Abstract
This paper discusses how extreme aggressive behavior in children is an issue which can be both fearsome and exhausting for teachers and family members. It looks at how there are several approaches to behavior management which can be helpful in improving children's behavior and general mood and focuses on two of these methods -William Glasser's choice theory and the cognitive approach of Jean Piaget. The paper contends that both theories can be very successful with calming student's short term, reducing temper tantrums and outbursts and improving their behavior and changing their attitude in the long term.

From the Paper
"Anger is a primary emotion all humans experience. Anger can be a reaction to fear, hurt frustration, disappointment, and jealousy. Anger is not something which needs to be eliminated, but something that we as humans must learn to cope and manage with in acceptable ways. Anger can be associated with low self-esteem, fear of failure, or feelings of isolation. Violent children don't typically recognise how they make others suffer and do not have empathy for those they hurt. Children usually develop empathy in infancy, however if they have been traumatised they will shut off all feelings, including concern for others. Aggressive children often have distorted thinking processes. They may believe that it is them against the world and that being aggressive to others will make them powerful and in control. "

Tags:violence, anger, management, therapy

Abstract
The paper concludes that the reviewed literature indicates that those who are unable to effectively control anxiety and stress events are at a higher risk for heart disease than those who manage their worries more successfully. The paper reports that these studies demonstrate that the ability of a person to find ways to relax and reduce anxiety will provide tremendous benefits and will reduce the risk factors related to heart disease. The author believes that for those who suffer from heart disease, the delivery of quality nursing care in a physical and psychological sense, may provide patients with sensations of relief and comfort.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Analysis of Findings
Anxiety and Heart Disease in Relation to Human Health
Implications for Nursing Care
Anxiety, Heart Disease and Health Care Delivery
Conclusion

From the Paper
"A study by Tacon, McComb, Caldera and Randolph sought ways to reduce anxiety in women that leads to heart disease. The research study suggests that those faced with anxiety have reduced heart rate variability that may lead to such events as hypertension, arrhythmias and impaired vagal tone. Furthermore, since women are more likely to experience anxiety and depression than men are, they are also more likely to experience higher levels of anxiety before and after bypass surgery (25-26). The primary focus of this study evaluates the importance of relaxation techniques in the reduction of anxiety and subsequent heart disease, and the results demonstrate that those who practice relaxation techniques on a regular basis will reduce their levels of anxiety and the likelihood that they will suffer from heart disease."

Tags:women, stress, relaxation, factors, care

Abstract
This paper examines how evidence-based practice closes the ever increasing gap between research and clinical practice and in particular, examines how, through a literature review, the best treatment for panic disorder without agoraphobia can be found.

Outline
What is Evidence Based Practice?
My Client
The Questions
The Resources
The Evaluation
The Client
Self-Evaluation
Strengths and Weaknesses

From the Paper
"First introduced to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition (DSM-III) in 1980 Panic disorder (PD) is characterized by cognitive fears such anticipation of death, unexpected panic attacks and somatic symptomology such as dizziness, trembling, or heart palpitations. Those inflicted with such a disorder have recurrent fears of panic attacks and feel anxious whilst such symptomology appears to be in remission. Recent diagnostic criteria such as DSM-III-R and DSM-IV report prevalence of 2.3% (Kessler, Stang, Wittchen, Ustun, Roy-Byrne, & Walters; 1998)."

Tags:behavioural, cognitive, evidence, exposure, interoceptive, therapy

Abstract
The notion of family has undergone radical change within the last century and with that idea of what constitutes a "normal" childhood. This paper examines how it has become increasingly difficult to identify the typical childhood experience within the family life cycle. It looks at how functional and dysfunctional patterns of child development need to be examined within their systemic context and the family's cultural background to deem what constitutes a "normal" developmental trajectory across time.

Outline
The Child Within a Developmental Context
Systemic View of Child Development
Assessment
Interventions
Efficacy and Effectiveness of Systemic Therapy

From the Paper
"The type and level of dysfunction a child experiences and impacts a family system is dependent upon what developmental stage they are currently in. For example, the impact that an alcoholic mother has on her infant may create a different set of developmental challenges (e.g. ) as compared to a pubescent child (e.g.). In order to understand the impact of the family on the child, the child first needs to be understood in terms of what personal dilemmas the child need to overcome in each developmental phase in order to achieve normative developmental milestones."

Tags:cycle, erikson, life, psychosocial, childhood

Abstract
Throughout the literature it has been noted that prevalence rates of BN within Australia fall within the 1-3% range for women meeting diagnosable criteria within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). This paper explores and critically reflects on the treatment orientations of cognitive behavioural therapy and a psychodynamic approach. The outcomes and underlying mechanisms driving these orientations are explored with personal preferences and frameworks of the author being expressed at the cessation.

From the Paper
"Core assumptions of Bulimia Nervosa (BN) from a Cognitive-Behavioural perspective surround its precise pathology (ie. the clinical features from which it is diagnosable) and that which maintains such pathology. Clinical features and those, which maintain them, are the formulation upon which treatment is based and executed. Fairburn, Marcus and Wilson (1993) specify these cognitive and behavioural factors which maintain BN, as being low self esteem, extreme concerns about shape and weight, dietary restraint (ie. restriction of food intake), binge eating, and compensatory behaviours (such as vomiting and/or laxative use). Figure 1 depicts a schematic representation of their cognitive-behavioural model (as depicted by Fairburn, Marcus and Wilson, 1993)."

Tags:anorexia, behavioural, bulimia, cbt, cognitive, disorders, eating, psychodynamic, therapy

Abstract
Through an analysis of the literature, this paper examines the key components of ADHD, including prevalence and diagnosis. Its causes,including biological and socio-environmental factors (i.e. diet, maternal smoking and difficult family environments) are discussed, as are a number of common treatments including stimulant drugs, counselling, behavioural methods and alternative therapies. Detailed results from the "Multi-Model Treatment Study" for children with ADHD are also presented. Further study into the area of cognitive behavioral therapy is recommended.

From the Paper
"Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is defined by the DSM-IV as a "persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development" (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p78). Experts estimate that between three to five percent of school-age children have ADHD, with an average of two to three times as many boys than girls being affected. ADHD is the most common childhood psychiatric disorder and is usually diagnosed during the early school years. In most cases symptoms ease during late adolescents and adulthood, although a minority experience major symptoms of the disorder into mid-adulthood (American Psychiatric Association, 2000)."

Tags:behaviour, classroom, methylphenidate, modification, ritalin

Abstract
This paper provides a critical comparison of two common brief therapies--cognitive behaviour therapy and brief solution focused therapy. A thorough analysis of the current themes and practices used in these two treatments is made in order to provide the foundation for a comprehensive comparison of the two. Their similarities and differences are presented and it is concluded that both techniques are effective in managing a variety of problems.

Outline
Brief Solution
Focused Therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
BSFT & CBT Compared

From the Paper
"Brief solution focused therapy (BSFT) was developed in the early 1980's by Steve de Shazer and colleagues, whose philosophy to focus on solutions rather than problems became the foundation of this therapy (de Shazer & Berg, 1997). The main goal of BSFT is to help clients access their own strengths and capacities and to help them develop and recognise these as a means to change (Durrant, 2000). A core assumption of BSFT is that there are always exceptions to problems, instances in which the problem will not occur. These exceptions are brought to the client's attention almost immediately in the first session by the counsellor (Stalker, Levene & Coady, 1999). Another important assumption of BSFT is that solutions don't have to have much in common with problems, with the same basic therapy producing changes in a wide variety of cases (Stalker et. al.)."

Tags:abuse, miracle, counsellor

Abstract
This paper explains that Behavior Therapy and Rational Emotive Therapy were developed around the middle of the 20th century. The paper begins by discussing Behavior Therapy, which focuses on the client's behavior, it draws from classical and operant conditioning procedures and works to abolish maladaptive behaviors through replacing these with more adaptive ones. The paper then explains that Rational Emotive Therapy, on the other hand, moves to replace irrational beliefs that are causing distress or discomfort in the client's life with more rational beliefs. These two therapies have both differences and similarities which are discussed further within this paper.

From the Paper
"Behavior Therapy was introduced into the psychological world during the 1950s to counter the criticisms of psychodynamic theories of this era. Designed to focus upon observable behavior, Behavior Therapy (BT) strayed from the focal point of unconscious mental processes in which psychodynamic theory was based and laid a different foundation (the belief that maladaptive behaviors become linked with certain stimuli through chance) that would be followed for years to come (Carlson, Buskist & Martin, 2000). BT drew from previous psychological works such as Pavlov's classical conditioning and Skinner's operant conditioning principles and by the 1970's it became the preferred treatment approach to many presented psychological disorders."

Tags:compare, contrast, psychology, treatment

Abstract
This paper focuses upon both the needs and the challenges faced by both the family as a whole and by individuals entering the final phase of the family life cycle. It looks at how the final phase of the family life cycle encompasses two separate stages, the launching phase (55-69 years of age), which is characterized by the last dependent member of the family exiting from the family system and the 'later life' stage (70 to 100+ years of age), which is characterized by the acceptance of a shift in generational roles.

Outline
Family Systems Theory
Launching Stage
Assessment and Treatment Issues within the Launching Stage
Transition from the Launching Stage to Later Life
Later Life
End of Life and Loss
Assessment and Treatment Issues in Later Life
Summary

From the Paper
"Self-concept plays a large role within this stage, which is best portrayed by Erikson's psychosocial theory of development. Here, the middle aged adult looks outside of themselves and aspires to care, or to be of service to others; such a notion is coined: generativity. Generativity is analogous to unselfish love and is given regardless of whether or not it is reciprocated (Erikson, 1963). On the other side of the notion of generativity is stagnation, in which the individual becomes completely self-absorbed. Such a stage of conflict contributes to one's sense of purpose and their expanded identity. Here, individuals re-evaluate their career goals, they have a shift in family responsibility and they must begin to deal with one's own mortality (Erikson, 1963)."

Tags:therapy, loss, age, elderly

Abstract
The major themes of this paper include a detailed review of what psychoanalyst, Irvin Yalom describes as the four major existential concerns, Death, Freedom, Isolation and Meaninglessness. A case study is presented to demonstrate the applicability of an existential approach in a therapeutic situation.

From the Paper
"Existential psychotherapy as Yalom points out "defies succinct expression." It is presented as a dynamic approach to therapy which focuses on concerns that are "rooted in the individuals existence." As opposed to other psychotherapeutic modalities, it does not originate from a distinct school or a systematic theory, but rather an approach that encompasses a broad range of ideas not necessarily founded on empirical evidence, but often on ?deep intuition.?"

Tags:psychotherapeutic, model, therapy