 'the public bar, where men drank with other men during the rush period between five and six pm, into the focus of the pub business and consequent representations of Australian public drinking culture' (Kirkby and Luckins 2006, p.78). By the time early closing came to an end - between 1955 and 1967 depending on the state - 'six o'clock swill' had become in popular imaginary a 'crude characterisation of an Australian way of drinking' (Luckins 2007, p.08.12) - from which women were excluded."

Tags:feminism, empowerment, masculinity, alcohol, drinking, workers, customers

Abstract
This paper discusses the effect of patriarchy on the female body based on Foucault's theories stating that the emergence of a new "counter" discipline against the body corresponds with the emergence of society's increased political liberty. The author points out that, although women have historically existed within a state of permanent visibility, the new age of bodily discipline introduces a more oppressive set of patriarchal values, which, upon internalization, intensified the effects of permanent visibility on women. The paper states that shame and self-hatred prevent a woman from finding self-confidence and becoming more than the ideal, and thus she is forever subjected to patriarchal definitions and masculine domination.

From the Paper
"If the images of women presented through the mass media are indicative of ideology, then the current patriarchal ideal of
feminine beauty is quite specific. To be beautiful, a woman's body must be thin. Models today weigh on average twenty-five percent less than the weight of the "average" woman. The ideal feminine body is also usually white. Women are more often than not taut, with "no wobbly bits", but cannot possess noticeable muscle bulk as this would counteract the feminine beauty ideal of vulnerability and weakness."

Tags:anorexia, foucault, panopticon, myth, sacrifice

Abstract
This essay examines the nature of a patriarchal society while questioning the role pornography plays in maintaining such a society. The basic sociological and gender studies concepts of patriarchal society and the nature of the same are examined, including the treatment and position of women in such a society. For and against arguments pertaining to the nature of pornography and its psychological effects on individuals are examined, exploring the exact way in which pornography reproduces patriarchal attitudes for both men and women. Included as part of this, quotes from pornographic material are featured, as well as quotes from men who have internalized the messages of pornography and become rapists. The tone of the essay leans toward censorship as a possible, although minimal, answer in decreasing patriarchal attitudes toward women.

From the Paper
"Pornography is one of those controversial issues which appear to drive most people to extremes of opinion. Anti-censorship campaigners and anti-pornography campaigners coexist across many movements worldwide " political, religious, media " and all appear to have an investment in the continuation or eradication of pornographic material. However, perhaps the most interesting instance of conflicting stances existing within one movement can be found in feminism. Anti-pornography campaigners within feminism fight for the censorship of pornography, believing it to increase the acceptance of patriarchy, and thus, female oppression within society. Surprisingly, anti-censorship campaigners believe that the censorship of pornography will not overcome the structures within society that reinforce oppressive attitudes toward women. I would disagree, and argue that although such structures " law, language, religion, philosophy " are inherently oppressive of women, the oppression of women cannot be solely located in such structures. Forces which oppress women are everywhere, but they are no where; the oppressors are everyone, yet no one in particular. In this way, every representation which reinforces patriarchal attitudes, every representation which depicts women as objects, as subordinate, dependent or deviant, further serves to enforce female oppression. Quotes similar to those reproduced above should force us to re-evaluate the extent to which cultural expressions influence societal perception and behavior. This essay will examine the way in which pornography operates to reinforce patriarchal attitudes which subsequently marginalize women."

Tags:anti, men, misogyny, patriarchy, pornography, rape, women

Abstract
This paper examines what it believes is the appalling plight of women within the Islamic world and reveals that it is not the religion of Islam itself that is suppressing women's rights. It also explores the issue of whether or not the West should intervene in the emancipation of Islamic women. The paper explores the issues of marriage, women's right to work, abuse and rape, modesty and genital mutilation.

From the Paper
"Muslim women worldwide are being suppressed under the guise of the teachings of Islam. The status of the modern-day Islamic woman is truly appalling; a plight of ruthless oppression and denial of universal human rights. However this subjugation of Muslim women to sub-human standing is in direct conflict with the Qu'ranic Laws the Islamic equivalent of the Holy Bible and the foundation of the religion. Instead, what is now prevalent is an incorrect, monolithic interpretation of Islam that is fundamentally oppressive and patriarchical. As such the attention of the West " despite Colonialism's damaging legacy " should now be centered on the emancipation of Islamic women."

Tags:equality, gender, hijab, muslim, oppression, orientalism, polygamy, suppression

Abstract
This essay explores the disproportionate number of witchcraft accusations leveled against women during the European witch hunts. It posits that this gender imbalance is directly linked to the patriarchal nature of society by examining the definitional power of men and the subsequent perception of women. Using Jungian/ Lacanian understandings of the 'shadow' and Other, this piece has as its underlying contention that it is women's lack of power to define themselves within a patriarchal society that has led men to project their fear of self onto a woman, indeed all women, and term her 'witch'.

From the Paper
"The identity of "woman" as it was perceived in early modern times can be further seen as a man-made myth upon closer examination of the nature of patriarchy. Man attempted to label, categorize, map and understand women, and do so with the use of male terms, but because patriarchy is a relational construct such attempts only reinforce for men that "woman" is not "man," she is "Other." And in this position as Other, women will always retain some element of mystery, of hidden depths and secret knowledge, never greater than man, but always promising more than he is capable of comprehending. It is the impossibility of exact male knowledge that creates for man the opportunity to map his own meaning upon this depth of Otherness."

Tags:jung, lacan, patriarchy

Abstract
This paper explores the impact feminism has had on criminology. The paper points out that while men are studied as non-gendered subjects, women are subject to study by virtue of their gender issues. All feminist groups believe that the main discrepancy between the sexes and the unequal distribution of power is caused by a social institution called patriarchy. The paper attempts to answer the question: Can feminist perspectives give us an insight into contemporary issues of crime and criminal justice and if so, how?

From the Paper
"Feminist criminology seeks to explain women's offending; women's victimization and women's experiences within the criminal justice system, almost all of the other prominent traditional criminological theories either ignore women's offending or relied upon stereotypes generated by men. Given this it was, and still is in some cases very difficult for a woman within the criminal justice system as this system was designed primarily around traditional criminological theories which had several inadequacies in addressing the gendered nature of crime. Traditional criminological thought was generally theorized to be gender neutral and apparently applied to both sexes equally. However this ignores the notions of masculinity and femininity imposed by everyday socialization, thus it becomes virtually impossible to explain the gendered nature of crime, this being that men commit the majority of offenses whilst women commit the minority. Once the issue of crime being gendered was addressed the theories then "implied women's inferiority and tended to reinforce their subordination to men in the larger society" ."

Tags:women, gender, crime, law, stereotype, patriarch, sexist, sex

Abstract
The feminism movement may have liberated women, giving them equal opportunities and rights as men, but with these positives there have also been many negative effects. This paper looks at how a breakdown in family values has caused countless problems with our youth and how an increase in contraceptive technology has destroyed the social class balance and made sexual activity in our youth run rampart. It also discusses how an abolishment of gender roles is causing confusion among men and causes more violence against women. It attempts to show how the feminism movement has ultimately put far to much responsibility on females.

From the Paper
"One of the more obvious negative effects of feminism has been the almost complete destruction of gender roles. With the movement working to abolish the female stereotype, the male stereotype is being abolished with it. Just as females are no longer expected to act caring, fragile and motherly, males are no longer expected to behave tough, masculine and fatherly. This is resulting in a breakdown between the distinction of male and female roles. This trend has even gone as far as to have the acting out of traditional gender roles as almost taboo. For instance a female high school student who wishes to grow up, get married and stay at home would almost certainly be frowned upon. However, as Fitzgerald (2004) explained "the truth is, men are supposed to be men and women are supposed to be women."

Tags:equality, gender, masculinity, roles, sex, sexism, sexist, war