Abstract
This paper explains that the officially named Elementary and Secondary Education Act, called the "No Child Left Behind Act", was signed into law by President Bush in 2002 and sought to improve education by making states accountable for the performance of their students on standardized tests. The author contends that a Marxist analysis of the premises behind and the application of the "No Child Left Behind" Act shows that the law addresses the problem of the achievement gap from the wrong perspective; the underperformance of disadvantaged children is blamed largely on the failure of the educators, ignoring the many sociological factors of inequalities, which are built into the American educational system. The paper relates that racism interferes with the cognitive development of young disadvantaged students early in the education process; the law does nothing to help economically disadvantaged minority schools become equal with more affluent school districts.

Table of Contents
Karl Marx and Social Inequality
No Child Left Behind Act
Overview of the Law
The Achievement Gap
Addressing the Achievement Gap
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One of the key features of the "No Child Left Behind" Act was to ensure that all students must show proficiency in math and reading by the 2013-2014 school year. Schools must show a yearly progress report towards this goal. This holds true especially for English language students and special education students. School districts that continuously fail to post improvements will face sanctions. Principals and teachers in such "underperforming" schools could be suspended, removed or replaced. The "No Child Left Behind" Act also makes provisions allowing state to take over underperforming schools. Additionally, federal funding could be withheld for underperforming schools."

Tags:accountability, standardized, inequalitiy, racism, ecoonomics

Abstract
This paper explains the discrimination complaint and civil litigation process. The paper furthermore details how the complaint begins with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and proceeds through the civil litigation process from the state level up to the United States Supreme Court. The paper details and discusses each level of complaint.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
The Discrimination Complaint
Progression of Employment Discrimination Complaints
The Civil Litigation Process
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The single most important U.S. legislation affecting employment law is Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Bennett-Alexander et al, 2003 p.1). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is the lead government agency for processing complaints associated with employment discrimination. This paper describes the process for filing a discrimination complaint and the civil litigation process."
"Under Title VII, an employer can not discriminate on the basis of religion, gender, race, color or national origin. Discrimination, as described in Title VII prohibits employers, labor and management committees and unions from discriminatory practices affecting the hiring, firing, discipline, training, classification, compensation and benefits of individuals."

Tags:EEOC, investigation, arbitration

Abstract
This paper examines how deregulation has affected the American airlines industry, what brought about the current legal situation, and whether it is the best possible way in which to determine national airlines policy. It sets all of this within a larger framework that demonstrates how the United States has in its history dealt with the issue of regulating its transportation industries.

Tags:airlines, government, law, public, policy

From the Paper
"Introduction
Federal employees are not covered by many of the same regulations to which employees in private industry are subject, and many among the general public associate "bureaucrats" with federal employees. The federal government is often perceived as being unwieldy, inefficient, and a bastion of employees who would not be able to perform effectively in private industry. In 1978, Congress tried to address these concerns with the Civil Service Reform Act (CSRA), the last major overhaul of the federal employment system. In the intervening 20 years, the Act has been both lauded and criticized for its effects with even its supporters calling for additional reform. This research examines the Act and its effects over the past two decades from a human resource management perspective."

Abstract
Discusses the impact of issues on day-to-day work and six sources of the law relating to administration of school affairs. Cites controversial education topics, including sexual harassment, freedom of expression, and discrimination.

From the Paper
"Legal issues confront secondary school principals every day and it is to court decisions that these administrators must turn to gain up-to-date information about legal liability issues impacting upon their ..."

Abstract
This paper outlines how the "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996" was implemented in order to better serve members of public assistance programs,welfare and social security recipients, child support recipients and foster families. The components of the legislation are presented and discussed, such as the requirement of state governments to implement an automated data collection system, requirements for companies related to wage information, laws of personal disclosure, and other means of ensuring that individuals and families receive money they are entitled to.

From the Paper
"Changes in fiscal or organizational policy can have a significant impact on corporate and governmental outlook and effectiveness. This was the case with the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. It caused major changes in the organization and role of the state governments. Its impact was significant.

"The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 was enacted as a method of better serving members of public assistance programs including welfare families, users of SSI, foster children, and children of "dead beat dads". However, the Act made such large changes in the organization and fiscal systems between the federal, state and private organizations, which had a significant impact on individual state governments that were caught in the middle."

Tags:SSI, welfare, foster, wage, disclosure, hiring, state, paternity, genetic, record

Abstract
An examination of the the Electoral College and the support and opposition that exists for it. The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the Electoral College arguing that the Electoral College is the best and most systematic and fair way to run elections. Included is a background to the Electoral College and a thorough description of its formation and duties.

) Why do we have the Electoral College?

2) The Founding Fathers disputed how the president would be chosen

i) By direct vote of the people

ii) By Congress

b) Compromised with the Electoral College

c) Thesis Statement

3) Description of the Electoral College

a) How many there are

b) How they are chosen

c) How the people vote for them

d) How the President is voted for

4) The Electoral College has opposition

a) Electors don?t have to vote the way they pledged

b) There can be a tie in the Electoral College

b) The popular vote winner may lose the election

5) There can be a tie

a) How there can be a tie

b) Why it could be a problem

6) Electors don?t have to vote the way they pledged

a) The states and their penalties

b) An Example of an elector changing his mind

c) Why it could be a problem

7) The popular vote winner may be the loser

a) How it is happening in this election

b) A past example

c) Hillary?s promise to abolish the Electoral College

d) What would happen without the Electoral College

8) Oppositions solution is to abolish the Electoral College

a) Why it should be abolished

i) A possible tie

ii) Electors can change their vote

iii) The popular vote winner losing the election

b) Why the Electoral College should not be abolished

i) One problem can be fixed

ii) Another has a solution

iii) The last is not really a problem

9) A possible tie

a) Unlikely because each state would have to go a specific way

b) The solution that is already made

10) Electors can change their minds

a) Only 9 of over 18,000 have

b) It is hard to get an elector to change his or her mind

c) The solution is to pass a law

11) The minority may win the election

a) The Electoral College forces candidates to include more people than if there is no Electoral College.

b) Without it, the election would be decided by people that lived in the large cities

c) Small communities would?t be significant enough for candidates to use their campaign money

d) The majority of the US would be left out

e) Why every vote counts in the Electoral College

12) The Electoral College is the best way to run an election

a) The elector flaw can be fixed

b) There is already a solution to the tie problem

c) The majority losing is better than only letting big cities have a say in the election

From the Paper
"You don't know? What do you mean you don't know?" Gore has already won the popular vote! Three weeks later, and the US doesn't know who the 43rd president will be! Each candidate is still scrambling to get the 270 Electoral votes needed to win. But, if Gore has the most votes, why is there still a race? What are these Electoral votes? When our Founding Fathers were setting the policies for the elections, there was a debate. Some said the election of the President should come directly from the people; others said the people could not handle the responsibility, and Congress should do it. They compromised, and came up with the Electoral College. A couple hundred years later, the Electoral College is still in use, and there is support and opposition for it."

Tags:politics, voting, fair, equal

Abstract
This paper discusses the claim that smoking should not be allowed in public places. The problem of second-hand smoking as a result of smoking in public, is raised. The hazards of second-hand smoke are presented in the paper. The issue is addressed from a legislative point of view as well as from the business/company perspective. The paper provides a number of reasons why a company should endeavor to prevent smoking within its boundaries. The media's influence on public awareness of smoking and passive smoking hazards is examined.

From the Paper
"Smoking should not be allowed in public places. This is based primarily on the fact that second-hand smoke is a health hazard, but it can also be argued that allowing people to smoke in public only perpetuates the habit and encourages others to take it up, thus adding to the health hazard in the long run. The private sector is already addressing the issue on a case-by-case basis, banning smoking in the workplace in many companies. Those who believe there is a problem may create a smoke-free area for customers or workers, or workers can demand that their place of business be entirely smoke free. Still, the government should take further action to protect the public where companies do not, including in shopping areas, workplaces, theaters, restaurants, and anywhere the public gathers. Allowing smoking on the street in fact encourages smoking, and discouraging smoking should be a primary effort for the public and private sectors to reduce the health costs paid by both."

Tags:cigarette, second-hand, passive, smoke, lung, cancer, health, hazard

Abstract
This paper examines the constitution against the decisions of the Supreme Court and evaluates how the meaning of the U.S. Constitution has been shaped by the personalities, philosophies and composition of the members of the U.S. Supreme Court. The writer compares and contrasts two U.S. Supreme Court Justices with different philosophies of law and interpretation. The paper covers the theory and cites specific case examples and their impact on the United States.

From the Paper
"We live in what is supposed to be the best nation on earth. We have freedoms that many do not have and we have opportunity that many never see. This country is one that embraces diversity and personal rights. While we have all of these things we have also reached a point in our existence where there are so many people and so many diverse ideas that its difficult to sort out what is and isn't a constitutional right sometimes. The Supreme Court is often charged with making those decisions, which outs the Supreme Court in the position of not only interpreting the constitution but also shaping it as well by its decisions and rulings."

Tags:government, run, structure, parliament, president, judge, court, decide, law

Abstract
The paper discusses the Australian Constitution's three branches: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. The paper explores the ambiguity between the powers of these branches and reveals which arm has the power to overrule the decision of another. The paper examines the proposal to amalgamate the current available administrative system into one 'super tribunal', the Administrative Review Tribunal.

From the Paper
"The Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) was established under the Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth). The AAT Act makes provisions for the administrative review of decision made in the exercise of powers that have been conferred by an Act of the Parliament of the Commonwealth."
"The AAT is an independent tribunal that has the power to review and decide administrative decisions made by the Commonwealth Government ministers and officials. Its system of review is based on merits; therefore the tribunal is not restricted to considerations which are relevant to judicial determinations. Based on the material before the Tribunal is able to decide if a decision made was the best possible decision in that particular case Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 24 ALR 577."

Tags:Administrative, Appeals, Tribunal, powers, decisions, dispute, resolutions, mediation