Abstract
This paper critically analyses the factors that may contribute to the chronically ill person maintaining or not maintaing adherence to treatment. Five related areas of concern associated with compliance metatheory are briefly reviewed. It is asserted that theory building, assessment, research, and clinical application have been needlessly constrained as a result of the tendency of compliance investigations to be: (a) unidimensional, (b) practitioner centered, (c) reductionist, (d) stability (consistency) oriented, and (e) a motivational. The problem listing is then followed by a discussion of potential conceptual alternatives, and by the presentation of a tentative family of terms to replace the current overextended usage of the compliance label.

From the Paper
"Compliance is usually defined as a technical problem that is a theoretical in nature; that is to say, compliance is a problem associated with getting the patient to behave in accord with medical advice. Karoly finds this definition to be somewhat sterile and urges that compliance should be thought of as a construct not unlike intelligence. Karoly argues that control theory offers a useful meta-analytic framework for conceptualizing the construct. The power of this approach is that it offers the possibility of combining cause-effect models and those that attempt to analyze "properties of people and/or systems (e.g., families) that are capable of yielding consistencies in health maintaining behavior." Karoly offers a triarchic model of compliance that is analogous to Sternberg's model of the construct of intelligence."

Tags:based, critically, evidence, interventions, nursing

Abstract
This paper deals with the threat of virus variola (smallpox) as a biological weapon, particularly against Australia. It covers the history of smallpox (both generally and as a biological weapon), its microbiology (structure, forms, causes and symptoms) and its epidemiology (distribution, methods of control and recommendations to limit distribution in Australia). This is coupled with several diagrams and graphs.

Outline
Introduction
Smallpox History
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Methods of control
Recommendations
Conclusion
Appendix

From the Paper
"Coming from the genus Orthopoxvirus and the family Poxviridae, the virus variola comes in several different forms (Fields, 05:369). The two most common forms are that of Variola major and variola minor. Both produce very similar symptoms, however while variola minor has a fatality rate of around 1%, variola major has a fatality rate of approximately 30% (Mayo clinic, 2003) The virus also comes in two rare forms: haemorrhagic and malignant. Killing 95% of its victims Haemorrhagic smallpox occurs in around 3% of variola major victims and is characterized by dark, purplish, blotchy flushing of the skin followed by high levels of blood loss through the skin and organs (Utah Government, 2002). Malignant smallpox victim's early symptoms are similar to that of the other forms of the disease, however the lesions never take on puss and remain flat. Malignant smallpox is more rare than its counterpart, however its fatality rate reaches that of 100%. (E-medicine, 2005)."

Tags:contagious, disease, haemorrhagic, malignant, medicine, propogated, virology

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that mutations of the BRCA1 are known to be a cause in early onset breast-ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer. The writer describe and experiment that aimed to sequence the exon containing the BRCA1 gene in order to identify disease causing mutations and then clone the gene to accept or reject heterozygosity shown in the sequence on the chromatogram. Salivary DNA was collected, amplified, and sequenced so that the sequence of the chromatogram obtained could be compared with the normal sequence to identify the positions of mutations. The writer discusses that the results obtained helped identify mutations and how to find their positions so that a better understanding of gene mutations and how to find them is acquired. The writer concludes that with the growing knowledge of gene mutations this brings us one step closer to finding a cure.

Abstract
Introduction
Rationale Aims
Materials and Methods
Collection of Salivary DNA
Purification of Human Genomic DNA
PCR Amplification of Exon in the BRCA1 Gene
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis/QIAquick PCR Purification
DNA Sequencing Reactions
Sequencing Reaction Cleanup
PCR Amplicon Sequencing Analysis
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part One)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 2)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 3)
PCR Amplification of Cloned Exons
Cloned Sequence Reactions
Trouble shooting
PCR
Gel Electrophoresis of PCR Trouble Shoot
Results
References

From the Paper
"The BRCA1 gene was initially discovered in 1990 by Mary-Claire King, however, it wasn't until 1994 that a team of scientists located and amplified the gene. The reason why it took so long to locate the gene was due the fact that it only accounts for only 5% of all breast Cancer Cases. The gene is 100kb long and is located on the long arm of chromosome 17 at locus q21. It is a tumor suppressor gene which, with the interaction of other tumor suppressor genes, helps repair damaged DNA and control cell growth, therefore, keeping genomic stability.
"In response to damage BRCA1 produces a product which is activated and interacts with the BRCA2 and RAD51 to repair the broken DNA. The BRCA2 gene in another gene which when mutated causes breast cancer in men and women whereas BRCA1 only causes breast cancer in women."

Tags:tumor, gene, mutation, breast, cancer, DNA

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides an informative description of mustard gas as a weapon of war. The paper looks at when and where it was used during the First World War and then discusses its effectiveness. The writer then goes on to discuss, in a similar manner, the numerous occasions that mustard gas has been used post-World War One.

Outline:
Mustard Gas in the First World War
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est (1917)
Uses after the First World War

From the Paper
""The First World War saw Mustard Gas seen in the largest scale and in the most famous example as a weapon of war. Although during this conflict more lethal gases had been used as weapons previous to the use of Mustard Gas, (such as chlorine) these gases did not have the dermatological affect that Mustard gas has. It was for this reason that gas masks issued to most soldiers on the Western Front during World War One were of little use in countering the effects of the gas and hence it was also for this reason that Mustard Gas was such an effective weapon."

Tags:gas, sulfur, mustard, blister, agent, chemical, warfare, biological

Abstract
This paper offers a review of the factors that may contribute to the chronically ill person maintaining or not maintaining adherence to prescibed treatment. Chronic mentally ill clients exert considerable energy avoiding loss of control. Both the therapeutic environment and the nurse-patient relationship are contextual factors furthering this goal. The paper looks at the important role played by the nurse in building a strong and reliable relationship with the mentally ill patient, in order to better adminster treatment.

From the Paper
"In the last several years, there has been a growing concern for the plight of family caregivers of persons with chronic disease and disability. This focus arose primarily from recognition that chronic disease is becoming a greater problem in our society. In part, this problem is due to the advances in medical science and technology that have prolonged the lives of many chronically ill persons."

Tags:adherence, chronic, compliance, elderly, health, ill, mental, nursing, patient

Abstract
An explanation of hypertension and the failure to achieve compliance with anti-hypertensive therapy. The paper begins by explaining that hypertension is associated with many factors that have been found to reduce compliance. Factors that reduce compliance to anti-hypertensive therapy include patient and disease characteristics and treatment characteristics. The paper then shows what solutions can be provided by the medical care facility to improve the treatment. The paper includes many direct quotes from medical journals and offers details of the various treatments and therapies available.

From the Paper
"The 1988-1991 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) found that only about one-half of hypertensive patients in the United States are being treated and less than one-half of those being treated have their blood pressure well controlled (below 140/90 mmHg). A major reason for this shortfall is lack of patient compliance with therapy. This problem persists even though individual programs have shown excellent adherence to and results from both non drug and drug regimens."

Tags:compliance, hypertension, nursing, patient

Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is an illness that occurs during pregnancy that can cause many complications and can dramatically affect the health of the mother and the newborn child if not properly treated. This paper provides an analysis of the causes of gestational diabetes and concentrates on the effects that the disease can have on the health of the newborn. Finally, nursing interventions are discussed in relation to the outcomes of the illness for the mother and her child.

From the Paper
"For women that are diagnosed with gestational diabetes, it is important that they begin their course of treatment as soon as possible. The mother must closely monitor her blood glucose levels in the range of 4 to 7 times per day to accurately assess her situation (24). According to D?Arrigo (106), "The first line of treatment in gestational diabetes consists of dietary control and exercise." All pregnant women with the disease should strongly consider nutritional counseling by a registered licensed dietitian based on maternal height and weight, and the proposed diet should allow sufficient caloric intake and must be consistent with maternal glucose goals (24). Women must maintain adequate levels of protein, iron, and folic acid, and the diet must be restricted and culturally acceptable (Hart 1). If the pregnancy is otherwise uncomplicated, the expectant mother should engage in light exercise in order to promote good health habits."

Tags:blood, sugar, glucose, glyburide

Abstract
This paper begins by explaining that coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in many countries and that one of the main risk factors associated with CHD is high cholesterol. The paper shows how cholesterol levels are determined and what can be done to lower the risk. Included in this paper is a behavioral modification plan and tips for a healthier lifestyle that is free of the risk factors associated with CHD.

From the Paper
"Cholesterol forms an important function in the body; it helps to produce hormones, vitamins and some bile acids. Located in the bloodstream, cholesterol is present in many parts of the body including the brain, skin, liver and muscle tissue. However cholesterol can be lethal; high amounts in the bloodstream can lead to a build up of cholesterol and plaques (fatty deposits) on arterial walls which then narrow arteries and may result in inadequate blood circulation to the heart muscle (coronary heart disease)."

Tags:cholesterol, lipoprotein, medical, study, artery, fat, healthy, eating, diet

Abstract
This paper attempts to define and explain Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which affects approximately 20% of the Western population, and accounts for frequent absenteeism from work and impaired quality of life. The paper outlines how it is characterised by altered bowel habits and abdominal pain, in the absence of any other GI problems and diagnosis is based on the Rome criteria. Despite the the heterogenous nature of the disorder, the writer succeeds in giving a general overview of this disease for the reader.

From the Paper
"Psychiatric disorders are recorded in 50-80% of patients with IBS in some studies, although a single disorder is not well defined. Anxiety, depression, somatization, and neurosis have all been recorded1. In patients with IBS, acute psychological attacks have been shown to significantly alter their gastrointestinal motility2. Drossman et al found that patients with IBS undergo more suffering from psychosocial distress than non-patients with IBS3. Osterberg et al, on the other hand, found that there were minute differences in psychological distresses between patients with IBS, and non-patients with IBS4. Thus, assorted studies have conclusions that vary from each other. Altered gastrointestinal motility seems to be associated with the aetiology of IBS, but is not diagnostic. Serotonin (5-HT) has been studied for its role in regulating colonic motility in humans, but it is not yet known whether alterations in the colonic 5-HT system are involved in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome5. Lincoln et al established that the total indoleamine (5-HT plus its metabolite 5-HIAA) concentration in the sigmoid colon in patients undergoing partial or total colectomy for treatment of idiopathic constipation, attributed to IBS, was considerably higher than in normal subjects6. In unstimulated conditions, the colonic myoelectrical and motor activity are normal, whereas under stimulated conditions, IBS patients shown more abnormalities than normal subjects7. Lanng et al, found that all investigations regarding motility disorders showed variation, supporting the general theory of IBS being a broad-spectrum motility disorder."

Tags:dysmotility, gastroenteritis, hypersensitivity, intolerance, lactose, psychosocial, serotonin, syndrome, visceral

Abstract
This research proposal explores the disease of asthma, its symptoms, affected populations, and treatments, with particular focus on the usefulness and efficacy of nutritional supplements. The role of the FDA is touched upon, and the hypotheses and methodology for the proposed study are included. The paper concludes that possibly, if a study is undertaken with regards to nutritional supplements usage and the treatment of asthma in elderly and adult patients, effects can be noted and a base for further research can be developed.

Outline:
Background of the Problem
What is Nutrition?
How Does Nutrition Affect The Human Body?
Asthma and its Effects
Nutritional Supplements
Uses of Nutritional Supplements That a Physician Should Know About
Treatment of Asthma
Why Is Asthma Under Diagnosed And Under Treated In The Elderly?
Statement of Problem: Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Asthma
Hypotheses for the Study
Definition of Terms
Importance of the Study - Nutritional Supplements and Asthma
Why should we study the effect of Nutritional Supplements on Asthma?
Research Questions for the Study
Methods of Research - Methodology
Procedure to Collect Data and Treatment of Data
Methods-Sample Selection and Sample Size
Ethics and Review
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Asthma is categorized as disease that has taken a toll on children, adolescents and elderly alike. It has symptoms that are easy to detect, and for such, treatment is usually always required. However, one thing to note here is the fact that Asthma is generally incurable and that it can only be controlled through drugs and medication, with proper and early diagnosis of asthma in the patient. (Mark, 2006)
"It is one the most common diseases in the United States and all over the world, with about approximately 20 million people affected with asthma in the United States only. In this, quite a large number are children. (Mark, 2006)"

Tags:asthmatic, vitamin, mineral