Abstract
The paper analyzes the book, which looks at the U.S. government's involvement in the tobacco industry. It discusses shifts in policy making with regard to tobacco and the influence and power of the tobacco industry to fight anti-smoking policies. The effect of federalism on product regulation is discussed, as is the release of the report by the Surgeon General, Luther Terry, in 1964; claiming smoking as a health risk. The Federal Trade Commission's role in regulating cigarettes is looked at and the interference of politics in neutral, scientific, and impartial regulation is raised. The paper concludes with recommendations for the future, such as the rationalization of public policy and the monitoring of policy changes.

From the Paper
"The tobacco issue has been a difficult one in the American political system from the beginning of tobacco as a cash crop. The issue has become even more complex in recent years, with one arm of the government offering subsidies and other support to tobacco growers while another is challenging the health risks involved and still another is seeking legal redress. The government has for some time in effect been on both sides of the issue at the same time. Many of the reasons for this can be found in the book Smoking and Politics: Policy Making and the Federal Bureaucracy by A. Lee Fritschler and James M. Hoefler, most recently in its 5th Edition as the authors update their analysis every few years."

Tags:U.S., government, tobacco, industry, policy, making, shifts, anti-smoking, federalism, regulation, health, risk, recommendations

Abstract
This paper describes a make believe terrorist attack on "City Hall" and presents a strategy for responding to the attack. The strategy consists of a preliminary evaluation of the scene, concerns about scene safety, lifesaving efforts and scene protection and establishing security and control.

Part 1: Preliminary Evaluation of the Scene
Part 2: Concerns about Scene Safety
Part 3: Lifesaving Efforts and Scene Protection
Part 4: Establishing Security and Control.
Scenario: Security and Control
Facts from OSHA and Government Security to Support our Strategy:

From the Paper
"Our head person of safety will be the Safety Officer (SO). The SO provides overall safety of the scene to workers and bystanders creates a safety plan and ensures there are no alterations to this plan. The SO will work directly under the Incident Commander (IC) and may work closely with the Management Staff coordinating safety operations. The SO at any time may suspend the plan(s) of action if they deem necessary for safety reasons. Workers must keep in mind that the number one important thing on the scene is safety. This includes the safety of oneself, coworkers, victims, bystanders and least, property. The SO will coordinate as often as needed with the IC, Section Chief and/or Incident Manager."

Tags:team, responder, crime, scene, bomb, exploded, toxins, explosion, personnel, law, enforcement, officers, firefighters, emergency, medical, services

Abstract
This paper examines the issue of gun control and whether or not federal legislation will help curb the availability of guns that have lead to an explosion of violence across the country. The author argues that the lack effective legislation that oversees the distribution and monitoring of guns has lead to an explosion in the crime rates over the past two decades. The author presents some of the arguments on both sides of the issue with the help of crime rate statistics and political testimony given on Capitol Hill from the period after September 11. The paper also examines Second Amendment rights regarding the right to bear arms and analyzes some of the different arguments that have been presented that can be transferred to the issue of gun control. The paper also presents some discussion of the NRA, including a short history, its policy goals and record of increased involvement in the shaping of any and all policy regarding guns in the United States. The author sharpens their argument against gun control through a discussion of the fact that terrorist handbooks often note how easy it is to acquire weapons in the United States.

From the Paper
"It would use a Canadian technology called IBIS (Integrated Ballistics Identification System), currently used by 233 local law enforcement sites around the United States, to produce a 360 degree photographic image of the bullet or shell casing. The software then would translate the picture into a digital signature, which could then be compared with other crime scene evidence. If a national database were created, bullets or casings recovered from a crime scene could then be traced to the point of purchase, which would give detectives new leads. The databases that exist are quite small because only two states "Maryland and New York"? require handgun manufacturers to fire the weapons and record the signature. When critics point out that the current database has solved no crimes and so such a system should not be implemented any more widely, they are obfuscating the issue just as they do when they say gun control in one or two states has not stopped crime. What is needed is a national solution so such arguments would be sown up for the falsehoods they are (Alter 41)."

Tags:Second, Amendment, nra, brady, bill, 9/11

Abstract
While in the 1960s and 1970s, child sexual abuse and child abuse in general was almost invisible, in recent year the issue is constantly in the pages of newspapers and magazines, and in portrayals on television and in movies. It sometimes appears that there has been a radical increase in the abuse of children, although experts believe most of this is the result of better reporting and changes in the perception of abuse. Still, there is a need for response; often that response leads to an intervention by human service agencies, including the possibility of removing the child from the home. The paper questions the effectiveness of these agencies in protecting children and improving their situation. The paper looks at the evolution of child welfare concepts, explores the current state of human service agency activity regarding children and comes to a conclusion about the effectiveness of human service agencies in protecting children.

From the Paper
"This seems to echo the assertion by Wells and Tracy (1996) that there needs to be a new emphasis on out-placement of children in order to provide true child welfare services. They noted that recent practice has emphasized family preservation programs, rather than splitting-up families. However, they indicated that evidence has accumulated which shows that the intensive family preservation model has failed to protect children. Actually, that was not really its primary goal, since the initiative for the model developed in response to criticisms of Child Protective Services and their removal of children from the homes. The focus of the model, then, was to keep families together, while helping with family crises and protecting the children."

Tags:Elizabethan, Poor, Law, Social, Security, Act, foster, care, welfare

Abstract
This essay discusses the history of expansion of the power of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) jurisprudence over the legislation of European Union member states, and examines several explanations for this expansion. The author then considers how this application of ECJ law impresses on the integration of the acquis communitaire into the administration of both the existing member states and the accession states. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications that the expanded role of the European Court of Justice may hold for the future of the European Union.

Introduction
Expanding Role of the European Court of Justice
Role of the ECJ in the Integration of EU Policy
into "Sovereign" States & Implications for the Future of
the European Union
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since the 1950's the European Court of Justice's role in European society has grown dramatically. This growth has perhaps been unnoticed by politicians in the various member states of the European Union. Additionally, most political scientists have largely ignored the European Court of Justice.[1] The expansion of the ECJ has reached a point where ECJ jurisprudence is being used by national courts to overrule some laws promulgated by national legislatures![2] Given that no existing treaty within the EU provides this sort of autonomy or authority to the ECJ [3], one would not be silly to question how such a situation has come about."

Tags:community, court, european, union, enlarge, effect, law

Abstract
On January 8th, 2001, President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 into law. This law is a summation of Bush's reform of education platform and contains some of the most sweeping of all changes and modifications to the Elementary and Secondary Education Acct (ESEA) since it was put into law in 1965. The paper shows that this act has resulted in a great deal of controversy on all sides of the issue. The paper examines the nature of the NCLB, its impact and the controversy over the issue.

From the Paper
"The new requirements for accountability include documentation of the program's effectiveness in supporting technology integration into curriculum and instruction and the intervention's influence on instructional practice. Research is showing that technology can effectively capture information about change in teachers' use of technology. For example, the California Department of Education developed the California Technology Assistance Project/Technology Assessment Profile, a tool for teachers to self-assess their competency in integrating technology into instruction. Typically, teachers complete CTA online before and after staff development. Results are graphically reported online as well. The state recommends that school districts use CTA as part of the overall assessment strategy and to assess the effects of the NCLB-EETT requirement that 25% of the technology funding be used for staff development (Cradler and Cradler, 2002)."

Tags:republican, NCLB-EETT, IDEA

Abstract
An examination of the changes in ethical standards, accountability, and professionalism in the Australian Police Force over the past twenty years, including an look at education requirements for policemen.

From the Paper
"Professionalism and accountability within the Police Force is an ever-changing matter. Professionalism has increased over the last 20 years through academia and the introduction of different codes of conduct and codes of ethics and guidelines that have been set for the Police Service. These policies that have been implemented have increased professionalism by setting proper guidelines that need to be followed to avoid repercussions on Police Service members."

Tags:Australia, commissions, accountability

Abstract
Before a government, organisation or institution can be deemed democratic they must satisfy a specific set of criteria. From procedural to substantive perspectives, these can differ in accord with the theory of democracy being used. This paper explores some key indicators of democracy (elections, representativeness and the expression of the will of the people) and the promotion of equality and fairness, as they pertain to the structure, practices and core policies of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in order to ascertain which organisation is more democratic.
Outline
Elections
Representation
The Will of the People
Equality and Fairness for All

From the Paper
"An organisation or institution can only be considered democratic and, in fact, legitimate if they are elected via free and open elections that are generally contested by a minimum of two candidates and the winner determined by (usually) majority rule (Janda, Berry and Goldman 1990: 53). When these principles are applied to the manner in which the WTO and IMF executives and member countries are chosen it is evident that this was not done democratically. Along with the World Bank, executives at the WTO and IMF are not chosen by democratic election they are simply appointed by member countries (Stiglitz 2004: 227), they then act as a representative on behalf of that country. Executives at both institutions in this sense could argue that they promote representative democracy given that they represent their country."

Tags:conditionality, consensus, elections, equality, liberalisation, liberalistion, market, people, representativeness, trade, trips, washington

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the many issues that have been raised in the debate between the protection of civil liberties and national security that has arisen since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States. The paper looks at how and why the framers of the U.S. Constitution made the protection of civil liberties such an important part of the moral fabric of the country and how this may have in some way contributed to the difficulties in preventing such a devastating attack. The question of what needs to be done in order to prevent this from happening again, including discussion that may require changes in this basic tenet in American society, is also discussed. The author looks at some proposals for increased national security including profiling, that may, because of the nature of the Constitution, become impossible to enact. The paper also discusses why these changes must become necessary in order to protect the population against forces in society that were not in existence at the time the framers wrote the Constitution.

From the Paper
"With the attacks of the World Trade Center the society saw the government investigators beginning to randomly eavesdrop on phone calls. They began to read mails that had before remained confidential; suspects were rounded up in thousands and detained without warrants and without any charges being made against them. New rules have since been established that claim that the administration has the right to monitor the communication that is considered with "reasonable suspicion." Racial profiling is being done as the FBI questions foreign nations within US soil on different visa statuses. Lists are drawn up and any person with even a remote link to the nations of the terrorist network al-Qaida is being rounded up. Justice officials say the men, all age 18 to 33 and with non-immigrant visas, are not suspects but are wanted for voluntary interviews."

Tags:constitution, rights, government, protection, laws, priority, infrastructure, radical, impact, world, trade, fbi, profiling, racial, interviews, 911

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history of professional police forces in Britain, the US, and Australia, starting in the 18th century. Includes an analysis of the how the general population regards police.

From the Paper
"The modern day police force is often taken for granted. People assume that the police will always be there whenever needed and probably always have been. A second thought is rarely ever entered into of the origins of the police force. But it was not until the nineteenth century that a police force remotely similar to what we have come to know in the present time emerged. In times of rapid social change and widespread disorder, a force of individuals became necessary to uphold and enforce the public law."

Tags:police, great, britain, ireland, bolshevism, catholic