Abstract
There are many factors that economic growth can effect on social well being. This paper examines these factors which include unemployment, pollution, national security, urban congestion, reduction in food availability, reduced welfare benifits and a growth in violence.

From the Paper
"Economic growth refers to the rate of growth over a set period, of goods and services, or a sustained increase in the real value of production. It can also be seen as the rate of growth per head in output, so, growth occurs when output is increasing faster than the population. If population growth is the soul reason of an increase in the output in the economy, then a real income per head can not be achieved. The rate of growth is not sufficient to improve the material well-being of the population. Growth is essential if economic welfare is to be increased; not in all cases will growth be sufficient to ensure this, as growth can be accompanied by deterioration in the environment and an increase in anxiety, violence, lawlessness, and welfare benefits may decline."

Tags:corporate, gdp, national, pollution, resouces, security, states, violence, welfare

Abstract
Before a government, organisation or institution can be deemed democratic they must satisfy a specific set of criteria. From procedural to substantive perspectives, these can differ in accord with the theory of democracy being used. This paper explores some key indicators of democracy (elections, representativeness and the expression of the will of the people) and the promotion of equality and fairness, as they pertain to the structure, practices and core policies of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in order to ascertain which organisation is more democratic.
Outline
Elections
Representation
The Will of the People
Equality and Fairness for All

From the Paper
"An organisation or institution can only be considered democratic and, in fact, legitimate if they are elected via free and open elections that are generally contested by a minimum of two candidates and the winner determined by (usually) majority rule (Janda, Berry and Goldman 1990: 53). When these principles are applied to the manner in which the WTO and IMF executives and member countries are chosen it is evident that this was not done democratically. Along with the World Bank, executives at the WTO and IMF are not chosen by democratic election they are simply appointed by member countries (Stiglitz 2004: 227), they then act as a representative on behalf of that country. Executives at both institutions in this sense could argue that they promote representative democracy given that they represent their country."

Tags:conditionality, consensus, elections, equality, liberalisation, liberalistion, market, people, representativeness, trade, trips, washington

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that illegal immigration is one of the biggest controversies and highly debated issue in the United States of America. The writer maintains that the impact of illegal immigration on the U.S economy is omnipresent with the U.S economy falling while emerging economies are making significant progress. The writer notes that many economists believe that the illegal immigration into America is a kind of economic war being waged against the Americans. The law makers and the officials in the Government have taken notice of the growing impact of illegal immigrants on the U.S economy and have taken steps to amend the existing laws so as to prevent illegal immigrants from entering the United States of America. The writer discusses that apart from the economic impact, illegal immigration has brought with it other social, religious and security problems. The writer looks at the different faces of illegal immigration and its effects on Americans.

Outline:
Introduction
Illegal immigrants
Modes of Entry
Origin of Illegal Immigrants in America
Impact of Illegal Immigration
Economic Impact
Numerical Data to Support the Economic Impact
Other Faces of Illegal Immigration
Security Issues and Costs
Education and Medical Care Costs
Environment Degradation
Crimes Committed by Illegal Immigrants
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One of the most profound impacts is the decrease in the wages of low skilled workers in America. Jobs that Americans refuse to take because of lower wages are now being taken up by illegal immigrants. This has resulted in unemployment among the Americans. American companies often prefer foreign workers who work harder for a lesser pay than the American citizens. This has lead to improper distribution of income and increased the gap between the rich and poor American citizens. Another reason why the American companies prefer foreign employees is both the employer and employee can easily escape from paying taxes to the Government. The undocumented workers do not pay their taxes. In the case of American employees the taxes are deducted from their pay roll. Although illegal immigrants increase the profits for their employers they hurt the American taxpayers. Since most of the illegal immigrants have low educational qualification and low skill level they are most employed for lower wages in poor working condition mostly in underworld economies. Hence the illegal immigrants easily evade the payment of taxes without their knowledge."

Tags:immigrants, economic, impacts, burden

Abstract
This paper explores how the economy affects the automotive industry. Specifically, the paper discusses the effects of shifts and price elasticity of supply and demand and wage inequality on the automotive industry. Additionally, the positive and negative externalities and monetary and fiscal policy aspects are addressed. The writer concludes that overall, understanding the impacts of wage inequality, monetary and fiscal policies, and the price elasticity of supply and demand can help determine the outcome of the automotive industry.

From the Paper
"There are many characteristics of supply and demand that impact the automotive industry. The automotive industry is a competitive market which consists of a market where there are several buyers and several sellers and both have a minor impact on the market price. Consumers within the automotive industry determine the shifts in supply and demand. There are several variables that can shift the demand curve. The main variables are income, prices of related goods, and substitutes. The automotive industry is affected by buyers' incomes. For example, if an individual loses their job they would have less money to spend on a new vehicle. In the automotive market there are numerous amounts of substitutes. When the price of one vehicle increases the demand for a substitute will increase. The supply shifts are an additional factor which can impact the automotive industry. As new auto companies open there will be a change in the equilibrium and the shift in supply. The number of sellers would increase the number of vehicles available and the price would decrease."

Tags:supply, motor, vehicle, transportation

Abstract
A discussion of how the economic questions of social issues are answered. Economic principles and application are also being reinforced through the issues examined. This paper explains the few ways in which these questions are answered. It discusses three distinct types of economies: a market economy, a command economy and a mixed economy. It also identifies the failure of market mechanisms and government failure. This study of different economic systems is relevant in understanding the social issues and related policies. Whether or not government should provide assistance to market where market failure exists. It also discusses the mixture of market mechanism and government intervention in most of the countries today such as Australia.

From the Paper
"Any economy is faced with three basic problems: what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce. Moreover, contemporary social issues are imperative and economics principles provide a basic analytical tool useful in understanding of social issues as well as solutions to solve these issues. Broadly speaking, free market economy and command economy are two alternative approaches to these questions. (Materano& Atkinson, 1996:33) There are large difference between the extreme of a pure market economy and a command economy. These two economy systems do not exist in their pure forms in reality. Market failure does occur in certain situations, which is a situation the market economy does not provide well enough answers to the "what, how and for whom " questions and there is a role for government to improve the situation. However, even in the case of market failure, the government may do worse than the market, which is called the government failure."

Tags:economics, principles, social, application, Australia, government, intervention, market

Abstract
This paper explains that proponents of globalization consider government intervention, in the form of economic regulation of the market and state ownership of strategic industries, as obstacles to market liberalization; the Australian government has been strongly influenced by neo-liberalism economic theory, resulting in government deregulation of the market. The author points out that, although its supporters argue otherwise, globalization is not a natural occurrence but rather the result of deliberate political and economic policy implemented by government. The paper stresses that globalization threatens democracy and the relevance of the nation state, results in fewer but larger corporations, rationalizes the downsizing of labor forces, de-skills the work force and replaces the democratic ideal of majority rule with that of minority reap.

From the Paper
"Globalization is promoted by the owners and controllers of capital; the captains of industry and commerce, management of multi national corporations, financial institutions and investment funds. It is this group that are advocates of market liberalization and market deregulation and privatization, as they consider such policies allow them the freedom to reduce costs by the efficient allocation of resources in order to maximize profit. Supporters of globalization are proponents of neo-liberalism economics. They believe that the market, free of tempering controls, is the best mechanism for the regulation of economic activity and the attainment of increased general living standards. Tariffs are viewed as a hindrance to trade and thus economic growth."

Tags:deregulation, workforce, privatization, minority, neo-liberalism

Abstract
The writer explains that the emergence of Islamic banking is an example of how religion has become subservient to economic needs, and more specifically, how Islam has become subservient to capitalism. The paper explains that although advocates claim that Islamic banking is distinctive from interest rate banking, such methods are merely window dressing - a way for the banks to legitimize themselves. The writer explains that in Shariah, Islamic law, people are prohibited from charging and receiving interest. The paper draws parallels between conventional banking systems and the new modes of so-called interest-free banking. The paper states that Islamic banks have been mimicking conventional banks, pushing for short-term, low-risk investments that are similar in quantity and risk to those obtained by other conventional banks. The writer explains that the methods used to evade interest prohibition include mislabeling interest under the false pretense of administrative costs and delegating puppet banks to alleviate responsibility from Islamic institutions. The writer challenges the advocates of this system who claim that it is Shariah-compliant. In summation, the writer states that it is evident that in the current Islamic system, Islamic beliefs have taken a second place to the capitalist system. Table of Contents: Introduction Lack of Sources for Islamic Banking Same Method, Different Name Murabaha is Not Profit Sharing Using Puppet Banks The Ulama Power Vacuum Advocates Conclusion Bibliography

From the Paper
"During the 80s, Muslim countries such as Sudan, Iran and Pakistan underwent the growth of Islamic banking due to an oil boom and the need for Muslim communities to establish a unique economic presence in the new international economic order (Pipes, 1982:45; cf. ICO: 1982). By 1995, 144 public and private banking institutions had been established claiming to practice "Islamic banking" (Shaik, 1997:118). However, this paper will argue that Islamic banking is conventional banking in disguise. Islamists have merely used the former to bypass religious restrictions to meet their capitalistic needs in a manner that is compliant, and sometimes even not compliant, to interpretations of the Shariah. Such assertions can be supported by examining characteristics of the current Islamic banking system. Nazih N. Ayubi has written about religion being subservient to the state. In this particular case, the evolution of Islamic banking has become an example of Islam being subservient to capitalism."

Tags:capitalism, conventional, koran, shariah

Abstract
This paper deals with a general explanation of monetary policy and in what situations expansionary monetary policy should be used. This is further discussed by involving the role of interest rates and economic strength of the country, relating to most recent statistics.

From the Paper
"Monetary policy is the "attempt to moderate the business cycle and control inflation by changing the quantity of money in circulation to change interest rates" (McTaggart et al, 1999: 27.2). In another words, it is the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA)'s attempt to change the quantity of money and interest rates so as to affect aggregate demand and, ultimately, equilibrium real GDP and the price level. McDonald defines monetary policy as the government's policy on setting the level of the money supply (1996: 149)."

Tags:aggregate, australia, bank, cash, contractionary, decline, demand, economy, equilibrium, expansionary, flow, government, inflation, interest, monetary, money, policy, rate, rates, rba, recession, reserve, supply, usa

Abstract
This paper explains monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policies separately, with definitions by different economists to balance the arguments. It is then followed by a discussion of their connection to each other, involving issues such as GDP, government expenditure, and interest rates.

From the Paper
"McDonald states monetary policy is the government's policy on setting the level of the money supply (1996: 149). It is the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA)'s attempt to change the quantity of money and interest rates so as to affect aggregate demand and, ultimately, equilibrium real GDP and the price level. Monetary policy, fiscal policy and the exchange rate policy are used by the RBA and by the Treasury to moderate fluctuations in a country's economic growth rate and to maintain an appropriate trend growth rate. In today's world of floating exchange rates, it can be demonstrated that monetary policy is more effective at controlling macroeconomic conditions than fiscal policy is."

Abstract
An analysis of the current budget deficit and its causes--a slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts. The paper also addresses the economic effect of a deficit on the economy and the desirable and adverse effects caused by a deficit. This essay concludes that spending would be more productive if directed to structural elements of the economy.

From the Paper
"Budget deficits occur when government expenditure is greater than revenue, forcing the government to borrow to meet its requirements. There are many potential economic effects of a deficit; the most apparent is an expansionary effect on the economy caused by injections of money being greater than withdrawals. Fiscal policy, among many other mechanisms is used to manipulate the economy. However, budget deficits should be used as to not adversely affect the economy. The federal budget deficit set the new record of $374 billion in 2003, doubling last year's efforts (Fram). The record deficit has been caused by the slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts for the rich. This indicates that the great America does not know how to balance the checkbook, and certainly does not know how to spend wisely."

Tags:bush, debt, fiscal, iraq, monetary, spending, surplus, tax, tax, trade, war