Abstract
This paper stresses that problems with substance abuse in nurses affect more than the individual; they affect the whole work team. The author defines an impaired nurse as a nurse who is unable to meet the requirements of a professional code of ethics and standards of practice because cognitive, interpersonal, or psychomotor skills are affected by excessive drug or alcohol use. The paper states that many impaired nurses are super-nurses; unfortunately, when they are finally recognized as having a chemical dependency, it is almost too late for an appropriate intervention that may save them from losing their jobs.

From the Paper
"The problem is that little research is actually available on substance abuse among nurses. In studying the history and present problems with substance abuse, it is important to define the meaning of substance abuse among nurses or others. "Substance misuse is defined as maladaptive patterns of psychoactive substance use indicated by continued use even when faced with recurrent occupational, social, psychological or physical problems as well as/or use in dangerous situations.""

Tags:impaired, ethics, super-nurse, team, maladaptation

Abstract
An overview of anabolic steroids is presented in this paper. Firstly a brief history, followed by statistics for the people using them. The writer then examines why people take steroids and what the effects are for men and women separately. It concludes with the treatment for steroids.

From the Paper
"Anabolic steroids is the familiar name for synthetic substances related to the male sex hormone. They promote the growth of skeletal muscle and the development of male characteristics. They have been around for decades, but in the last ten to fifteen years the research on the effects of this drug has increased. The side effects were not known when the drug first came out, but they are becoming more and more prevalent through recent research. Many new side effects are being discovered and it is likely many more side effects are yet to be discovered. Males and females have different side effects to deal with, but all of them are harmful. Anabolic steroids are a growing concern throughout the world (Yesalis, 68)."

Tags:research, science, steroids, athlete, body, stamina

Abstract
This paper explains that the connection between substance-abusing parents and child abuse has been studied at length; however, there is a lack of research into the correlation between social support services and the reduction of child abuse by these parents. The paper then proposes a research study that will evaluate if social support networks, such as 12-step programs, rehabilitation programs and related community-based social services, could lead to a reduction of child abuse and substance abuse. The paper explains that the population for this study is parents of African-American children between the ages of two and ten years old, who have a high incidents of child abuse and substance abuse.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Problem Statement
Research Question
Literature Review
Hypothesis
Sample
Human Subject Issues
Conceptualization and Operationalization
Research Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Discussion

From the Paper
"This is an area where family therapy can be especially facilitative. For families in which self-expression is considered a weakness, an empowerment approach can help define the family in terms of the unique forms, structures, and roles that clients are actually immersed in or are attempting to renegotiate, rather than in terms of an ideal unit. Clients should be supported in defining their families for themselves and then in using creative outreach strategies to actively involve the identified members in a variety of family sessions."

Tags:quantitative, african, american, rehabilitation, counseling, correlational

Abstract
This paper contains information on the effects of ecstasy, mentally and physically. It shows the history and the banning of MDMA and contains information on trafficking, marketing, distributing, manufacturing, and even logos. It explains short term and long term effects from using ecstasy. It shows how serious the drug is and how just one dose can kill you.

From the paper:

"Ecstasy, also known as MDMA, is becoming increasingly popular amongst high school and college students and studies show that it can have severe effects. The scientific name for ecstasy is methelynedioxymethamphetamine. Ecstasy has an interesting history which led to illegal use today. Nicknames for ecstasy include "the love drug" and is sometimes known as "Adam" or "X". Use of this drug is currently rising with high school and college students."

Tags:abuse, addiction, drug, ecstasy

Abstract
In recent years the high costs of prescription drugs have generated a great deal of controversy. From the individual who is hit hard by rising drug costs, to insurance companies, federal politicians and large drug companies, almost every player in the controversy has an opinion on why prescription drugs cost so much money. This essay summarizes the reasons prescription drugs have risen in cost from several different points of view. First, a thorough discussion of the state of prescription drug costs is presented. Second, the drug companies' position on why prescription drugs cost so much money is given. Third, criticisms of the drug companies, and advocacy for decreasing the cost of prescription drugs are presented. Finally, a thorough conclusion contrasts the drug companies' position with criticisms and advocacy plans for decreasing prescription drug costs.

From the Paper
"The cost of prescription drugs has been increasing steadily over the past decade, and now has reached staggering amounts. In fact, prescription drug costs are currently the fastest growing expense in healthcare. For managed care companies, prescription drug costs are rising from between 16 to 22 percent each year. Further, the total cost of prescription drugs topped over $83 billion in 1997, marking an astronomical increase over the 1992 figure of $49 billion (BlueShield of Oregon, 1999). The cost of brand name drugs has been the primary contributor to this increase (Turkel)."

Tags:federal, medicine, health, care, patient, generic, pharmaceutical, welfare

From the Paper
"THC has a range of physiological and psychological effects on the body. Typically, it produces a mild euphoric intoxication, a sense of well-being, alterations in sense of space and time. Quite likely, THC reduces anxiety and relaxes your tension while it intensifies your sense of sound, touch ,or taste, which often stimulates your appetite. It is suspected that THC has something to do with the Lateral Hypothalamus that control the appetite. For this reason, marijuana is employed as an appetite stimulant for patients with serious illnesses such as AIDS or terminal cancer who need to eat in order to survive. In addition, marijuana is also medically beneficial for pain relief, control of nausea and the treatment of asthma and glaucoma."

Tags:drugs, addictive, brain, cannabis, dopamine, fatty, hemp, metabolism, pot, receptor, reward, smoking, system, thc

Abstract
An explanation of hypertension and the failure to achieve compliance with anti-hypertensive therapy. The paper begins by explaining that hypertension is associated with many factors that have been found to reduce compliance. Factors that reduce compliance to anti-hypertensive therapy include patient and disease characteristics and treatment characteristics. The paper then shows what solutions can be provided by the medical care facility to improve the treatment. The paper includes many direct quotes from medical journals and offers details of the various treatments and therapies available.

From the Paper
"The 1988-1991 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) found that only about one-half of hypertensive patients in the United States are being treated and less than one-half of those being treated have their blood pressure well controlled (below 140/90 mmHg). A major reason for this shortfall is lack of patient compliance with therapy. This problem persists even though individual programs have shown excellent adherence to and results from both non drug and drug regimens."

Tags:compliance, hypertension, nursing, patient

Abstract
This paper examines clinical trial management practices and how they vary in the United States and Europe as a result of wide-ranging governmental bodies and regulations. It compares and contrasts the rules of the the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and its equivalent in Europe, the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA). In particular, it provides a brief analysis of several areas involved with oncology clinical trial management in the United States and Europe, including a discussion of medical ethics, the role of the Institutional Review Board in clinical trials, quality of life issues and health economics in oncology studies. It also looks at investigator attitudes towards clinical trials, clinical trial length, compliance and decisions regarding new drug applications (NDAs).

From the Paper
"Investigator attitudes towards clinical trials vary widely and are often dependent upon the investigator's direct involvement in the clinical trial as well as the balance between routine patient care and clinical trial management. According to Abelson, Welch, and Lynch (86), ?In a trial, the clinician's judgment carries a lot of weight. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration bases approval of drugs upon a clinician's judgment of who should be in the trial, how to categorize adverse events, whether there is a drug interaction and the interpretation of specific parameters. These judgments are critical.? Investigators are ultimately responsible for all areas of the study, from recruitment and participant selection to event reporting and monitoring."

Tags:fda, nda, oncology, emea

Abstract
This paper examines how the expanding number of lifestyle drugs can soon be expected to reach the consumer driven marketplace. It looks at how this expanding availability of drugs that can be used to change appearance, cognitive and physical capacities is changing the social fabric of culture and poses a difficult challenge to healthcare service providers. It also discusses whether there is any actual physiological need for lifestyle drugs and contends that lifestyle drugs are a fact of modern culture and will continue to play an ever-increasing role in economy-health-society model.
Outline
Defining Lifestyle Drugs
Implications Inherent in the Definition of Lifestyle Drugs
Pharmacological Approaches to Problems of Lifestyle Choice
Consequences of Increasing Usage
Economic Considerations
Misuse of Lifestyle Drugs
Lifestyle Drug-Substitution Strategy

From the Paper
"A key element in the consideration of lifestyle drugs is how they are to be paid for. These new lifestyle drugs come at a time when health care budgets are universally stretched, funding of these drugs could only come at the expense of other more traditional medical treatments.
Lifestyle drugs which address impotence, hair loss, smoking cessation and obesity are rapidly increasing their market share of the pharmaceutical market (Dickman, 2001). In this regard, the pharmaceutical industry has made significant increases to their direct to consumer advertising, from 790million USD in 1996 to 1.8billion USD in 1999 in America alone (IMS Health Report, 2000). In the UK it was predicted that sildenafil alone would cost the health care system 1.3billion GBP (Beecham, 1999), actual costings so far haven't reached these proportions. However, health care budgets could be threatened by wide spread use of lifestyle drugs, especially since sildenafil is only the first of a new wave of lifestyle drugs. "

Tags:pharmacology, sildenafil, medications

Abstract
GHB (Gamma-hydroxybutyrate) is known as a "party" or "club" drug and a date-rape drug, also called "Goop." This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes this drug. Specifically, it researches and discusses all aspects and information about this drug, including how the drug is produced, what its side effects are and how it came into existence. The paper also looks at the key geographic areas in the United States where the drug is used and any findings of any scientific research being done on this substance.

From the Paper
"GHB is commonly used in clubs and at rave parties (24 hour overnight parties). It can be mixed into a drink, and the drinker has no idea it is in the drink, because it is odorless and colorless. Some people say it does taste salty, but that is the only giveaway that it might be in a drink. It takes affect very quickly, in as little as fifteen minutes, and can cause many side effects, including nausea, unconsciousness, dizziness, amnesia, visual hallucinations, reduced blood pressure, decreased heart rate, hypnotic effects resembling petit mal epilepsy, convulsions, severe respiratory depression, and coma, and recently is has been found to be extremely addictive. "At rave parties GHB is often mixed with alcohol, which is thought to amplify the effect of GHB as much as 10 times. The combination depresses the central nervous system and the respiratory system simultaneously, with sometimes deadly consequences" (Barshay 01D)."

Tags:sodium, hydroxide, NIDA, MDMA