Abstract
This policy briefing paper provides a background to the issue of tobacco smoking in Australian hospitality workplaces. It aims to identify options and solutions to protect Tasmanian bar and club workers from the effects of environmental tobacco smoke caused by passive smoking. In addition to identifying the key stakeholders and consultation processes available, the paper makes recommendations and suggests possible methods of implementing the policy to realise the policy objective.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background: Scope And Severity Of The Problem
Problem Statement
Options or Alternatives
Consultation Over The Issue Or Problem
Recommendations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"To monitor and evaluate this policy, there are various methods that can be employed. If the proposed policy is implemented as described above, there will be a need for an agency or a special task force to regulate the policy and ensure its successful implementation. Power will need to be vested in this agency to not only respond to complaints, but also to conduct random inspections. As part of the evaluation process, reports can also be compiled on bars and clubs at monthly intervals to gauge the effect of the policy on the health of bar and club employees. Reports would also be needed to assess the impact of the proposed policy on other factors such as bar trade and patronage. By ensuring careful monitoring and evaluation methods occur, the process of implementing the proposed policy will be more effective and manageable."

Tags:tobacco, workplace, employees, policy

Abstract
This paper examines the complex repercussions of venereal disease for both men and women in Britain at the turn of the 20th century. It discusses the implications of the Contagious Diseases Acts in Britain and analyzes the methods by which repealers sought to overturn the Acts and looks at the responses their actions provoked. In this way, the paper explains why venereal disease and its management was such an intensely politicized issue.

From the Paper
"In attempting to repeal the acts, a whole host of feminist and social puritan organizations sprung up in opposition - not only to the acts themselves, but to the whole system of double standards, social mores and political inconsistencies that underlay them. The interactions and alliances within and between these groups were complex and at times counter-intuitive. For example, middle and upper-class women formed a partnership with working class men (who undoubtedly sought repeal of the acts for different reasons to the women), as well as prominent sexologists. But in general, the movement for repeal, at least in the eyes of women, sought common and clear aims - ones which went beyond simple repeal of the acts and asked for a great deal more. This in turn sparked much opposition from the men who were threatened by such demands, resulting in a volatile political climate."

Tags:sexologist, prostitution, contraception, contagious

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that mutations of the BRCA1 are known to be a cause in early onset breast-ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer. The writer describe and experiment that aimed to sequence the exon containing the BRCA1 gene in order to identify disease causing mutations and then clone the gene to accept or reject heterozygosity shown in the sequence on the chromatogram. Salivary DNA was collected, amplified, and sequenced so that the sequence of the chromatogram obtained could be compared with the normal sequence to identify the positions of mutations. The writer discusses that the results obtained helped identify mutations and how to find their positions so that a better understanding of gene mutations and how to find them is acquired. The writer concludes that with the growing knowledge of gene mutations this brings us one step closer to finding a cure.

Abstract
Introduction
Rationale Aims
Materials and Methods
Collection of Salivary DNA
Purification of Human Genomic DNA
PCR Amplification of Exon in the BRCA1 Gene
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis/QIAquick PCR Purification
DNA Sequencing Reactions
Sequencing Reaction Cleanup
PCR Amplicon Sequencing Analysis
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part One)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 2)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 3)
PCR Amplification of Cloned Exons
Cloned Sequence Reactions
Trouble shooting
PCR
Gel Electrophoresis of PCR Trouble Shoot
Results
References

From the Paper
"The BRCA1 gene was initially discovered in 1990 by Mary-Claire King, however, it wasn't until 1994 that a team of scientists located and amplified the gene. The reason why it took so long to locate the gene was due the fact that it only accounts for only 5% of all breast Cancer Cases. The gene is 100kb long and is located on the long arm of chromosome 17 at locus q21. It is a tumor suppressor gene which, with the interaction of other tumor suppressor genes, helps repair damaged DNA and control cell growth, therefore, keeping genomic stability.
"In response to damage BRCA1 produces a product which is activated and interacts with the BRCA2 and RAD51 to repair the broken DNA. The BRCA2 gene in another gene which when mutated causes breast cancer in men and women whereas BRCA1 only causes breast cancer in women."

Tags:tumor, gene, mutation, breast, cancer, DNA

Abstract
The following paper discusses the reasons why smoking should not be allowed in public places. The writer expresses his strong views against smoking and proposes that laws be passed to protect non-smokers from smokers.

From the Paper
"Smoking vs. nonsmoking in a public area; should people be allowed a choice? I think smoking in public places should not be allowed. Imagine sitting in a public place, unable to enjoy the air you are breathing due to the cloud of smoke coming from the person sitting near you. The fact that smoking is allowed has put the smoker and the nonsmoker in an uncomfortable situation. Being uncomfortable for the smoker is by choice, but the nonsmoker has no choice and this is why it shouldn t be allowed. We weren t made for smoking and neither was our environment."

Tags:safety, laws, killing, public, prevent, choice, pollution, lung, cancer, secondhand, heart, death

Abstract
This paper deals with the threat of virus variola (smallpox) as a biological weapon, particularly against Australia. It covers the history of smallpox (both generally and as a biological weapon), its microbiology (structure, forms, causes and symptoms) and its epidemiology (distribution, methods of control and recommendations to limit distribution in Australia). This is coupled with several diagrams and graphs.

Outline
Introduction
Smallpox History
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Methods of control
Recommendations
Conclusion
Appendix

From the Paper
"Coming from the genus Orthopoxvirus and the family Poxviridae, the virus variola comes in several different forms (Fields, 05:369). The two most common forms are that of Variola major and variola minor. Both produce very similar symptoms, however while variola minor has a fatality rate of around 1%, variola major has a fatality rate of approximately 30% (Mayo clinic, 2003) The virus also comes in two rare forms: haemorrhagic and malignant. Killing 95% of its victims Haemorrhagic smallpox occurs in around 3% of variola major victims and is characterized by dark, purplish, blotchy flushing of the skin followed by high levels of blood loss through the skin and organs (Utah Government, 2002). Malignant smallpox victim's early symptoms are similar to that of the other forms of the disease, however the lesions never take on puss and remain flat. Malignant smallpox is more rare than its counterpart, however its fatality rate reaches that of 100%. (E-medicine, 2005)."

Tags:contagious, disease, haemorrhagic, malignant, medicine, propogated, virology

Abstract
This paper offers a review of the factors that may contribute to the chronically ill person maintaining or not maintaining adherence to prescibed treatment. Chronic mentally ill clients exert considerable energy avoiding loss of control. Both the therapeutic environment and the nurse-patient relationship are contextual factors furthering this goal. The paper looks at the important role played by the nurse in building a strong and reliable relationship with the mentally ill patient, in order to better adminster treatment.

From the Paper
"In the last several years, there has been a growing concern for the plight of family caregivers of persons with chronic disease and disability. This focus arose primarily from recognition that chronic disease is becoming a greater problem in our society. In part, this problem is due to the advances in medical science and technology that have prolonged the lives of many chronically ill persons."

Tags:adherence, chronic, compliance, elderly, health, ill, mental, nursing, patient

Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is an illness that occurs during pregnancy that can cause many complications and can dramatically affect the health of the mother and the newborn child if not properly treated. This paper provides an analysis of the causes of gestational diabetes and concentrates on the effects that the disease can have on the health of the newborn. Finally, nursing interventions are discussed in relation to the outcomes of the illness for the mother and her child.

From the Paper
"For women that are diagnosed with gestational diabetes, it is important that they begin their course of treatment as soon as possible. The mother must closely monitor her blood glucose levels in the range of 4 to 7 times per day to accurately assess her situation (24). According to D?Arrigo (106), "The first line of treatment in gestational diabetes consists of dietary control and exercise." All pregnant women with the disease should strongly consider nutritional counseling by a registered licensed dietitian based on maternal height and weight, and the proposed diet should allow sufficient caloric intake and must be consistent with maternal glucose goals (24). Women must maintain adequate levels of protein, iron, and folic acid, and the diet must be restricted and culturally acceptable (Hart 1). If the pregnancy is otherwise uncomplicated, the expectant mother should engage in light exercise in order to promote good health habits."

Tags:blood, sugar, glucose, glyburide

Abstract
This paper outlines the historic association between women and depression and highlights society's proclivity to believe women are more susceptible to mental illness due to their hormones. It argues, however, that women are more likely than men to experience depression and mental illness due to their social and political stance within society; that is, women are more likely to be depressed because, in a patriarchal society, they have "more to be depressed about". It covers physical and sexual violence, gendered economics, family 'responsibilities' of women, and the gendered implications of female embodiment.

Outline
Women and Mental Illness: From Hysteria to Depression
The View from the Bottom Rung of the Gender Hierarchy
Physical and Sexual Violence
Cultural Implications of Female Embodiment on Economic (In)Dependence
Family Caring Responsibilities
Damned if They Do and Damned if They Don?t: the Feminine Gender Role

From the Paper
"The connection between women and mental illness is a long and, in many ways, inseparable one. Historically, in our cultural myths, it is women who are "mad" or drive men to "madness" "spinsters, crones, and witches are all depicted as slightly mad, while the Furies and the oceanic Sirens are supposed harbingers of madness. Let us not forget either that it was the first woman, Eve, who brought both literal and symbolic madness, in the form of disharmony and evil, to "man-kind." The extensive medical history between women and mental illness begins in recorded history, not surprisingly, as intricately bound up with that which defines them as "other" their biology. Four thousand years ago the Egyptian "Kahun Papyrus" associated female distress with the "dislocation... of the uterus." Fifteen hundred years later, Hippocrates described the female disease "hysteron" caused by an organic imbalance of the womb, and thus the female "hysteric" was born. By the seventeenth century C.E., dominant medical discourse had relocated the site of women's mental illness from the womb to the brain, and hysteria became a disease of the mind."

Tags:feminism, gender, health, marginalisation, mental, oppression

Abstract
SARS has known to have a negative effect on the worldwide economies. This paper discusses these effects, among them are reduction in GDP, the decrease in inflation rate, increase in unemployment and the effects on the current account balance.

From the Paper
"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) emerged in southern China by the end of 2002. Failing to stop this syndrome from spreading, SARS had since then become a worldwide epidemic. Research has shown that SARS spreads by direct human contact or contact with infectious material (Thurow 2003). This results the World Health Organization to issue an advisory against non-essential travel to affected countries especially Canada, Singapore, Hong Kong and China. It said that, this syndrome has a potential to rival the Black Death in the Middle Ages."

Tags:black, death, epidemic, illness, plague

Abstract
This research proposal explores the disease of asthma, its symptoms, affected populations, and treatments, with particular focus on the usefulness and efficacy of nutritional supplements. The role of the FDA is touched upon, and the hypotheses and methodology for the proposed study are included. The paper concludes that possibly, if a study is undertaken with regards to nutritional supplements usage and the treatment of asthma in elderly and adult patients, effects can be noted and a base for further research can be developed.

Outline:
Background of the Problem
What is Nutrition?
How Does Nutrition Affect The Human Body?
Asthma and its Effects
Nutritional Supplements
Uses of Nutritional Supplements That a Physician Should Know About
Treatment of Asthma
Why Is Asthma Under Diagnosed And Under Treated In The Elderly?
Statement of Problem: Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Asthma
Hypotheses for the Study
Definition of Terms
Importance of the Study - Nutritional Supplements and Asthma
Why should we study the effect of Nutritional Supplements on Asthma?
Research Questions for the Study
Methods of Research - Methodology
Procedure to Collect Data and Treatment of Data
Methods-Sample Selection and Sample Size
Ethics and Review
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Asthma is categorized as disease that has taken a toll on children, adolescents and elderly alike. It has symptoms that are easy to detect, and for such, treatment is usually always required. However, one thing to note here is the fact that Asthma is generally incurable and that it can only be controlled through drugs and medication, with proper and early diagnosis of asthma in the patient. (Mark, 2006)
"It is one the most common diseases in the United States and all over the world, with about approximately 20 million people affected with asthma in the United States only. In this, quite a large number are children. (Mark, 2006)"

Tags:asthmatic, vitamin, mineral