Abstract
The paper discusses that while it is true that grief is a universal experience, the problem is that modern society has largely separated the concept of grief from the everyday experience of life. The paper points out that profound loss also has profound and varied effects upon the bereaved individual. The author, after reviewing many definitions and case studies, establishes a definition for grief: Grief is an emotion experienced during the event of bereavement; mourning is the action through which grief is expressed.

Table of Contents
Aims
Grief: Definitions and Attributes
Case Studies
Model Case: My Brother
Borderline Case: Deciding to Die
Related Case: The Decision to Change
Contrary Case: The Decision to Maintain the Status Quo
Conclusions from Case Studies
Grief: A Definition

From the Paper
"The aim of this concept analysis is therefore to understand grief from a number of viewpoints. This will be done by means of an analysis of grief through the stages of the process a bereaved person is expected to go through. These stages include physical and psychological processes. This is followed by a consideration of the social and religious support a bereaved person needs to work through the grieving process in a healthy way. Furthermore, case studies will be considered in terms of the established theories. Finally, conclusions are drawn in terms of the nursing profession and caring for a person going through the process of bereavement."

Tags:religion, support, physical, mourning, bereavement

Abstract
Michel Foucault rejected the vast majority, if not all, of political and social theory. Foucault was inspired by Nietzsche's conception of the human world, but thought that "power" could not only explain the individual's condition, but also that of social life. Foucault's ideas on individuation, subjectivity, disicipline, sovereignty and power are all carefully explained, focusing on the relationship between body and subject.

From the Paper
"One of the most striking aspects in the work of Michel Foucault is his relationship between power and subjectivity. Foucault strongly rejects the notion of psychoanalysis, that human beings are individual subjects first and social agents second. Foucault believes that such a claim is far too simple. Human beings are neither individuals nor social agents, but individualised through power, beyond the specifics of sociological study. However the power that Foucault explores does not exist in and of itself. Rather, it is a relationship between institutions and bodies, extracting, harnessing, destroying and creating certain forces and drives in bodies. This process changes human beings from physical bodies into subjects. That is not to suggest that the process of individuation is uniform and generic. The opposite is in fact true. Foucault looks at several modes of subjectivication and while they are not mutually exclusive, nor are entirely independent, it is important to note and examine their differences. Different methods of applying power to bodies results in different individuals being produced. It is against this backdrop of subjectivication where we will begin our exploration. Originally, this essay will carefully consider Foucault's estimations of sovereign and disciplinary power, both as separate structures and in contrast with each other. From that point, we can proceed into making an evaluation of Foucault's explanations, with note as to the advantages and disadvantages of Foucault's striking conception of the human subject."

Tags:discipline, individuation, liberalism, nietzsche, power

Abstract
This paper attempts to define and describe the concept of strategy. The paper begins by explaining that few theories actually define the subject, but one of the main ones is Mintzberg's theories or school's of thought on the topic of strategy. The paper explains what the ten theories are and then shows how they apply to the organization.

Contents:
Mintzberg's ten schools of thought
Strategy as a process
Strategy in content
Strategy in context
References

From the Paper
"In Mintzberg's ten schools of thought Mintzberg classifies strategy into 10 schools of thought. These schools are grouped into either prescriptive and practitioner-focused or descriptive and research-focused. Prescriptive schools aim to control strategy process through analysis and are interested in how strategies should be formulated (Minzberg, p35, 1990). Whereas descriptive schools are more about how strategies arise and emerge (Minzberg, Ahlstrand, & Lampel. 1998). The first of the prescriptive school's is the design school. The design school seeks to establish a fit between internal capabilities and external possibilities by using a SWOT analysis (Bennigson, 1999). The next prescriptive school, the planning school, views that specialists and professional planners should develop strategy."

Tags:descriptive, prescriptive, business, organization

Abstract
After defining 'consciousness' in this paper, the author shows that the very fact that we all have privileged access to our consciousness and cannot analyze it from an outsider's point-of-view is a major reason why consciousness remains so mysterious. In addition, he puts forward his view that inevitably, a scientific explanation of consciousness will be possible.

From the Paper
"It is very hard to find an analogy to describe consciousness. We know nothing in the scientific world that draws a parallel with it. Consciousness is unable to be measured or analyzed because at present we know of no connection between itself and the physical body, even if there happens to be a portion of the brain where consciousness is localized. We all experience privileged access to our own consciousness, yet how can we determine for sure that other people and creatures are also conscious beings when there is no sure-fire way to prove this? How do chemical reactions and neural processes in the body trigger conscious events? This is what makes consciousness so mysterious. We take it for granted and all regard ourselves as conscious beings, yet very rarely do we actually stop to think about what it is and how it came to be."

Tags:brain, dennett, flanagan, mind, nagel, science, scientific, thinking

Abstract
This essay explains Bentham's reasons for developing utilitarianism as both a social and political framework. It examines utilitarianism in an individual and private environment, as well as its workings in a more widespread and universal atmosphere. The latter part of this essay focuses on the viability of utilitarianism in the public sphere, and whether it provides appropriate guidance for government policy-making. The main objective of this part of the essay is to determine whether Bentham's principle of utility is appropriate as the foundation of a political structure. Thusly, it focuses on the attributes and failings of the principle of utility as a public philosophy.

From the Paper
"Bentham's theory of utilitarianism was a result of deficiencies in government institutions in his country, and their failing to adequately serve the general satisfaction of its population. The principle of utility is based on intrinsic facts that motivate individuals, namely pleasure and pain. It is human nature to pursue pleasure and to avoid pain. Therefore what we ought and ought not to do is determined by these two "sovereign masters". The element of pleasure or pain involved in an action determines whether or not an individual, or group of people proceed with that action. All forms of utilitarianism are consequential. In every circumstance or action, a consequence is identified and then compared with the consequence of inaction.Whichever produces the greatest happiness is what ought to be done."

Tags:bentham, political, principle, theory, utility

Abstract
This paper explains the theory of oligopoly and discusses how Australia's airline industry provides a solid example of an oligopoly market. It uses case studies of Qantas, Virgin and Tiger airlines to demonstrate how all need to employ profit-maximising strategies that take into account the likely response to the strategies of other firms.

Outline:
Introduction
Case Study

From the Paper
"The combined profits of firms in an oligopoly can be maximised if they act together as a monopolist. Under "normal" conditions it is expected that firms in an oligopoly will collaborate to produce the optimal conditions for themselves. This leads to a practice known as price-fixing, whereby business competitors agree to sell a virtually homogenous product at the same price. The agreement itself is known as a cartel. Since the practice is anti-competitive, and economically inefficient according to neo-classical economics, it is illegal under the Trade Practices Act and has been the subject of a recent scandal in the airline industry worldwide."

Tags:Game, theory, monopoly

Abstract
In this paper, the author explores the internal and external influences that can have a predominant effect on an organization and how these pressures can cause organizations to change. The author highlights the new forms of work organizations that have been introduced in many enterprises as a result of these pressures as well as the efforts being made to provide greater efficiency and higher job satisfaction.

From the Paper
"Change is the experience of significant difference. It is above all else, experience. Experiences are personal and individual. People's response to what is supposed to be the same change may be very different. Change disrupted routine, causing people to feel a sense of loss. Change is a process, which occurs continually in life. Change threatens what is known and what makes the future uncertain. The external influences consist of factors external to the industry that may have significant impact on the firm's strategies. A firm cannot typically control its general environment. The external influences consist of much diverse but interrelated part. Here, we will look at segments: competition, technology, international influencers, government regulations/legislation and economic influences. These issues often overlap and developments in one area may influence those in another."

Tags:changes, pressure, external, internal, management, transformation, employees, human, resources

Abstract
This paper discusses how we are constantly communicating and how silence and other methods of non-verbal communication are no more random than words. It analyzes how these are systematic expressions of meaning, which are often quite unconsciously used, in interpersonal contacts and how relationships in business and in social situations can be made and broken simply by the non verbals. It illustrates through a literature review and various diagrams, how the effective reading of body language can do much to avoid or defuse conflict situation and provides strategies which can assist in resolving these conflicts.

From the Paper
"Good communication requires that the communicators spend special or quality time together. Quality time involves that there is no time crunch and there is no crush of a crowd around you. In quality time we can search for just the right words that express what we are thinking and feeling. (Powell: 1987, 344). It follows also that in such ideal situations the non-verbal aspects of the communication will also be positive. A common attitude about silence or the absence of verbalized communication is that communication can be turned on and off, when we talk and when we do not. The reality is that we are constantly communicating, silence and other methods of non-verbal communication are no more random than words. These are systematic expressions of meaning, which are often quite unconsciously used, in interpersonal contacts (Myers: 1985, 217). Relationships in business and in social situations can be made and broken simply by the non verbals."

Tags:gestures, interpersonal, language, signals, tension

Abstract
This paper evaluates both the short and long term significance of the New Deal. It concerns not only the New Deal's immediate recovery efforts but its wider influence on the development of capitalism itself. The writer shows how Roosevelt's plan totally changed the economic governing to date and took America and ultimately the world economy out of the depression of the 1930's. The paper includes a number of quotes from politicians and analysts of the time.

From the Paper
"There can be no doubting the significance of the New Deal. In addition to its critical immediate effects, the New Deal set a remarkably different economic trend for the twentieth century. Gauged by the program's two distinct phases of influence " its short and long term impacts " the New Deal's monumental significance is clear. In the short term the program led to a recovery of the United States economy and the comprehensive reform of American industry, agriculture and commerce."

Tags:capitalism, democratic, economic, history, recovery

Abstract
The paper examines the reconstruction of family composition in 17th and 18th centuries by historian, P. Laslett in his book "The World We Have Lost". It explores why some theories such as the late age of first marriage that was apparently unique to pre-modern Europe, have not been challenged, while others, such as the notion of a stable nuclear pattern, have been disputed at length.

From the Paper
"Because early modern Europe was principally a rural and class-based society, the family structure during this era was highly reliant upon on social rank. When there was land and money at stake, marriage within the same social class was paramount. The poor were also limited to marrying within their social class, but had a larger pool of potential mates from which to choose. This was a time in history in which two-generation households, rather than three-generation households, were customary. The oldest members of the household traditionally bestowed any holdings they had to the next generation upon retirement, and remained in close proximity to the family. The close support that existed between relatives living in separate but neighboring homes makes it difficult to distinguish whether the independent nuclear family was the basic family unit during this time, or whether it was actually the extended family (Laslett, 1984)."

Tags:18th, 19th, Weber, Karl, Marx, Western