Abstract
This research paper outlines some key effects of terrorism on the application of the rule of law. By outlining key historical events in conjunction with the practical analysis of the law and its connotations, one is able to see how terrorism may effect the validity of the law in a social, economic and political context.

From the Paper
"Terrorism is the largest threat to democracy the world has seen. The recent September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon are often perceived as the beginning of a "never ending" war against terror. However, the perceptions of the qualities of a terrorist differ from person to person, which presents a conflict as to who really is a threat, and who is not. For example, the United States Department of Defense believes that a terrorist is a person or group who carries out an attack for a political, religious or ideological purpose whereas, in a time of war, a terrorist would be someone with only a "remote chance of achieving their aims"."

Tags:international, law, political, rule, science, september

Abstract
This paper analyses how anthrax is a powerful biological weapon, which when used appropriately, may result in the death of thousands or even millions of people. It examines how, in order to maximise the efficiency of a response to a bio-terrorist attack involving anthrax, wider knowledge of the microbiology and spore formation of anthrax is needed, as well as effective biological counter measures to ensure the safety of civilian populations.
Outline
Introduction Releasing Anthrax
Epidemiology Symptoms
Microbiology
Pathology Methods of Control
Recommendations
Conclusion Bibliography Appendix

From the Paper
"Releasing anthrax would be relative simple, a cloud of anthrax spores released in a strategic location, with a high civilian population, could kill thousands or even millions of people if released according. A lethal dosage of anthrax is considered to be 10,000 spores; 80% of a population that inhaled such a dose would die. Less than one millionth of a gram is invariably fatal within a couple of days after exposure. (REF) An anthrax aerosol would be odourless and invisible following release and would have the potential to travel many kilometres."

Tags:agent, chemical, iraq, pathogen, terrorism, terrorist, war

Abstract
The paper examines the impact that terrorism has had on Australians and the way in which their travel has changed since the bombings of the 'Twin-Towers' in New York and 'Paddy's Bar' in Bali. The paper focuses on Bali, a favourite travel destination for Australians for many years. The paper discusses the crucial role the media has played in developing the discourse on modern-day terrorism. The paper also looks at how the Howard regime relates to Muslims.

From the Paper
"Before the bombings in Bali October 2002, Australians travelled to all parts of the globe with abandonment and a carefree attitude that had endeared them to many. Even after the attack on the Twin-Towers New York 2001, Australians had a "Could not happen to us" (Webster, 2002 P.28) mind-set. As a consequence, Australians continued to travel to Bali in large numbers. During 2001, Bali had received "2 million foreign visitors who stayed in 26,000 star-rated hotel rooms" (Webster, 2002 P.27). Although Bali is in Indonesia, and Indonesia is considered a rather risky place to visit because "Of its religious mix and inherent tensions" (Webster, 2002 P.28), Bali has always been perceived as different, by Australians. Because of this, many Australians continued to travel to Bali after the terrorist attacks in New York."

Tags:Muslims, motor, vehicle, Indonesia, media, Howard

Abstract
The paper argues that the transnational issues of terrorism, oil shortages and large scale immigration of peoples pose a threat to both contemporary intrastate security and global security. The paper discusses how oil shortages cause oil-dependent states to want to secure oil reserves, the very essence of terrorism poses an obvious security threat and the large scale migrations of people between states pose a threat to the intrastate security areas of nationalism, economics, culture and society.

From the Paper
"The precarious nature of the global situation of oil supplies has the potential to cause severe interstate conflict. This potential for conflict is centered on three factors: firstly, the developed global North is highly dependant on oil. In fact, the global North consumes over twice as much fossil fuels as the global South. This is even more so with America, which consumes 6 times as much as the global South. Secondly, much of Earth's oil reserves are located in highly unstable Middle Eastern states. Hence, the flow of oil from these countries is essentially unpredictable. Thirdly, global reserves of oil are rapidly exhausting. This state of affairs is compounded by underdeveloped states quickly becoming industrialised. From these factors, several potential situations where interstate conflict could occur can be identified. As oil reserves are exhausted and competition for remaining sources builds, highly dependant states could conceivably see the need for a secure oil flow as important enough to warrant martial actions. This could mean the invasion of oil rich states. Some academics, such as Dr Doug Stokes, have argued that such a situation has already been realized in the U.S led invasion of Iraq."

Tags:interstate, intrastate, conflict

Abstract
This paper discusses the new anti-terror laws in Australia and how these impact Australian human rights. It examines what these new laws involve, what entrenching a Bill of Rights would involve and the possible outcomes of an entrenchment of the Australian Constitution. The author of the paper ultimately argues that a Bill of Rights is not necessary to protect the fundamental rights of the Australian people.

From the Paper
"If a Bill of Rights were introduced into Australia, judges would have ultimate power in deciding what actually constitutes human rights (Kerby 1995). Instead of the parliament and the elected politicians deciding on the rights of the people, this would be left to judges (Kerby, 1995). Some argue that this is giving them too much power. It is said that middle aged, upper class and predominantly white males cannot possibly know what is best for all demographics of the Australian nation and have no way in determining the will of the people (Kerby, 1995). Others also believe that judiciary's are unreliable as the sole determiners of human rights as a Constitutional Bill of Rights would enable them to establish their own political agendas (Gibbs, 2000). In addition, their decisions would no doubt be made on personal morals, views and beliefs (Gibbs, 2000). Also there would be an increase of power for those with wealth. By this it is meant that it would be the wealthy who could afford the legal action to achieve their agendas in how the bill was interpreted (Malcolm ,1998)."

Tags:judicial, liberties, power, ASIO

Abstract
A close look at the September 11th terrorist attacks and the multifaceted implications for United States. The author looks at foreign policy, security arrangements and the military and discusses the end of U.S. cultural isolationism. Finally the author looks at the move to multi-lateralism and the changing role of the States in the rest of the world.

From the Paper
"In his book, The Coming Anarchy, Robert Kaplan chillingly pointed to stateless terrorists being better equipped and to an America bathed in "entertainment culture" heading inexorably towards "something unpleasant". The terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001 have certainly sparked much debate over the possible implications for world order, security and possible conflict. The irony may be that notwithstanding the pain and anguish of the victims and their friends and families, the United States may emerge with better foreign policy and a clearer world military role."

Tags:war, globalization, world, multi-lateralism

Abstract
This paper examines the book "An Evil Cradling" by Brian Keenan which relates his story as a hostage of Shiite militiamen in Beirut for four and a half years. It discusses how his persuasive style invites the reader into this story: To the scene, to the feelings and to a world of inner strength from which Brian Keenan's survival in a world of terror and violence comes. It shows how the book is an heartening and stimulating experience and how in the face of utter fear and despair the human psyche has mechanisms such as humor and warmth for a fellow human being, which sustain us. It looks at how Keenan's sanity was retained by his ability to retreat into his mind-his thoughts and dreams gave strength and is ability to step outside of himself and the situation and become an observer, attempting to understand but refusing to let his mind become part of it.

From the Paper
"Keenan deliberates that to be truly humanized it is necessary to share his experience honestly with another person. He sees that this means in its entirety, including the thoughts, which trouble him and the irrational musings. When madness hovers, created by fear, it is the imaginings of the mind that saves McCarthy but only as Keenan leads him through an experience of imagining a room and the minute details of all it contains. Humor is a way of distancing themselves from the violence- after the particularly savage beating of Keenan by Abed they resort to humor as a way of keeping control. They identify the guard Saafi as having something that makes him human- a sense of humor."

Tags:spirituality, terrorism, mccarthy, torture

Abstract
The increasing relationship between transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups constitutes a complex and fluid situation. This paper broadly examines some of the reasons for the increasing relationship between these two groups and by looking briefly at the organisational structures, actions and motivations of them, attempts to assess the current strength of this linkage.
Outline
Introduction
Traditional Similarities
Growing Similarities
Partnerships
Fundamental Differences
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Prior to September 11 the relationship between transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups was relatively unexplored and it appears that it was a widely held view that the link between the two was limited. In 1996 the United States government reported, 'On the basis of information currently available to the United States Government, it appear[s] that most transnational crime [is] completely unrelated to terrorist crimes or terrorism' . In the mid-1990s Alex Schmid (head of the United Nations Terrorism Prevention Branch) completed a study for the United Nations in which he came to the conclusion that '...despite some common ground, organized crime and terrorism are distinct phenomena that should not be confused. While there is overlap in the modus operandi of terrorists and organized criminals, there are several important differences'."

Tags:united, nations, al, qaeda, 9/11

Abstract
Although society does not often see globalization and terrorism in the same light, there are many connecting aspects. This paper outlines the true definitions of each term and evaluates the relationship between terrorism and globalization.

From the Paper
"Globalisation has long been viewed as Americanisation, and therefore the revolt against globalisation has always been aimed at the United States. Globalisation is a process more complex than a simple power play from the United states, however many countries view changes brought about as a result of globalisation as a push to remove traditions and religious beliefs from differing nations".

Tags:economy, government, islam, Americanisation, NAFTA, EU

Abstract
This paper employs a critical review of the body of literature, original research synthesis to determine if indeed a causal relationship can be found between the production of nuclear energy and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. An exhaustive statistical regression analysis illustrates that the relationship between the aforementioned variables is not significant and thus, that the hypothesis of correlation and causation cannot be confirmed. However, the paper goes on to provide evidence to suggest correlation between the proliferation of nuclear weapons and other factors such as global military tensions and certain categories of world events. The paper includes graphs and tables.

Paper Outline:

Literature Review
Proposal
Data Sources
Data Analysis
Results and Interpretation
Discussion
Conclusion
Reference List

From the Paper
"The body of literature is generally in concessus with regard to the link between the production of nuclear energy and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. There is, however, disagreement over the method by which nuclear weapons and materials are spread. Some argue that terrorist organisations and rogue states are able to acquire enriched uranium from nuclear waste deposits. Others claim that these parties are more likely to invest in nuclear energy technology as a means of acquiring nuclear weapons while other still claim that the link between these two factors in negligible or non existent. "

Tags:cold, war, energy, korea, npt, reactor, terrorism