Abstract
This essay demonstrates the erratic history of indigenous land claims in Australia, from the colonial period to advancements made under legislative modernization today. The paper begins with a quote by Mudrooroo, to show just how frustrating the situation is. The paper concludes that Indigenous Australians are finally being recognized as the original owners of this country, although much needs to be done before the struggle is over.

From the Paper
"In 1788, the Indigenous people were violently deprived of their land rights. Their struggle for the return of these rights has proved a tumultuous journey through the history of Australia, often exposing fundamentally racist beliefs and laws. Recent legislation has paved the way for greater victories for Indigenous Australians, although the extent to which even these are just remains questionable."

Tags:aborigine, land, law, mabo, dreamtime

Abstract
Police conduct and accountability continue to remain important ongoing issues for the reason that, regardless of how many commissions there may be to overlook conduct within the force, there will always be "rotten apples" that carry on conducting themselves in unaccepted and unethical ways. This paper discusses police conduct and accountability issues, with a focus on analyzing strategies designed to maximize ethical conduct and prevent corruption. The paper discusses everything from what types of corruption police are involved in, and how the organization can design strategies to prevent any further deviance from the force.

From the Paper
"Brutality is any type of excessive force or unjustified violence that takes place by an officer doing their work (Prenzler and Ransley: 2002). Not only does brutality include physical abuse, verbal abuse and threat making are also included under the heading of brutality. Normally it is a police officer's job to use a "reasonable" and "proportionate" amount of force when making arrests or stopping violent protests; it is when the violence or abuse becomes excessive does there become a problem, and ultimately a betrayal of trust against the community and the police force."

Tags:deviance, reform, ethics, misconduct

Abstract
This paper takes a look at three major police commissions of inquiry into the New South Wales police service during the 20th century: the commission into aboriginal deaths in custody, the Commission into the Inquiry of the NSW police administration, also known as the Fitzgerald report, and the Wood Royal commission. The recommendations of these reports are discussed, including whether or not these recommendations were implemented.

From the Paper
"Three major commissions of the twentieth century have been the commission into aboriginal deaths in custody, the Commission into the Inquiry of the NSW police administration, also known as the Fitzgerald report, and the Wood Royal commission. These commissions have made many different recommendations pertaining to particular matters. These recommendations are implemented in order to reform existing practices and to transform them into practices that are to be acceptable to both government, community and all other parties involved. Various recommendations that have been made regarding these issues have had a central focus and common ground. Although these recommendations are issued, there is no guarantee that government will implement these recommendations and other recommendations that have been implemented are often not sustained in both legislature and other bodies. Some recommendations require legislative change and some can be applied very quickly while others require more time in order to change laws and acts. It is the government's onus to implement these recommendations. Numerous recommendations arising from these commissions are undesirable to the government, so the adoption of these recommendations is often slow or they are not adopted at all."

Tags:comparison, implementation, recommendations

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of child labor and outworking. The author looks at the ethical arguments that have surfaced and the implications that this type of labor proposes for governments, industries as well as citizens with special reference to Australia. The author also proposes alternatives for the future.

From the Paper
"Some say that child labor and outworking is, "modern day slavery in the real sense." (Kailash Satyarthi; The Australian, 27/08/98). People turn to these two forms of employment for diverse reasons and there are many ethical arguments involved in these types of labor. Consumers should be aware of the issues of child labor and outworkers, because they can have some implications for consumers, not only overseas in less developed countries, but also for Australians. There are many different paths that can be taken towards helping to solve the ethical disputes of outworkers and child labor, although some approaches gain better results than others."

Tags:child, consumer, employment, ethical, homeworker, labour, outworker, slavery, work

Abstract
The essay explores the legal positivist separation thesis. It approaches the question of whether it is possible to separate law and morality from two aspects- first, the content of the law and secondly, the judicial decision making process. The writer makes reference to the policy of removing part-Aboriginal children from their families and communities, and placing them in special purpose institutions to support his argument.

From the Paper
"It has been described as ;arguably the most tragic and shameful chapter in Australia";s history.; From the late nineteenth century to the late 1960's, Australian governments carried out the policy of removing part-Aboriginal children from their families and communities, placing them in special purpose institutions. Often, these removals were carried out by force. The purpose of this removal policy was to assimilate the part-Aboriginals with the white community as the full-blooded Aboriginals were believed to be a doomed race in the sense that they would die out. A large number of the children suffered physical and emotional mistreatment following the removal from their families. The children who were removed under this policy came to be known as ";the stolen generation" This sets the backdrop against which I will discuss whether it is possible to separate law and morality with respect to the Australian court"s law making power.4 The separation of law and morality is the foundation of legal positivism. Positivists often criticize natural law theorists for blurring the line between law and morals. This essay aims, by examining three stolen generation cases, to illustrate that the separation of law and morality is both possible and impossible, depending on how one defines the phrase ";separation of law and morality."

Tags:aboriginees, australia, children, generation, indigenous, law, legal, morality, positive, racism, stolen, system

Abstract
This paper focuses on Government to Citizen (G2C) transactions mainly in the US. These include citizens' services and digital democracy. The concept of electronic government is to provide services and information to citizens electronically, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. As the demand for electronic services increases, governments are challenged to provide these services to citizens. Digital democracy may be defined as any electronic exchange of value in the democratic process. The spectrum includes Online Campaigns, Internet Voting, and Constituency Participation.

What is e-government?
Citizens Services
Digital Democracy
Political Online Campaigning
Disadvantages of Web advertising
Online Fund Raising
Internet Voting
On-line Voting Initiatives
Why Internet voting?
Requirements of an Internet voting system
Security Problems meeting requirements of an Internet voting system
Implementation Problems
Vision
The Impact of the Internet on Democracy
Direct Democracy
Representative Democracy
Digital Divide
Conclusion The year 2005

Tags:campaign, fund, internet, online, politics, raising, voting

Abstract
Gives a critical analysis of "the war on drugs". Through examination of the history and present motivations of drug laws, this paper argues that the reasons behind drug criminalization are invalid. The paper also shows that the current law enforcement approaches are ineffective in dealing with the drug problem.

From the Paper
"The illicit drug problem is seen as a paramount concern within all western communities and is clearly the source of some of society's most major public health issues. The so-called "War on Drugs" is given unprecedented resources in the area of law enforcement and often headlines our major media outlets. The reasons for our community seeking to criminalize drug use will be explored in the following essay by tracing drugs laws to the original sources of public concern and exploring how community concern has evolved since. It will be shown that the original notions that are the basis of drug criminalization have been flawed from their inception. Furthermore it will be illustrated how current and past drug laws have been completely ineffective in achieving the aims that society has sought to achieve through drug criminalization."

Tags:cocaine, community, enforcement, heroin, history, law, legislation, marijuana, opium, police

Abstract
Following the collapse of Enron and WorldCom and the flow on effects to Arthur Anderson, legislatures world wide are recognizing the need to reform the exposure of auditors and their firms to claims of negligence. This paper examines the merits of limiting the legal liability of auditors. The paper considers the measures recommended in Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (CLERP 9) and explores other practices adopted around the world.

From the Paper
"Many of the principles setting out the legal liability of auditors are found in the common law. In the case Re: London & General Bank Ltd (No. 2) , the court held that an auditor must exercise reasonable care and skill, the level of which was dependant on the circumstances. These findings were confirmed in Re: Kingston Cotton Mill Company (No. 2) , where Lopes stated that the auditor was "...a watch-dog, but not a bloodhound" and that he was only required to investigate matters which aroused suspicion. These standards of reasonable care and skill are not static, they change with time, per the findings of Pennycuick J in Re: Thomas Gerrard & Son Ltd."

Tags:clerp9, incorporation, proportionate

Abstract
This paper examines the contraversy surrounding the minimum wage which was implemented in 1938 when Theodore Roosevelt enacted the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) to protect those who were being abused by the system. It provides a breakdown of the arguments for and against minimum wage increases such as that raising the minimum wage simply cuts off and eliminates low-paying jobs. It concludes with a discussion of the effect of the minimum wage on the economy and labor markets and a look to the future.

From the Paper
"As stated in an earlier statistic, a person working full time does not make enough to live. Indeed full-time wages fall well below the poverty line. This issue correlate with welfare. The question often arises among those who are on welfare as to why they should work when working equates to a cut in pay. When people make more money on welfare which is designed to help those who are at the bottom of the economic barrel, it's obvious that minimum wage increases are not only important, but essential to the well being of the nation and the nation's economy."

Tags:labor, markets, roosevelt, jobs

Abstract
This paper looks at how juvenile delinquency is linked to the families the offenders come from. Links are examined in regards to the abuse of children during childhood, low levels of family affection and high levels of family conflict, the use of ineffective or inconsistent disciplinary practices and the structure of the family.

From the Paper
"The first and most obvious cause in the family is most probably the lack of parental affection or parental rejection. This happens mostly in families whereby the parents are very busy, broken homes or those where arguments are part of a daily routine. Cernkovich and Giordano (1987) found that ?delinquent behavior in a large sample of high-school students was associated with parent-adolescent conflict, low parental acceptance and low parental caring and trust.? Children that feel rejected or unloved may sometimes find ways to attract attention. The ways children do so varies from just crying all day long or calling their parents every single second, to committing crimes. This is why some children of rejecting parents display aggressive behavior. Interactions between parents and child are also important to prevent the child from feeling rejected. J. Pincus said, ?Parenting that promotes interpersonal and communicative relations, academic and professional skills, as well as encourages the development of normative values and positive behavioral standards in children.? This positive interaction between parent and child is important in establishing a strong bond and the formation of appropriate behavioral characteristics in children."

Tags:delinquency, juvenile